naeb
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 | 1 | 166 | 101 | 71 | 1 | 85 | Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
168 | 5 | 166 | 101 | 71 | 1 | 85 | Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
193 | 5 | 233 | 92 | 50 | 1 | 85 | Gum from inside the bark, next to the trunk, chewed. | Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50 |
236 | 6 | 23 | 26 | 100 | 1 | 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
237 | 6 | 23 | 26 | 100 | 1 | 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
238 | 6 | 23 | 26 | 100 | 1 | 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
239 | 6 | 23 | 26 | 123 | 1 | 85 | Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
542 | 27 | 33 | 57 | 13 | 1 | 85 | Sap boiled, added to animal hide shavings and eaten as a relished candy. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13 |
543 | 27 | 33 | 30 | 4 | 1 | 85 | Sap mixed with shavings from inner sides of animal hides and eaten as candy. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4 |
709 | 35 | 206 | 43 | 92 | 1 | 85 | Children made taffy by cooling the maple sap in the snow. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
1777 | 91 | 193 | 11 | 48 | 1 | 85 | Heads baked, sliced, dried and eaten like candy. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48 |
1779 | 91 | 195 | 136 | 6 | 1 | 85 | Plant dried and used as sweets. | Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6 |
1790 | 93 | 14 | 87 | 169 | 1 | 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1817 | 94 | 14 | 87 | 169 | 1 | 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1818 | 94 | 14 | 87 | 169 | 1 | 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1896 | 102 | 105 | 71 | 389 | 1 | 85 | Root juice used for chewing gum. | Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
1906 | 105 | 259 | 33 | 493 | 1 | 85 | Milky juice chewed as gum. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493 |
1910 | 106 | 175 | 32 | 74 | 1 | 85 | Latex dried and used as chewing gum. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
1912 | 106 | 259 | 10 | 167 | 1 | 85 | Milky latex used as chewing gum. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 167 |
3066 | 206 | 183 | 98 | 83 | 1 | 85 | Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried and eaten as candy. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83 |
3619 | 279 | 23 | 146 | 56 | 1 | 85 | Leaves chewed by children for the flavor. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
3802 | 297 | 101 | 76 | 22 | 1 | 85 | Gum mixed with clean clay and used for chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22 |
3803 | 297 | 101 | 19 | 31 | 1 | 85 | Gummy latex mixed with clean clay and used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
3807 | 297 | 111 | 140 | 47 | 1 | 85 | Milky latex used as chewing gum. After the latex was squeezed from the plant, it was allowed to stand over night, whereupon it hardened into a 'white gum.' Two kinds of gum were recognized; that which was left overnight, and that which was chewed only a few hours after it had been extracted from the plant. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47 |
3919 | 303 | 88 | 14 | 262 | 1 | 85 | Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262 |
5337 | 399 | 23 | 26 | 101 | 1 | 85 | Leaves chewed as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
5749 | 407 | 185 | 50 | 53 | 1 | 85 | Gum chewed as gum. | Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53 |
6074 | 424 | 79 | 38 | 363 | 1 | 85 | Latex used as a chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363 |
6080 | 425 | 106 | 60 | 13 | 1 | 85 | Leaves roasted under hot ashes and chewed. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
6081 | 425 | 106 | 60 | 13 | 1 | 85 | Milky juice boiled until thick and chewed like chewing gum. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
6082 | 426 | 105 | 70 | 19 | 1 | 85 | Latex boiled, condensed and chewed. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19 |
6084 | 426 | 289 | 70 | 19 | 1 | 85 | Dried latex chewed by the older people at their leisure. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19 |
6095 | 429 | 105 | 71 | 388 | 1 | 85 | Milk stirred, heated, mixed with salmon fat or deer grease and used for chewing gum. | Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
6099 | 429 | 128 | 24 | 196 | 1 | 85 | Stem sap boiled in water until coagulation and used as chewing gum. | Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 196 |
6111 | 430 | 42 | 168 | 75 | 1 | 85 | Sap collected, set aside to solidify, heated over the fire and used as a chewing gum. | Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 75 |
6112 | 430 | 269 | 137 | 19 | 1 | 85 | Juice roasted until congealed and used as chewing gum. | Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 19 |
6179 | 441 | 105 | 109 | 212 | 1 | 85 | Juice used for chewing gum. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 212 |
6196 | 442 | 2 | 19 | 31 | 1 | 85 | Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
6197 | 442 | 11 | 95 | 45 | 1 | 85 | 'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum. | Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
6200 | 442 | 33 | 39 | 184 | 1 | 85 | Dried, hardened milk used for chewing gum. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184 |
6201 | 442 | 33 | 30 | 66 | 1 | 85 | Milky juice allowed to harden and used as chewing gum. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66 |
6202 | 442 | 33 | 57 | 14 | 1 | 85 | Milky juice hardened and chewed as gum. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
6218 | 442 | 107 | 79 | 30 | 1 | 85 | Milky juice used as chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30 |
6219 | 442 | 124 | 19 | 31 | 1 | 85 | Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
6239 | 442 | 183 | 98 | 105 | 1 | 85 | Dried sap chewed as gum. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 105 |
6248 | 442 | 232 | 111 | 56 | 1 | 85 | Milk rolled in hand and used for gum. | Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 56 |
6270 | 445 | 107 | 79 | 30 | 1 | 85 | Ripe seed silk mixed with grease and used as chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30 |
6479 | 468 | 95 | 82 | 291 | 1 | 85 | Sweet roots eaten by children. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 291 |
6480 | 469 | 95 | 72 | 16 | 1 | 85 | Roots eaten as a sweet. | Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16 |
6919 | 549 | 183 | 98 | 117 | 1 | 85 | Root pitch chewed as gum. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117 |
7754 | 677 | 95 | 82 | 295 | 1 | 85 | Raw roots filled with sugar and eaten by children in early spring. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 295 |
8186 | 757 | 189 | 151 | 17 | 1 | 85 | Used to make candy. | Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 17 |
8214 | 757 | 195 | 136 | 6 | 1 | 85 | Fruits used as sweets. | Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6 |
8464 | 786 | 166 | 101 | 127 | 1 | 85 | Sweet nectar sucked by children. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
8513 | 790 | 166 | 101 | 127 | 1 | 85 | Sweet nectar sucked by children. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
9249 | 880 | 291 | 6 | 67 | 1 | 85 | Leaves chewed for the pleasant taste. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67 |
9464 | 897 | 24 | 31 | 52 | 1 | 85 | Milky sap used to make gum. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52 |
9695 | 919 | 157 | 74 | 83 | 1 | 85 | Stems chewed for gum. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83 |
9798 | 935 | 79 | 38 | 364 | 1 | 85 | Roots used as chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364 |
9812 | 935 | 183 | 98 | 115 | 1 | 85 | Roots used as chewing gum. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115 |
11435 | 1131 | 48 | 147 | 521 | 1 | 85 | Inner bark chewed as gum. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
12012 | 1222 | 95 | 72 | 16 | 1 | 85 | Scraped roots eaten as a sweet. | Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16 |
12015 | 1224 | 291 | 6 | 69 | 1 | 85 | Root chewed, especially by children, and greatly enjoyed. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 69 |
12022 | 1226 | 48 | 147 | 523 | 1 | 85 | Roots chewed for sweet flavor. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 523 |
12023 | 1226 | 125 | 108 | 47 | 1 | 85 | Roots chewed as a gum. | Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47 |
12030 | 1226 | 205 | 17 | 94 | 1 | 85 | Root chewed for the pleasant taste. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94 |
12898 | 1363 | 101 | 76 | 27 | 1 | 85 | Pulp baked with sugar and used to make candy. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27 |
12899 | 1363 | 101 | 19 | 26 | 1 | 85 | Pulp baked with sugar to make candy. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
