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Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5579 | 406 | 67 | 152 | 38 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of plant taken daily as a tonic. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
21975 | 2376 | 105 | 70 | 38 | 2 | 69 | Root used in a tonic. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38 |
22471 | 2423 | 5 | 130 | 426 | 2 | 69 | Plant used to make a tonic. | Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 426 |
3522 | 265 | 5 | 130 | 427 | 2 | 69 | Leaves used to make a tonic for colds. | Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427 |
5861 | 411 | 5 | 130 | 427 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic, especially good 'for dying persons.' | Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427 |
15885 | 1732 | 5 | 130 | 427 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427 |
22946 | 2462 | 5 | 130 | 427 | 2 | 69 | Roots used as a powerful ingredient in a tonic. | Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427 |
28387 | 3000 | 5 | 130 | 428 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 428 |
15074 | 1645 | 24 | 31 | 131 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of berries taken as a tonic. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131 |
19641 | 2102 | 24 | 31 | 83 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of stems and leaves mixed with honey and used as a general health tonic before breakfast. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 83 |
36934 | 3572 | 7 | 67 | 171 | 2 | 69 | Rhizomes used to make a medicinal tonic. | Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 171 |
38530 | 3758 | 7 | 67 | 177 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of inner bark and sweet flag used as a tonic. | Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 177 |
19763 | 2125 | 7 | 67 | 214 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of plant used as a tonic. | Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 214 |
3754 | 296 | 151 | 73 | 6 | 2 | 69 | Root, poisonous in large doses, used as a tonic. | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6 |
4062 | 318 | 151 | 73 | 7 | 2 | 69 | Root used as a tonic. | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
5031 | 392 | 151 | 73 | 7 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of leaves used as a general tonic. | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
21986 | 2376 | 151 | 73 | 8 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root bark used as a tonic. | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8 |
14323 | 1558 | 39 | 118 | 23 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of leaves taken as a general tonic. | Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 23 |
38240 | 3715 | 39 | 118 | 23 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of stems taken as a general tonic. | Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 23 |
17030 | 1865 | 35 | 138 | 286287 | 2 | 69 | Root used as a tonic. | Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 286287 |
17032 | 1865 | 39 | 138 | 286287 | 2 | 69 | Root used as a tonic. | Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 286287 |
17034 | 1865 | 59 | 138 | 286287 | 2 | 69 | Root used as a tonic. | Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 286287 |
8830 | 832 | 39 | 138 | 287 | 2 | 69 | Root bark and bark used as a tonic. | Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287 |
43353 | 4169 | 39 | 138 | 287 | 2 | 69 | Used as a tonic. | Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287 |
1888 | 99 | 39 | 138 | 288 | 2 | 69 | Used as a 'warming stimulant and tonic.' | Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288 |
38330 | 3727 | 48 | 147 | 524 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root taken as a general tonic. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524 |
19993 | 2154 | 149 | 62 | 121 | 2 | 69 | Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121 |
19996 | 2154 | 231 | 62 | 121 | 2 | 69 | Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121 |
39379 | 3894 | 149 | 62 | 121 | 2 | 69 | Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121 |
39393 | 3894 | 231 | 62 | 121 | 2 | 69 | Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121 |
1985 | 126 | 141 | 35 | 54 | 2 | 69 | Root used as a tonic. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54 |
6033 | 421 | 141 | 35 | 55 | 2 | 69 | Root used for cramps and as a stomachic. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
8043 | 730 | 141 | 35 | 56 | 2 | 69 | Root used as a tonic. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56 |
18493 | 2054 | 141 | 35 | 57 | 2 | 69 | Stems used in a tonic and bark used for tuberculosis. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57 |
30638 | 3177 | 141 | 35 | 60 | 2 | 69 | Fruit used as a tonic. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60 |
30911 | 3182 | 137 | 89 | 356 | 2 | 69 | Inner bark used in a tonic. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356 |
13184 | 1407 | 95 | 82 | 312 | 2 | 69 | Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 312 |
13224 | 1407 | 257 | 82 | 312 | 2 | 69 | Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 312 |
24524 | 2640 | 181 | 14 | 85 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of inner bark from young spring growth used as a tonic. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 85 |
28791 | 3046 | 38 | 4 | 336 | 2 | 69 | Compound decoction of root or dried root alone taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336 |
5258 | 397 | 38 | 4 | 364 | 2 | 69 | Compound infusion or decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
6489 | 472 | 38 | 4 | 364 | 2 | 69 | Compound decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
15319 | 1661 | 38 | 4 | 364 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of inner bark taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
19734 | 2116 | 38 | 4 | 364 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
33940 | 3419 | 38 | 4 | 364 | 2 | 69 | Compound decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
38483 | 3746 | 38 | 4 | 364 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root and stalk taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
7217 | 580 | 138 | 176 | 131 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of branch tips used as a tonic. | Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
6350 | 447 | 138 | 176 | 132 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of pounded root taken as a tonic. | Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132 |
10528 | 1055 | 138 | 176 | 133 | 2 | 69 | Compound decoction of root taken as a mild tonic. | Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133 |
