naeb
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
44525 | 4244 | 257 | 61 | 78 | 3 | 63 | Husks made into cigarettes. | Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78 |
44483 | 4244 | 159 | 18 | 18 | 3 | 63 | Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available. | Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
44475 | 4244 | 157 | 74 | 27 | 3 | 63 | Husks used for cigarette papers. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
44447 | 4244 | 111 | 140 | 17 | 3 | 63 | Shucks used for cigarette wrappings and used in the peyote ceremony. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17 |
43211 | 4141 | 157 | 74 | 59 | 3 | 63 | Crushed leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 59 |
43024 | 4129 | 173 | 20 | 417 | 3 | 63 | Bark furnished one of the ingredients of kinnikinnick. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
42848 | 4106 | 259 | 10 | 287 | 3 | 63 | Leaf used for smoking. It was cautioned that too much smoking of this plant was poisonous. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 287 |
42818 | 4106 | 138 | 51 | 53 | 3 | 63 | Leaf gathered and smoked as an Indian tobacco. | Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53 |
42814 | 4106 | 101 | 76 | 44 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44 |
42560 | 4095 | 259 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
42540 | 4095 | 176 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
42536 | 4095 | 23 | 146 | 56 | 3 | 63 | Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
42474 | 4090 | 71 | 64 | 183 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as a tobacco additive or substitute. | Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183 |
42397 | 4087 | 259 | 33 | 495 | 3 | 63 | Leaves of several species smoked as 'kinnikinnick.' | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
42357 | 4085 | 259 | 33 | 495 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.' | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
42213 | 4082 | 259 | 33 | 495 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.' | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
42212 | 4082 | 259 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
42190 | 4082 | 176 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
41990 | 4071 | 79 | 38 | 384 | 3 | 63 | Leaves formerly dried and used as a tobacco. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384 |
40746 | 4026 | 139 | 21 | 272 | 3 | 63 | Smoked at ceremonies. | Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272 |
40295 | 3952 | 107 | 79 | 24 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24 |
39558 | 3902 | 253 | 25 | 16 | 3 | 63 | Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
39552 | 3902 | 221 | 25 | 16 | 3 | 63 | Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
39495 | 3902 | 114 | 25 | 16 | 3 | 63 | Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
39453 | 3902 | 41 | 99 | 199 | 3 | 63 | Needles mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199 |
38398 | 3734 | 158 | 106 | 50 | 3 | 63 | Roots smoked with other tobaccos. | Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50 |
37988 | 3680 | 79 | 38 | 381 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves powdered and formerly used to smoke as a tobacco. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
37606 | 3631 | 79 | 38 | 381 | 3 | 63 | Leaves formerly used to smoke. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
36211 | 3551 | 141 | 182 | 258 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as tobacco. | Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
36175 | 3551 | 71 | 64 | 182 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves added to tobacco in place of shelf fungus. | Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182 |
36143 | 3551 | 38 | 4 | 378 | 3 | 63 | Used for smoking and general utility. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378 |
35957 | 3538 | 173 | 20 | 422 | 3 | 63 | Peeled, toasted and flaked bark used for kinnikinnick or smoking mixture. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422 |
35954 | 3538 | 150 | 103 | 315 | 3 | 63 | Dried bark smoked as a substitute for tobacco. | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315 |
35943 | 3536 | 137 | 89 | 331 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark portions dried, powdered and used as substitutes for chewing tobacco. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331 |
35621 | 3516 | 67 | 152 | 34 | 3 | 63 | Plant gathered in late summer, burned to ashes and added to chewing tobacco. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |
34028 | 3426 | 259 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
34027 | 3426 | 259 | 33 | 495 | 3 | 63 | Dried, toasted, powdered leaves and bark occasionally used for smoking. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
34010 | 3426 | 176 | 55 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
33962 | 3420 | 205 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33961 | 3420 | 205 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33959 | 3420 | 190 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33958 | 3420 | 190 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33955 | 3420 | 177 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33954 | 3420 | 177 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33951 | 3420 | 61 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33950 | 3420 | 61 | 17 | 85 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
33307 | 3355 | 206 | 43 | 116 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco to cause it to smoke pleasantly. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116 |
33254 | 3354 | 111 | 140 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
33253 | 3354 | 111 | 140 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
33165 | 3352 | 111 | 140 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
33164 | 3352 | 111 | 140 | 39 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
33157 | 3352 | 108 | 90 | 563 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves mixed with native tobacco and used for smoking. | White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563 |
33103 | 3352 | 33 | 57 | 14 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried, mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