12911 | 1364 | 101 | 19 | 26 | 1 | 85 | Pulp baked with sugar to make candy. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
12967 | 1374 | 23 | 26 | 102 | 1 | 85 | Peeled berries mixed with grease, stored in a cool place and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
13096 | 1395 | 188 | 27 | 28 | 1 | 85 | Gum secretions chewed by children. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28 |
13100 | 1395 | 193 | 174 | 265 | 1 | 85 | Amber colored gum used for chewing gum. | Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265 |
13101 | 1395 | 193 | 11 | 102 | 1 | 85 | Resin used as a primitive chewing gum. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 102 |
13599 | 1449 | 183 | 153 | 104 | 1 | 85 | Roots chewed until gummy as a 'chewing gum.' | Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 104 |
13667 | 1454 | 183 | 98 | 115 | 1 | 85 | Roots used as chewing gum. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115 |
13669 | 1454 | 185 | 50 | 53 | 1 | 85 | Root bark chewed like gum. | Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53 |
13930 | 1492 | 65 | 85 | 21 | 1 | 85 | Decoction of leaves and honey boiled down into a syrup or candy and used by children. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 21 |
14215 | 1547 | 95 | 82 | 313 | 1 | 85 | Roots chewed by children, sometimes as gum. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 313 |
14351 | 1561 | 259 | 10 | 121 | 1 | 85 | Small root ends of corms eaten as candy by children. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
14375 | 1567 | 128 | 24 | 232 | 1 | 85 | Flowers chewed with chewing gum. | Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232 |
14398 | 1571 | 23 | 26 | 103 | 1 | 85 | Fruit eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103 |
14606 | 1591 | 111 | 140 | 36 | 1 | 85 | Used for chewing gum. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36 |
14607 | 1591 | 111 | 140 | 36 | 1 | 85 | Used for chewing gum. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36 |
14608 | 1591 | 111 | 140 | 36 | 1 | 85 | Used for chewing gum. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36 |
14732 | 1608 | 193 | 11 | 55 | 1 | 85 | Used to make cactus candy. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 55 |
14743 | 1610 | 193 | 11 | 55 | 1 | 85 | Used to make cactus candy. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 55 |
14757 | 1616 | 228 | 88 | 481 | 1 | 85 | Plant used for chewing gum. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481 |
15406 | 1674 | 188 | 27 | 28 | 1 | 85 | Gumlike secretions heated over coals and chewed by children. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28 |
15407 | 1674 | 193 | 11 | 82 | 1 | 85 | Milk extracted from main stem, baked or boiled and used as chewing gum. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 82 |
15771 | 1716 | 88 | 14 | 252 | 1 | 85 | Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 252 |
16620 | 1821 | 193 | 11 | 103 | 1 | 85 | Inner pulp of stalks used as chewing gum. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103 |
16621 | 1821 | 193 | 11 | 103 | 1 | 85 | Petals used by children as chewing gum. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103 |
16675 | 1833 | 14 | 87 | 184 | 1 | 85 | Seeds parched and ground with mescal to taste like candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184 |
17569 | 1942 | 291 | 6 | 68 | 1 | 85 | Root used as chewing gum. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 68 |
17601 | 1951 | 157 | 74 | 87 | 1 | 85 | Roots used as a chewing gum. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87 |
17602 | 1952 | 157 | 74 | 80 | 1 | 85 | Plant used as a chewing gum. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 80 |
17606 | 1953 | 101 | 76 | 32 | 1 | 85 | Roots used as chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32 |
17608 | 1953 | 107 | 79 | 48 | 1 | 85 | Root used as chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48 |
17610 | 1953 | 249 | 19 | 30 | 1 | 85 | Roots chewed as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 30 |
17611 | 1953 | 257 | 61 | 56 | 1 | 85 | Root skins pounded and the gummy material chewed as gum. | Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56 |
18336 | 2038 | 183 | 65 | 246 | 1 | 85 | Sugar, formed along tops of plants, gathered and eaten as candy. | Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246 |