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Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7698 | 667 | 214 | 89 | 337 | 3 | 33 | Leafy branches used to spread water gently over acorn meal. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 337 |
8115 | 752 | 183 | 98 | 52 | 3 | 33 | Woven sedge used to make spoons. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52 |
8149 | 757 | 14 | 87 | 178 | 3 | 33 | Burls used as vessels or cups. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
8176 | 757 | 188 | 27 | 23 | 3 | 33 | Ribs made into a drying rack for datil fruit. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23 |
8276 | 762 | 32 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make corn beaters. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
8322 | 766 | 32 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make corn beaters. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
8391 | 768 | 32 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make corn beaters. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
8399 | 769 | 32 | 86 | 40 | 3 | 33 | Dried leaves used to wrap around ball of meal, boiled for one hour and used for bread. | Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40 |
8550 | 802 | 228 | 88 | 472 | 3 | 33 | Plant used as a water supply for cooking during the dry season. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472 |
8683 | 817 | 140 | 109 | 362 | 3 | 33 | Bark used as a filter to leach the bitter out of acorn meal. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
9090 | 860 | 92 | 41 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used for making ornamental dishes and headdresses. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33 |
9117 | 860 | 122 | 63 | 266 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make dishes. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266 |
9724 | 922 | 137 | 89 | 319 | 3 | 33 | Fresh, green leaves used to cover acorn bread dough while cooking. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319 |
9725 | 922 | 137 | 89 | 319 | 3 | 33 | Outer portion of the bulbs made into small brushes and used for grinding acorns. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319 |
9754 | 924 | 200 | 109 | 290 | 3 | 33 | Long leaves used to line the ground ovens while baking acorn bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
9804 | 935 | 95 | 82 | 302 | 3 | 33 | Plant used for roasting corn. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 302 |
10433 | 1040 | 228 | 88 | 503 | 3 | 33 | Plant used to make spoons and cups. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503 |
10922 | 1096 | 245 | 25 | 42 | 3 | 33 | Sticks used to pound brake ferns after roasting. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42 |
10998 | 1102 | 21 | 53 | 203 | 3 | 33 | Branches used for barbecue racks. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203 |
11112 | 1102 | 175 | 32 | 96 | 3 | 33 | Branches used to make spatulas. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96 |
11134 | 1102 | 233 | 92 | 61 | 3 | 33 | Sticks used to skewer a salmon flat for proper drying. | Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61 |
11257 | 1111 | 259 | 10 | 190 | 3 | 33 | Young suckers used as salmon spreaders in the absence of saskatoon branches. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 190 |
11276 | 1112 | 200 | 111 | 6 | 3 | 33 | Stems used for sieves. | Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 6 |
11597 | 1161 | 24 | 31 | 57 | 3 | 33 | Dried gourds used to make ladles. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57 |
11747 | 1164 | 291 | 6 | 67 | 3 | 33 | Gourds made into cups, ladles and dippers and put to various uses. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67 |
12681 | 1334 | 105 | 70 | 28 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used to clean eels. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 28 |
12694 | 1335 | 166 | 101 | 62 | 3 | 33 | Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
12872 | 1354 | 89 | 2 | 232 | 3 | 33 | Used as improvised cooking vessels particularly on hunting expeditions. | Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232 |
12985 | 1374 | 175 | 32 | 99 | 3 | 33 | Inner bark twisted to make soapberry beaters. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99 |
13000 | 1374 | 259 | 10 | 207 | 3 | 33 | Bark twine used in drying roots and bunches of tied bark used as soapberry whippers. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone). The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths. At this stage, the bark could be dried for future use. The long, even strands of the fresh or dried bark, after it was soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes. The bark wine was used in twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing and also to thread bitter roots, avalanche lily corms and other roots for drying. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207 |
13025 | 1380 | 33 | 39 | 170 | 3 | 33 | Rushes made into small baskets and used as dishes to serve food. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170 |
13997 | 1505 | 269 | 137 | 19 | 3 | 33 | Tubular sections of jointed stalks used to collect and roast juice for chewing gum. | Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 19 |
14045 | 1512 | 89 | 2 | 216 | 3 | 33 | Stems cut at both ends and used as drinking tubes. | Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 216 |
14092 | 1520 | 106 | 60 | 30 | 3 | 33 | Hollow stems used as drinking tubes. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30 |
14102 | 1522 | 106 | 60 | 30 | 3 | 33 | Hollow stems used as drinking tubes. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30 |
14456 | 1579 | 32 | 1 | 41 | 3 | 33 | Stems used as a straw in sucking water from low springs. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41 |
14557 | 1582 | 32 | 1 | 41 | 3 | 33 | Stems used as a straw in sucking water from low springs. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41 |
14694 | 1603 | 206 | 43 | 113 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make food or chopping bowls. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113 |
14730 | 1607 | 24 | 31 | 67 | 3 | 33 | Body of the plant used as a cooking vessel. The top was cut off of the cactus and the interior was dug out. Water was then put into the depression and heated with hot stones. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67 |
14759 | 1616 | 228 | 88 | 481 | 3 | 33 | Plant used for meat stringing. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481 |
15267 | 1660 | 32 | 1 | 23 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make butter paddles. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
15274 | 1660 | 33 | 57 | 31 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make racks for drying meat. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31 |
15310 | 1660 | 206 | 43 | 113 | 3 | 33 | Wood used for making wooden spoons. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113 |
15418 | 1675 | 23 | 26 | 113 | 3 | 33 | Flower heads served as spoons for the sick and invalid. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113 |
15630 | 1703 | 92 | 41 | 65 | 3 | 33 | Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish to prevent sticking. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
15631 | 1703 | 92 | 41 | 65 | 3 | 33 | Branches, with leaves attached, used as beaters for whipping soapberries. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
15632 | 1703 | 92 | 41 | 65 | 3 | 33 | Leaves, folded around like a cone, made a good drinking cup. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
15652 | 1703 | 133 | 3 | 299 | 3 | 33 | Branches used to whip soapberries into a froth. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
15665 | 1703 | 166 | 101 | 104 | 3 | 33 | Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to circulate steam and keep food from burning. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
15672 | 1703 | 181 | 14 | 96 | 3 | 33 | Branches tied into a bunch and used for whipping soapberries. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96 |
16266 | 1785 | 95 | 82 | 323 | 3 | 33 | Used in roasting sweet corn. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 323 |
16271 | 1785 | 257 | 82 | 323 | 3 | 33 | Used in roasting sweet corn. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 323 |
16364 | 1788 | 228 | 88 | 472 | 3 | 33 | Plant used as a water supply for cooking during the dry season. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472 |
16794 | 1851 | 23 | 26 | 113 | 3 | 33 | Hollow stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without raising up. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113 |
17311 | 1904 | 31 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17315 | 1904 | 114 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17323 | 1904 | 129 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17327 | 1904 | 133 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17331 | 1904 | 166 | 3 | 263 | 3 | 33 | Branches used for holding fish while barbecuing because they don't burn. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263 |
17332 | 1904 | 166 | 101 | 117 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make barbecue sticks. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
17349 | 1904 | 215 | 23 | 86 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make salmon barbecuing sticks. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86 |
17355 | 1904 | 217 | 23 | 86 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make salmon barbecuing sticks. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86 |
17360 | 1904 | 218 | 101 | 117 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make skewers for roasting and drying clams. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
17362 | 1904 | 241 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17364 | 1904 | 245 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17368 | 1904 | 251 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17370 | 1904 | 253 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make roasting tongs. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33 |
17715 | 1977 | 32 | 105 | 74 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make spoons. | Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74 |
18379 | 2046 | 128 | 24 | 204 | 3 | 33 | Rushes made into woven and twined baskets and used as sifters or to leach acorn meal. | Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204 |
18422 | 2053 | 106 | 60 | 35 | 3 | 33 | Wood used to make acorn mush stirrers and ladles. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35 |
18631 | 2058 | 95 | 82 | 330 | 3 | 33 | Twigs used to separate corn dumplings while boiling. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 330 |
18744 | 2058 | 257 | 82 | 330 | 3 | 33 | Twigs used to separate corn dumplings while boiling. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 330 |
18961 | 2062 | 33 | 57 | 13 | 3 | 33 | Knots used to make bowls. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13 |
19409 | 2090 | 32 | 1 | 37 | 3 | 33 | Fruit used to make dippers. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37 |
19417 | 2090 | 95 | 37 | 93 | 3 | 33 | Used as dippers, canteens and spoons. | Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93 |
19424 | 2090 | 96 | 49 | 62 | 3 | 33 | Used for water dippers, cups and bowls. | Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 62 |
19427 | 2090 | 107 | 79 | 51 | 3 | 33 | Gourds made into dippers. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51 |
19429 | 2090 | 108 | 90 | 561 | 3 | 33 | Used to make dippers. | White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 561 |
19434 | 2090 | 157 | 74 | 79 | 3 | 33 | Used to make dippers. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79 |
19440 | 2090 | 173 | 20 | 400 | 3 | 33 | Gourds used to make drinking and dipping cups. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 400 |
19442 | 2090 | 188 | 27 | 17 | 3 | 33 | Used for a drinking and eating vessel. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17 |
19448 | 2090 | 228 | 88 | 484 | 3 | 33 | Plant used to make dippers, dishes and water bottles. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 484 |
20084 | 2160 | 259 | 10 | 140 | 3 | 33 | Stout culms broken into lengths and poked into edges of cut fish to hold it flat while drying. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
20105 | 2162 | 67 | 152 | 34 | 3 | 33 | Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets, tote sacks and ropes for hanging herring & other fish. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |
20112 | 2162 | 122 | 63 | 285 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used with skunk cabbage leaves to line steaming boxes for cooking lupine roots. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285 |
20171 | 2172 | 140 | 109 | 362 | 3 | 33 | Boughs used to line the leach. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
21130 | 2261 | 58 | 47 | 43 | 3 | 33 | Hollow stems used as straws by children. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43 |
21485 | 2320 | 58 | 47 | 44 | 3 | 33 | Plant used to separate raw fish eggs from the membranes. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 44 |
21510 | 2324 | 58 | 47 | 44 | 3 | 33 | Plant used to separate raw fish eggs from the membranes. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 44 |
21589 | 2337 | 21 | 53 | 198 | 3 | 33 | Large leaves folded and used as drinking cups, as covering for drying cakes and to line pits. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
21605 | 2337 | 87 | 14 | 189 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used as a mat when drying berries. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189 |
21606 | 2337 | 87 | 14 | 189 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used to wrap western hemlock cambium, bear meat and porcupine meat while cooking. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189 |
21615 | 2337 | 94 | 77 | 59 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used to wrap red elderberries during baking. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
21630 | 2337 | 122 | 63 | 282 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used for drying salal berry cakes. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
21631 | 2337 | 122 | 63 | 271 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used for steam cooking salmon. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271 |
21632 | 2337 | 122 | 63 | 285 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used to wrap wild clover roots for baking, boiling and steaming. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285 |
21633 | 2337 | 122 | 63 | 285 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used with green grass leaves to line steaming boxes for cooking lupine roots. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285 |
21644 | 2337 | 133 | 3 | 336 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used to cover sprouts while cooking. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 336 |
21647 | 2337 | 166 | 101 | 78 | 3 | 33 | Large, waxy leaves used as plates, drinking cups, berry drying racks and steam pit covers. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78 |
21648 | 2337 | 166 | 101 | 105 | 3 | 33 | Leaves used to make rectangular drying frames for drying mashed salal berries. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105 |
21653 | 2337 | 181 | 14 | 76 | 3 | 33 | Leaves folded into makeshift cups. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76 |