uses
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
229 rows where use_subcategory = 85 sorted by tribe
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id | species | tribe ▼ | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6196 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Acoma 2 | c35 19 | 31 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
29436 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Acoma 2 | c35 19 | 31 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
26888 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Algonquin, Quebec 7 | b80 67 | 73 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Resin chewed like chewing gum. | Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 73 |
6197 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 | co36 95 | 45 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | 'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum. | Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
29437 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 | co36 95 | 45 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
1790 | Agave palmeri Engelm. 93 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 169 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1817 | Agave parryi Engelm. 94 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 169 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1818 | Agave parryi Engelm. 94 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 169 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
16675 | Helianthus sp. 1833 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 184 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Seeds parched and ground with mescal to taste like candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184 |
27537 | Pinus edulis Engelm. 2959 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 185 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch used as chewing gum. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
27785 | Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m. 2965 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 185 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch used as chewing gum. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185 |
29967 | Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa 3154 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 176 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried beans pounded into flour and eaten as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176 |
19396 | Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung 2088 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 158 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
29168 | Populus angustifolia James 3094 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29438 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
31145 | Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 3199 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch used as gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
31245 | Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 3201 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch used as gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
236 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 100 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
237 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 100 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
238 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 100 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
239 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 123 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
3619 | Antennaria rosea Greene 279 | Blackfoot 23 | j87 146 | 56 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves chewed by children for the flavor. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
5337 | Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 399 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 101 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves chewed as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
12967 | Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. 1374 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 102 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Peeled berries mixed with grease, stored in a cool place and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
14398 | Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara 1571 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 103 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103 |
24995 | Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. 2697 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 103 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Root chewed, especially during the winter, as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103 |
27392 | Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 2953 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 104 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch chewed like gum. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104 |
9464 | Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats. 897 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 52 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky sap used to make gum. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52 |
27054 | Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. 2935 | Carrier 27 | c73 134 | 69 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch used to chew. | Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
20457 | Liquidambar styraciflua L. 2210 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 58 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Hardened gum used for chewing gum. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58 |
542 | Acer negundo L. 27 | Cheyenne 33 | h81 57 | 13 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Sap boiled, added to animal hide shavings and eaten as a relished candy. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13 |
543 | Acer negundo L. 27 | Cheyenne 33 | h92 30 | 4 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Sap mixed with shavings from inner sides of animal hides and eaten as candy. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4 |
6200 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Cheyenne 33 | g72 39 | 184 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried, hardened milk used for chewing gum. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184 |
6201 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Cheyenne 33 | h92 30 | 66 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky juice allowed to harden and used as chewing gum. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66 |
6202 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Cheyenne 33 | h81 57 | 14 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky juice hardened and chewed as gum. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
27936 | Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson 2968 | Cheyenne 33 | h92 30 | 50 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch chewed as a gum. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50 |
6111 | Asclepias erosa Torr. 430 | Coahuilla 42 | b67 168 | 75 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Sap collected, set aside to solidify, heated over the fire and used as a chewing gum. | Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 75 |
11435 | Crataegus sp. 1131 | Comanche 48 | cj40 147 | 521 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Inner bark chewed as gum. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
12022 | Dalea purpurea var. purpurea 1226 | Comanche 48 | cj40 147 | 523 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Roots chewed for sweet flavor. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 523 |
31262 | Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 3201 | Cowlitz 53 | g73 25 | 19 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch chewed as a gum. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
26909 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed as a confection. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
26910 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed for pleasure. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
27073 | Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. 2935 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 49 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed for pleasure. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
29401 | Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 | Dakota 61 | g19 17 | 72 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
29534 | Populus sp. 3105 | Dakota 61 | g13i 91 | 361 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit seeds used by children as chewing gum. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361 |
38006 | Silphium laciniatum L. 3686 | Dakota 61 | g19 17 | 132 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
13930 | Eriodictyon trichocalyx var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson 1492 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 21 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Decoction of leaves and honey boiled down into a syrup or candy and used by children. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 21 |
22424 | Marrubium vulgare L. 2417 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 25 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Infusion of leaves mixed with honey and made into candy. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 25 |
32031 | Quercus engelmannii Greene 3261 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 33 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Bark gum pounded, washed and chewed like chewing gum. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33 |
22494 | Matricaria discoidea DC. 2423 | Eskimo, Alaska 67 | aa80 152 | 38 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Plant tops chewed by children for the pleasant flavor. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
26918 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Eskimo, Alaska 67 | a39 167 | 716 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Resin chewed for pleasure. | Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716 |
19535 | Larix occidentalis Nutt. 2100 | Flathead 76 | h92 30 | 22 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Solidified pitch chewed as gum. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 22 |
27413 | Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 2953 | Flathead 76 | h92 30 | 52 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitchy secretions chewed as gum. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 52 |
6074 | Asclepias asperula ssp. capricornu (Woods.) Woods. 424 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 363 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex used as a chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363 |
9798 | Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. 935 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 364 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Roots used as chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364 |