35883 | 3532 | 138 | 176 | 133 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of stalk taken as a general tonic. | Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133 |
10228 | 1019 | 157 | 74 | 47 | 2 | 69 | Plant used as tonic after deliverance. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47 |
1026 | 42 | 157 | 74 | 79 | 2 | 69 | Plant used in a tonic. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79 |
37736 | 3654 | 200 | 80 | 11 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of gummy sap taken as a tonic. | Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
30378 | 3166 | 133 | 3 | 266 | 2 | 69 | Bark used as a tonic. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266 |
22248 | 2391 | 133 | 3 | 268 | 2 | 69 | Used as a tonic. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268 |
22257 | 2391 | 166 | 3 | 268 | 2 | 69 | Bark and roots used as a tonic for young men in training. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268 |
22258 | 2391 | 166 | 3 | 268 | 2 | 69 | Used as a tonic to 'repair the damage done by the elder' during puberty rites. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268 |
16851 | 1851 | 133 | 3 | 293 | 2 | 69 | Used as a spring tonic. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293 |
1359 | 55 | 177 | 154 | 334 | 2 | 69 | Rootstock chewed as a tonic. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 334 |
11621 | 1161 | 177 | 154 | 335 | 2 | 69 | Plant used as a tonic. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335 |
16379 | 1791 | 177 | 154 | 335 | 2 | 69 | Bark used as a tonic. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335 |
20155 | 2169 | 177 | 154 | 335 | 2 | 69 | Roots used as a tonic. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335 |
16496 | 1807 | 61 | 91 | 363 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of plants taken as a tonic appetizer in diet of sick. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363 |
15772 | 1717 | 61 | 17 | 109 | 2 | 69 | Simple or compound decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
15773 | 1717 | 280 | 17 | 109 | 2 | 69 | Simple or compound decoction of root taken as a tonic. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
38012 | 3686 | 190 | 17 | 132 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of root taken for general debility. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
15591 | 1702 | 38 | 15 | 138 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of plants taken as spring and fall tonic to keep blood in good order. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138 |
7658 | 662 | 78 | 165 | 26 | 2 | 69 | Plant used in a spiritual spring tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26 |
5 | 1 | 86 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Bark and other plants used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
268 | 6 | 78 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
318 | 6 | 278 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
2501 | 172 | 86 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
2676 | 177 | 78 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Bark and other plants used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
24443 | 2640 | 78 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
24459 | 2640 | 86 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
24560 | 2640 | 278 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
26939 | 2934 | 78 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
27044 | 2934 | 278 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
27419 | 2953 | 78 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
38566 | 3761 | 278 | 166 | 152 | 2 | 69 | Bark used as a tonic. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
20823 | 2237 | 33 | 39 | 182 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of dried, powdered roots taken as a tonic. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 182 |
20824 | 2237 | 33 | 39 | 182 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of pulverized stems and leaves used as a tonic. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 182 |
31315 | 3201 | 253 | 25 | 19 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of needles taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
19039 | 2062 | 253 | 25 | 21 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of leaves taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21 |
16088 | 1763 | 53 | 25 | 26 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of plants taken as a tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
36099 | 3550 | 114 | 25 | 26 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of peeled bark taken as a tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
36106 | 3550 | 241 | 25 | 26 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of peeled bark taken as a tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26 |
6055 | 422 | 241 | 25 | 28 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28 |
41840 | 4059 | 221 | 25 | 28 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28 |
41854 | 4059 | 253 | 25 | 28 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28 |
10168 | 1007 | 241 | 25 | 29 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of plants taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29 |
21849 | 2370 | 221 | 25 | 30 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of roots taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30 |
21866 | 2370 | 253 | 25 | 30 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of roots taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30 |
33593 | 3376 | 129 | 25 | 32 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of leaves and twigs taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32 |
5907 | 416 | 209 | 25 | 33 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of pounded roots taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17325 | 1904 | 133 | 25 | 33 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of bark taken as a tonic by convalescents and athletes. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
15687 | 1703 | 241 | 25 | 43 | 2 | 69 | Infusion of leaves taken as a convalescent tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
21102 | 2259 | 241 | 25 | 48 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of leaves applied to the body as a strengthening tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 48 |
945 | 38 | 210 | 25 | 49 | 2 | 69 | Decoction of roots taken as a general tonic. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 49 |
22572 | 2437 | 32 | 1 | 24 | 2 | 69 | Used as a tonic. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24 |
38208 | 3711 | 32 | 1 | 24 | 2 | 69 | Root bark astringent and slightly tonic. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24 |