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Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB

821 rows where use_subcategory = 31

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id ▼ species tribe source pageno use_category use_subcategory notes rawsource
375 Acacia greggii Gray 15 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 29 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Pods eaten fresh. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29
529 Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 Thompson 259 tta90 10 147 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Sprouted seeds boiled and eaten as green vegetables. The sprouted seeds were generally bitter, but the young shoots were considered to be quite sweet and juicy. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147
1662 Agaricus campestris 81 Pomo, Kashaya 202 gl80 40 130 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Baked on hot rocks or in the oven or fried. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130
1663 Agaricus silvicola 82 Pomo, Kashaya 202 gl80 40 129 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Plant top cooked on a flat hot rock and eaten. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 129
1739 Agave americana L. 89 Papago 188 cu35 27 14 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Central flowering stalks eaten as greens in spring before they emerged. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14
1740 Agave americana L. 89 Papago 188 cu35 27 14 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Crowns with leaves removed eaten as greens in winter. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14
1741 Agave americana L. 89 Papago 188 cu35 27 16 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Flower stalks eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16
1742 Agave americana L. 89 Papago 188 cu35 27 46 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Flower stalks roasted in ashes and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46
1743 Agave americana L. 89 Papago 188 cu35 27 46 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Pit baked and used as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46
1805 Agave parryi Engelm. 94 Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 co36 95 38 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38
1913 Agoseris retrorsa (Benth.) Greene 107 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 10 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Green leaves boiled and eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10
1914 Agoseris retrorsa (Benth.) Greene 107 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 10 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Whole plant above the ground boiled, washed in cold water to remove bitterness and fried in grease. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10
1967 Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng 125 Isleta 101 j31 76 40 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked leaves eaten as greens. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40
1968 Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng 125 Isleta 101 c35 19 47 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves cooked and used as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47
2028 Allium acuminatum Hook. 132 Paiute 183 m53 98 55 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Onions eaten raw, boiled or baked in a pit. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 55
2059 Allium canadense L. 138 Cherokee 32 perry75 86 46 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled bulbs fried with grease and greens. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46
2060 Allium canadense L. 138 Iroquois 100 w16 112 118 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulb, consisting of the fleshy bases of the leaves, eaten raw. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118
2061 Allium canadense L. 138 Iroquois 100 w16 112 118 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118
2084 Allium cepa L. 140 Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 c93 14 194 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 194
2101 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 co36 95 47 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Onions occasionally eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47
2104 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Blackfoot 23 j87 146 23 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs and leaves eaten raw. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23
2119 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Cree 54 b41 145 485 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Species used for food. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485
2122 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 c93 14 193 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs cooked and eaten and the tops eaten fresh with meat. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 193
2128 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Isleta 101 j31 76 20 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs eaten fresh, uncooked or boiled. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20
2130 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Keres, Western 107 swank32 79 25 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs used for food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25
2144 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Navajo 157 l86 121 29 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs cooked with other vegetables. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29
2145 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Navajo 157 l86 121 29 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Roasted bulbs eaten with salt and pepper. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29
2150 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Ojibwa 173 smith32 20 406 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Used in the spring as an article of food, the small wild onion was sweet. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406
2152 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 38 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs pit cooked and eaten. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38
2171 Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr. 142 Blackfoot 23 m09 42 278 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs eaten raw. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278
2178 Allium dichlamydeum Greene 143 Pomo, Kashaya 202 gl80 40 86 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Greens and bulb eaten raw or cooked with potatoes or meats for flavoring. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 86
2180 Allium douglasii Hook. 144 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 38 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38
2189 Allium geyeri S. Wats. 147 Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 co36 95 47 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Onions occasionally eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47
2193 Allium geyeri S. Wats. 147 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 38 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38
2201 Allium macropetalum Rydb. 151 Navajo 157 steg41 119 221 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Entire plant eaten raw or cooked with meat. Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221
2228 Allium schoenoprasum L. 158 Eskimo, Inupiat 72 j83 54 28 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves eaten cooked or raw with seal oil, meat and fish. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28
2229 Allium schoenoprasum L. 158 Eskimo, Inupiat 72 j83 54 28 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves fried with meat, fat, other greens, vinegar, salt and pepper and eaten as a hot salad. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28
2230 Allium schoenoprasum L. 158 Eskimo, Inupiat 72 j83 54 28 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves used like raw green onions or garlic in a salad. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28
2256 Allium sp. 160 Blackfoot 23 j87 146 23 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs boiled with meat. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23
2260 Allium sp. 160 Coeur d'Alene 47 teit28 144 89 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Roots used as a principle vegetable food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89
2263 Allium sp. 160 Hualapai 97 w82 127 19 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs eaten fresh. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 19
2267 Allium sp. 160 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 10 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Tops and roots eaten raw and fresh. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10
2269 Allium sp. 160 Montana Indian 151 b05 73 6 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Onions cooked and eaten. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6
2273 Allium sp. 160 Paiute, Northern 185 f89 50 44 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs eaten raw. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44
2288 Allium tricoccum Ait. 163 Cherokee 32 perry75 86 47 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs and leaves cooked like poke, with or without eggs. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 47
2293 Allium tricoccum Ait. 163 Iroquois 100 w16 112 118 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulb, consisting of the fleshy bases of the leaves, eaten raw. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118
2294 Allium tricoccum Ait. 163 Iroquois 100 w16 112 118 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118
2297 Allium tricoccum Ait. 163 Potawatomi 206 smith33 43 104 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Large, wild onion used for food. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104
2306 Allium validum S. Wats. 165 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 37 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Bulbs eaten raw. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37
2694 Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer 183 Hopi 95 c35 19 10 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10
2695 Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer 183 Hopi 95 w39 37 74 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked with meat and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74
2699 Amaranthus albus L. 184 Cochiti 43 c35 19 16 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16
2707 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Acoma 2 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2713 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Hopi 95 w39 37 74 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74
2718 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Laguna 124 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2720 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Montana Indian 151 b05 73 6 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Used as a potherb. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6
2724 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Navajo 157 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2725 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Pueblo 207 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2726 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Spanish American 249 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2730 Amaranthus caudatus L. 187 Cocopa 44 cb51 125 200 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Plants cooked and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200
2733 Amaranthus caudatus L. 187 Mohave 147 cb51 125 200 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Plants cooked and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200
2742 Amaranthus cruentus L. 188 Keresan 108 w45 90 558 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves eaten as greens. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558
2746 Amaranthus cruentus L. 188 Sia 234 w62 159 107 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves used as greens. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107
2751 Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Wats. 189 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 37 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled leaves eaten as greens or used as potherbs. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37
2753 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Acoma 2 c35 19 16 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16
2762 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Havasupai 89 ws85 2 218 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves of young plants cooked like spinach. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218
2763 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Havasupai 89 ws85 2 66 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young, fresh, tender leaves boiled, drained, balled into individual portions and served. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66
2766 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Keres, Western 107 swank32 79 26 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young, tender plants used for greens like spinach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26
2769 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Laguna 124 c35 19 16 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16
2771 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Cocopa 44 cb51 125 200 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Plants cooked and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200
2774 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Mohave 147 cb51 125 200 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Plants cooked and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200
2781 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Papago 188 cu35 27 46 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and used for greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46
2782 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Papago 188 cb42 160 61 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Greens used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61
2783 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Papago 188 cu35 27 14 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves eaten as greens in mid summer. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14
2785 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Pima 193 c49 11 47 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 47
2788 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Pima, Gila River 195 r91 136 5 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves used as greens. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5
2791 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Yuma 288 cb51 125 200 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Plants cooked and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200
2794 Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. 192 Hopi 95 c74 82 283 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves used as greens. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 283
2796 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Acoma 2 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2802 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Cochiti 43 c35 19 16 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16
2804 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Iroquois 100 w16 112 117 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 117
2805 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Isleta 101 j31 76 21 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Fresh, tender, young leaves eaten as greens. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21
2809 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Keres, Western 107 swank32 79 26 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young, tender plants used for greens like spinach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26
2812 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Laguna 124 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2815 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Mohegan 149 t72 97 83 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Combined with mustard, plantain, dock and nettle and used as mixed greens. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83
2820 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Navajo 157 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2821 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Navajo 157 e44 74 46 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves boiled and eaten like spinach. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46
2826 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Navajo, Ramah 159 v52 18 26 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves used as spring greens, boiled with meat, boiled alone or boiled and fried with meat or fat. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26
2828 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Pueblo 207 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2829 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Spanish American 249 c35 19 15 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2834 Amaranthus sp. 194 Yavapai 284 g36 48 256 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves boiled for greens and sometimes mixed with dried mescal. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256
2889 Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. 202 Papago 188 cu35 27 14 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Stalks eaten as greens in the summer. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14
3208 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. 227 Cherokee 32 perry75 86 45 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Underground fruit cooked like pinto beans or added to cornmeal and hot water. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 45
3218 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. 227 Ojibwa 173 smith32 20 405 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Beans cooked, unusual flavor imparted and eaten. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405
3228 Amsinckia sp. 230 Pima, Gila River 195 r91 136 5 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves boiled or boiled, strained, refried and eaten as greens. Star mallow, wild heliotrope, fiddlenecks and wild sorrel were dropped entirely from the Pima diet. The author suspects they were spring starvation season foods. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5
3231 Amsinckia tessellata Gray 232 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 11 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves bruised by rubbing between the hands and eaten with salt. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11
3418 Angelica archangelica L. 257 Eskimo, Greenland 70 p53 171 28 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Tender, young leaf stalks and peeled, young flowering stems eaten raw. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 28
3420 Angelica arguta Nutt. 258 Shuswap 233 palmer75 92 56 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Young stems, with a celery flavor, eaten in May. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56
3518 Angelica lucida L. 265 Alaska Native 4 h53 132 11 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Leaves cooked as a green vegetable or boiled with fish. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 11
3529 Angelica lucida L. 265 Eskimo, Alaska 67 a39 167 715 Food 1 Vegetable 31 Used like celery. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715

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CREATE TABLE uses (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
        species INTEGER NOT NULL,
        tribe INTEGER NOT NULL,
        source INTEGER NOT NULL,
        pageno TEXT NOT NULL,
        use_category INTEGER,
        use_subcategory INTEGER,
        notes TEXT,
        rawsource TEXT NOT NULL,
        FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id)
        );