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Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1035 | 42 | 173 | 20 | 417 | 3 | 63 | Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
1214 | 55 | 33 | 39 | 171 | 3 | 63 | Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171 |
2541 | 172 | 133 | 3 | 243 | 3 | 63 | Leaves formerly smoked. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
2649 | 176 | 67 | 152 | 35 | 3 | 63 | Wood burned to make ashes added to tobacco. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
2885 | 202 | 157 | 141 | 151 | 3 | 63 | Herb mixed with tobacco. | Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151 |
3186 | 221 | 172 | 17 | 93 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93 |
3246 | 236 | 32 | 1 | 48 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48 |
3431 | 259 | 63 | 22 | 28 | 3 | 63 | Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28 |
3620 | 279 | 23 | 146 | 56 | 3 | 63 | Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
3621 | 279 | 80 | 139 | 50 | 3 | 63 | Tiny, dried leaves used as an element of kinnikinnick. | Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50 |
4189 | 322 | 94 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves sometimes smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
4223 | 322 | 209 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves sometimes smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
4360 | 335 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
4378 | 336 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
4429 | 338 | 115 | 66 | 102 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
4431 | 338 | 183 | 98 | 101 | 3 | 63 | Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101 |
4443 | 340 | 115 | 66 | 102 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
4449 | 340 | 183 | 98 | 102 | 3 | 63 | Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102 |
4468 | 343 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
4496 | 346 | 94 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
4505 | 346 | 209 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
4522 | 347 | 23 | 26 | 101 | 3 | 63 | Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
4523 | 347 | 23 | 42 | 276 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves smoked as tobacco. | McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
4524 | 347 | 23 | 146 | 49 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
4530 | 347 | 27 | 134 | 74 | 3 | 63 | Leaves and stems used to smoke. | Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74 |
4531 | 347 | 27 | 34 | 12 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949. Pages 12, 38., page 12 |
4546 | 347 | 33 | 57 | 25 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25 |
4547 | 347 | 33 | 57 | 14 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
4548 | 347 | 33 | 39 | 183 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183 |
4554 | 347 | 38 | 4 | 377 | 3 | 63 | Used for smoking. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
4555 | 347 | 41 | 99 | 199 | 3 | 63 | Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco. | Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199 |
4559 | 347 | 54 | 145 | 485 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485 |
4567 | 347 | 58 | 47 | 29 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29 |
4570 | 347 | 68 | 171 | 23 | 3 | 63 | Leaves powdered, dried, used as a substitute for tobacco or mixed with the tobacco and smoked. | Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23 |
4571 | 347 | 71 | 64 | 191 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as an additive to or substitute for tobacco. | Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
4581 | 347 | 80 | 139 | 49 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as one of the elements in the tobacco mixture. | Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
4584 | 347 | 91 | 14 | 239 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked like tobacco. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239 |
4585 | 347 | 92 | 41 | 64 | 3 | 63 | Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64 |
4588 | 347 | 94 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
4589 | 347 | 102 | 28 | 20 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves smoked as tobacco. | Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
4590 | 347 | 108 | 90 | 559 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking. | White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559 |
4595 | 347 | 125 | 108 | 44 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as tobacco. | Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44 |
4598 | 347 | 133 | 101 | 104 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used for smoking. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
4604 | 347 | 151 | 73 | 7 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
4610 | 347 | 166 | 101 | 104 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried or roasted and smoked. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
4611 | 347 | 166 | 3 | 297 | 3 | 63 | Leaves roasted, crushed and smoked. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297 |
4612 | 347 | 167 | 101 | 104 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used for smoking. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
4627 | 347 | 175 | 32 | 101 | 3 | 63 | Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101 |
4636 | 347 | 176 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
4639 | 347 | 183 | 98 | 100 | 3 | 63 | Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100 |
4640 | 347 | 190 | 17 | 108 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked like tobacco. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108 |