33102 | 3352 | 33 | 39 | 180 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180 |
33013 | 3347 | 280 | 17 | 99, 100 | 3 | 63 | Red leaves dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
33012 | 3347 | 280 | 17 | 99 | 3 | 63 | Dried, red leaves used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
33002 | 3347 | 257 | 61 | 47 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked as tobacco. | Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47 |
32996 | 3347 | 205 | 17 | 99, 100 | 3 | 63 | Red leaves dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
32995 | 3347 | 205 | 17 | 99 | 3 | 63 | Dried, red leaves used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
32994 | 3347 | 198 | 30 | 55 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used to make a tobacco mixture. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55 |
32990 | 3347 | 190 | 17 | 99, 100 | 3 | 63 | Red leaves dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
32989 | 3347 | 190 | 17 | 99 | 3 | 63 | Dried, red leaves used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
32986 | 3347 | 177 | 17 | 99, 100 | 3 | 63 | Red leaves dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
32985 | 3347 | 177 | 17 | 99 | 3 | 63 | Dried, red leaves used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
32984 | 3347 | 177 | 154 | 331 | 3 | 63 | Dried, deveined, red leaves broken fine and used for smoking in the absence of kinnikinnick. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
32950 | 3347 | 125 | 108 | 33 | 3 | 63 | Red, autumn leaves used to smoke. | Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33 |
32948 | 3347 | 111 | 140 | 37 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37 |
32947 | 3347 | 111 | 140 | 37 | 3 | 63 | Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37 |
32938 | 3347 | 79 | 38 | 379 | 3 | 63 | Leaves formerly used to smoke. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379 |
32934 | 3347 | 61 | 91 | 367 | 3 | 63 | Scarlet leaves gathered in the fall and dried for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
32933 | 3347 | 61 | 17 | 99, 100 | 3 | 63 | Red leaves dried and used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
32932 | 3347 | 61 | 17 | 99 | 3 | 63 | Dried, red leaves used for smoking. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
32928 | 3347 | 48 | 147 | 524 | 3 | 63 | Leaves added to tobacco for smoking. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524 |
32926 | 3347 | 38 | 15 | 135 | 3 | 63 | Leaves dried and smoked. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135 |
32915 | 3347 | 33 | 39 | 180 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180 |
32873 | 3344 | 125 | 108 | 32 | 3 | 63 | Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 32 |
32518 | 3290 | 111 | 140 | 22 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as cigarette wrappers for the peyote ceremony. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22 |
32314 | 3276 | 111 | 140 | 21 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used as a substitute for paper in rolling cigarettes. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21 |
31374 | 3206 | 157 | 74 | 58 | 3 | 63 | Leaves smoked by the masker after the feast celebrating the completion of masks for the Night Chant. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 58 |
30948 | 3182 | 185 | 50 | 49 | 3 | 63 | Berries mashed, made into little cakes, dried and used like chewing tobacco. | Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
29666 | 3106 | 255 | 36 | 5 | 3 | 63 | Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and used for chewing tobacco. | Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
29635 | 3106 | 151 | 73 | 19 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.' | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
29389 | 3098 | 151 | 73 | 19 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.' | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
29243 | 3095 | 255 | 36 | 4 | 3 | 63 | Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and smoked. | Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4 |
29218 | 3095 | 151 | 73 | 19 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.' | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
29209 | 3095 | 71 | 64 | 188 | 3 | 63 | Leaf galls used with or as tobacco. | Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
29175 | 3094 | 151 | 73 | 19 | 3 | 63 | Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.' | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
28720 | 3035 | 101 | 76 | 38 | 3 | 63 | Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38 |
28121 | 2975 | 106 | 60 | 52 | 3 | 63 | Seeds put into the liquid used to moisten dry tobacco meal and shaped into plugs. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52 |
27297 | 2939 | 100 | 59 | 36 | 3 | 63 | Dried roots used to make cigars and smoked. | Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 36 |
26569 | 2901 | 15 | 45 | 159 | 3 | 63 | Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
26186 | 2841 | 67 | 152 | 38 | 3 | 63 | Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
26179 | 2840 | 71 | 64 | 189 | 3 | 63 | Dried, burned plant ashes added to chewing tobacco. | Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189 |
26176 | 2840 | 67 | 152 | 38 | 3 | 63 | Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
24295 | 2618 | 95 | 82 | 337 | 3 | 63 | Plant used as substitute for tobacco. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
24261 | 2613 | 95 | 82 | 336 | 3 | 63 | Plant used for tobacco. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 336 |
23996 | 2587 | 267 | 14 | 350 | 3 | 63 | Leaves used for chewing. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350 |
23989 | 2587 | 193 | 160 | 110 | 3 | 63 | Used for smoking. | Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 110 |
23988 | 2587 | 193 | 160 | 108 | 3 | 63 | Used for smoking. | Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
23987 | 2587 | 188 | 160 | 108 | 3 | 63 | Used for smoking. | Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
23986 | 2587 | 188 | 27 | 36 | 3 | 63 | Leaves half or fully dried and smoked. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36 |