31150 | Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 3199 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 378 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum used for chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 378 |
37684 | Senecio sp. 3646 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 381 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex used as a chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
27178 | Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. 2938 | Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 | c93 14 | 175 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch chewed like chewing gum. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175 |
3919 | Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. 303 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 262 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262 |
15771 | Gentiana douglasiana Bong. 1716 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 252 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 252 |
29473 | Populus fremontii S. Wats. 3102 | Havasupai 89 | ws85 2 | 213 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | 'Berries' eaten or chewed like gum. | Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213 |
29976 | Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa 3154 | Havasupai 89 | ws85 2 | 228 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pods eaten raw like a stick of candy. | Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 228 |
27191 | Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. 2938 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 41 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cooled, rendered pitch chewed like gum. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
27424 | Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 2953 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 44 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch chewed like gum. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
29018 | Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. 3079 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 30 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Children chewed the thick rhizomes. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30 |
40995 | Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 4043 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 44 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch, from the outside of a crevice, chewed like gum. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
6479 | Astragalus ceramicus Sheldon 468 | Hopi 95 | c74 82 | 291 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Sweet roots eaten by children. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 291 |
6480 | Astragalus ceramicus var. ceramicus 469 | Hopi 95 | f96 72 | 16 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Roots eaten as a sweet. | Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16 |
7754 | Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray 677 | Hopi 95 | c74 82 | 295 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Raw roots filled with sugar and eaten by children in early spring. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 295 |
12012 | Dalea lanata Spreng. 1222 | Hopi 95 | f96 72 | 16 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Scraped roots eaten as a sweet. | Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16 |
14215 | Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait. 1547 | Hopi 95 | c74 82 | 313 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Roots chewed by children, sometimes as gum. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 313 |
29542 | Populus sp. 3105 | Hopi 95 | c74 82 | 346 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | 'Berries' chewed as gum, particularly with chili. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 346 |
29543 | Populus sp. 3105 | Hopi 95 | w39 37 | 71 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Berries chewed as gum with chili. | Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71 |
41115 | Typha angustifolia L. 4047 | Hopi 95 | w39 37 | 64 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Mature heads chewed with tallow as gum. | Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64 |
27581 | Pinus edulis Engelm. 2959 | Hualapai 97 | w82 127 | 35 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pitch chewed as a gum. | Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
3802 | Apocynum cannabinum L. 297 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 22 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum mixed with clean clay and used for chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22 |
3803 | Apocynum cannabinum L. 297 | Isleta 101 | c35 19 | 31 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gummy latex mixed with clean clay and used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
12898 | Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. 1363 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 27 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pulp baked with sugar and used to make candy. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27 |
12899 | Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. 1363 | Isleta 101 | c35 19 | 26 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pulp baked with sugar to make candy. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
12911 | Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus 1364 | Isleta 101 | c35 19 | 26 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Pulp baked with sugar to make candy. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
17606 | Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker 1953 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 32 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Roots used as chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32 |
29442 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 39 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit used by children for chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39 |
29953 | Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 3153 | Isleta 101 | c35 19 | 43 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Beans toasted and eaten as a confection by sucking out the juice. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43 |
29954 | Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 3153 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 39 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Roasted beans eaten as a confection. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39 |
44428 | Zea mays L. 4244 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 46 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Parched corn eaten as a confection. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46 |
1896 | Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene 102 | Karok 105 | sg52 71 | 389 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Root juice used for chewing gum. | Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
6082 | Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson 426 | Karok 105 | b81 70 | 19 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex boiled, condensed and chewed. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19 |
6095 | Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. 429 | Karok 105 | sg52 71 | 388 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milk stirred, heated, mixed with salmon fat or deer grease and used for chewing gum. | Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
6179 | Asclepias sp. 441 | Karok 105 | m66 109 | 212 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Juice used for chewing gum. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 212 |
40445 | Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene 3972 | Karok 105 | b81 70 | 58 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Plant chewed like tobacco, 'just to raise heck.' | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
6080 | Asclepias californica Greene 425 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 13 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves roasted under hot ashes and chewed. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
6081 | Asclepias californica Greene 425 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 13 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky juice boiled until thick and chewed like chewing gum. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
35695 | Salix bonplandiana Kunth 3521 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 61 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy and honey. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
35800 | Salix exigua Nutt. 3527 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 61 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy and honey. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
38911 | Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels. 3828 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 65 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Thick liquid used as chewing gum. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 65 |
6218 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Keres, Western 107 | swank32 79 | 30 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky juice used as chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30 |
6270 | Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail 445 | Keres, Western 107 | swank32 79 | 30 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Ripe seed silk mixed with grease and used as chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30 |
17608 | Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker 1953 | Keres, Western 107 | swank32 79 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Root used as chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48 |
29446 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Keres, Western 107 | swank32 79 | 62 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cotton used by children for chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62 |
3807 | Apocynum cannabinum L. 297 | Kiowa 111 | vs39 140 | 47 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milky latex used as chewing gum. After the latex was squeezed from the plant, it was allowed to stand over night, whereupon it hardened into a 'white gum.' Two kinds of gum were recognized; that which was left overnight, and that which was chewed only a few hours after it had been extracted from the plant. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47 |
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CREATE TABLE uses ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, species INTEGER NOT NULL, tribe INTEGER NOT NULL, source INTEGER NOT NULL, pageno TEXT NOT NULL, use_category INTEGER, use_subcategory INTEGER, notes TEXT, rawsource TEXT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id), FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id), FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id), FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id), FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id) );