4641 | 347 | 190 | 17 | 108 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108 |
4642 | 347 | 206 | 43 | 118 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118 |
4645 | 347 | 209 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
4647 | 347 | 217 | 23 | 82 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82 |
4654 | 347 | 233 | 92 | 62 | 3 | 63 | Leaves roasted until dry, mashed and mixed with tobacco. | Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 62 |
4655 | 347 | 242 | 131 | 42 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as a tobacco substitute. | Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42 |
4686 | 347 | 259 | 10 | 211 | 3 | 63 | Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211 |
4687 | 347 | 259 | 33 | 495 | 3 | 63 | Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
4688 | 347 | 259 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
4731 | 357 | 232 | 111 | 61 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking. | Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 61 |
4977 | 387 | 24 | 31 | 42 | 3 | 63 | Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42 |
5085 | 394 | 202 | 40 | 119 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves used as tobacco. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119 |
5412 | 399 | 238 | 20 | 417 | 3 | 63 | Plant used in smoking tobacco. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
5584 | 406 | 71 | 64 | 186 | 3 | 63 | Used as a tobacco quid additive. | Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186 |
8021 | 730 | 32 | 1 | 59 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used for smoking. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
8684 | 817 | 183 | 98 | 89 | 3 | 63 | Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89 |
9597 | 915 | 23 | 42 | 277 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco. | McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277 |
9641 | 915 | 151 | 30 | 34 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 34 |
9684 | 917 | 23 | 146 | 49 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used in the tobacco mixture. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
9869 | 942 | 38 | 4 | 377 | 3 | 63 | Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
10237 | 1019 | 175 | 32 | 117 | 3 | 63 | Stem smoked by children. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
10787 | 1088 | 138 | 51 | 32, 33 | 3 | 63 | Plant used for Indian tobacco, known as 'kinnikinnick.' | Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33 |
10788 | 1088 | 138 | 51 | 80 | 3 | 63 | Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. | Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
10792 | 1088 | 173 | 20 | 417 | 3 | 63 | Bark used for kinnikinnick. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
10794 | 1089 | 61 | 91 | 367 | 3 | 63 | Dried inner bark used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
10795 | 1089 | 61 | 17 | 107 | 3 | 63 | Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
10809 | 1089 | 138 | 51 | 80 | 3 | 63 | Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. | Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
10810 | 1089 | 177 | 154 | 331 | 3 | 63 | Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
10811 | 1089 | 177 | 17 | 107 | 3 | 63 | Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
10812 | 1089 | 190 | 17 | 107 | 3 | 63 | Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
10813 | 1089 | 205 | 17 | 107 | 3 | 63 | Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
10814 | 1089 | 205 | 189 | 47 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark used as an additive to tobacco. | Howard, James, 1965, The Ponca Tribe, SI-BAE Bulletin #195, page 47 |
10815 | 1089 | 280 | 17 | 107 | 3 | 63 | Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
10841 | 1091 | 94 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
10858 | 1091 | 209 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
10898 | 1094 | 141 | 103 | 317 | 3 | 63 | Dried bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317 |
10907 | 1096 | 94 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
10915 | 1096 | 209 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
10919 | 1096 | 217 | 23 | 81 | 3 | 63 | Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81 |
10945 | 1098 | 139 | 21 | 272 | 3 | 63 | Smoked at ceremonies. | Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272 |
10948 | 1098 | 173 | 20 | 418 | 3 | 63 | Bark used to make kinnikinnick for smoking. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418 |
10949 | 1098 | 173 | 20 | 399 | 3 | 63 | Peeled, toasted, shredded twig bark used in the kinnikinnick or native smoking tobacco. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399 |
10950 | 1099 | 38 | 4 | 377 | 3 | 63 | Used for smoking. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
10978 | 1101 | 94 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
10983 | 1101 | 209 | 77 | 66 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
10989 | 1101 | 259 | 33 | 495 | 3 | 63 | Leaves occasionally smoked as tobacco. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
10992 | 1102 | 1 | 84 | 159 | 3 | 63 | Bark used for smoking. | Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 159 |
10993 | 1102 | 1 | 84 | 170 | 3 | 63 | Shredded bark used for smoking. | Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170 |
11005 | 1102 | 23 | 26 | 102 | 3 | 63 | Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
11006 | 1102 | 23 | 146 | 49 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark used in the tobacco mixture. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |