uses
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
229 rows where use_subcategory = 85 sorted by notes
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id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes ▼ | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
29542 | Populus sp. 3105 | Hopi 95 | c74 82 | 346 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | 'Berries' chewed as gum, particularly with chili. | Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 346 |
29473 | Populus fremontii S. Wats. 3102 | Havasupai 89 | ws85 2 | 213 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | 'Berries' eaten or chewed like gum. | Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213 |
6197 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 | co36 95 | 45 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | 'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum. | Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
32026 | Quercus emoryi Torr. 3260 | Papago 188 | cu35 27 | 47 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Acorns chewed as a confection. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47 |
13100 | Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr. 1395 | Pima 193 | h08 174 | 265 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Amber colored gum used for chewing gum. | Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265 |
32031 | Quercus engelmannii Greene 3261 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 33 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Bark gum pounded, washed and chewed like chewing gum. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33 |
29953 | Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 3153 | Isleta 101 | c35 19 | 43 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Beans toasted and eaten as a confection by sucking out the juice. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43 |
29543 | Populus sp. 3105 | Hopi 95 | w39 37 | 71 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Berries chewed as gum with chili. | Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71 |
37922 | Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. 3658 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 209 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Berries made into juice and used to make a frothy confection. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209 |
29168 | Populus angustifolia James 3094 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29177 | Populus angustifolia James 3094 | Navajo 157 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29179 | Populus angustifolia James 3094 | Zuni 291 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29437 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 | co36 95 | 45 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45 |
29438 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29452 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Navajo 157 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29461 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Zuni 291 | r29 45 | 159 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used as chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
29459 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Pima 193 | h08 174 | 265 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Buds used for chewing gum in early spring. | Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265 |
29018 | Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. 3079 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 30 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Children chewed the thick rhizomes. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30 |
709 | Acer saccharum Marsh. 35 | Potawatomi 206 | smith33 43 | 92 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Children made taffy by cooling the maple sap in the snow. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
237 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 100 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
238 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 100 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
236 | Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 6 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 100 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
27191 | Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. 2938 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 41 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cooled, rendered pitch chewed like gum. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
29436 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Acoma 2 | c35 19 | 31 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
29449 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Laguna 124 | c35 19 | 31 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
29446 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Keres, Western 107 | swank32 79 | 62 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cotton used by children for chewing gum. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62 |
29431 | Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 | Ponca 205 | g19 17 | 72 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Cottony fruits used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
13930 | Eriodictyon trichocalyx var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson 1492 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 21 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Decoction of leaves and honey boiled down into a syrup or candy and used by children. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 21 |
29967 | Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa 3154 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 176 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried beans pounded into flour and eaten as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176 |
30431 | Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray 3169 | Kiowa 111 | vs39 140 | 30 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried fruit used as an ingredient in making candy. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30 |
6084 | Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson 426 | Yurok 289 | b81 70 | 19 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried latex chewed by the older people at their leisure. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19 |
28022 | Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson 2968 | Paiute 183 | m53 98 | 40 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried pitch used as chewing gum. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
19401 | Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung 2088 | Zuni 291 | s15 6 | 68 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried root gum used as chewing gum. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 68 |
6239 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Paiute 183 | m53 98 | 105 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried sap chewed as gum. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 105 |
6200 | Asclepias speciosa Torr. 442 | Cheyenne 33 | g72 39 | 184 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Dried, hardened milk used for chewing gum. | Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184 |
21101 | Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. 2259 | Saanich 215 | tb71 23 | 79 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Flower nectar sucked by children. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
14375 | Eschscholzia californica Cham. 1567 | Luiseno 128 | s08 24 | 232 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Flowers chewed with chewing gum. | Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232 |
3919 | Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. 303 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 262 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262 |
15771 | Gentiana douglasiana Bong. 1716 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 252 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 252 |
22800 | Mentha sp. 2444 | Kiowa 111 | vs39 140 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fresh leaves frequently chewed. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 48 |
30082 | Prosopis pubescens Benth. 3156 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 96 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fresh, sugary pods chewed by children. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96 |
14398 | Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara 1571 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 103 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit eaten as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103 |
29534 | Populus sp. 3105 | Dakota 61 | g13i 91 | 361 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit seeds used by children as chewing gum. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361 |
29401 | Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 | Dakota 61 | g19 17 | 72 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
29415 | Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 | Omaha 177 | g19 17 | 72 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
29425 | Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 | Pawnee 190 | g19 17 | 72 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
29442 | Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder 3101 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 39 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruit used by children for chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39 |
8214 | Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose 757 | Pima, Gila River 195 | r91 136 | 6 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Fruits used as sweets. | Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6 |
28007 | Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson 2968 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 29 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Green buds chewed and the juice sucked by children. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
26909 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed as a confection. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
5749 | Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 407 | Paiute, Northern 185 | f89 50 | 53 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed as gum. | Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53 |
27866 | Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m. 2965 | Paiute, Northern 185 | f89 50 | 53 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed as gum. | Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53 |
28151 | Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl. 2975 | Wailaki 273 | c02 89 | 307 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed by children for pleasure. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307 |
26910 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed for pleasure. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
27073 | Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. 2935 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 49 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum chewed for pleasure. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
27303 | Picea sp. 2939 | Penobscot 192 | s17 103 | 309 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum extensively chewed as a 'pastime.' | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 |
30144 | Prosopis velutina Woot. 3158 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 93 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum formerly eaten raw as a sweet. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93 |
193 | Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. 5 | Shuswap 233 | palmer75 92 | 50 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from inside the bark, next to the trunk, chewed. | Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50 |
19577 | Larix occidentalis Nutt. 2100 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 99 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from trunk and branches chewed for pleasure. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99 |
38006 | Silphium laciniatum L. 3686 | Dakota 61 | g19 17 | 132 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
38011 | Silphium laciniatum L. 3686 | Omaha 177 | g19 17 | 132 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
38014 | Silphium laciniatum L. 3686 | Pawnee 190 | g19 17 | 132 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
38017 | Silphium laciniatum L. 3686 | Ponca 205 | g19 17 | 132 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
38019 | Silphium laciniatum L. 3686 | Winnebago 280 | g19 17 | 132 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
3802 | Apocynum cannabinum L. 297 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 22 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum mixed with clean clay and used for chewing gum. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22 |
13096 | Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr. 1395 | Papago 188 | cu35 27 | 28 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum secretions chewed by children. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28 |
31150 | Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 3199 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 378 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum used for chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 378 |
32343 | Quercus pungens Liebm. 3284 | Navajo 157 | e44 74 | 41 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gum used for chewing gum. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41 |
30106 | Prosopis velutina Woot. 3158 | Papago 188 | cu35 27 | 28 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gumlike secretions found on branches and chewed. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28 |
30107 | Prosopis velutina Woot. 3158 | Papago 188 | cu35 27 | 28 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gumlike secretions found on branches, dried, ground, boiled in gruel, cooled and eaten like candy. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28 |
15406 | Funastrum cynanchoides ssp. heterophyllum (Vail) Kartesz 1674 | Papago 188 | cu35 27 | 28 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gumlike secretions heated over coals and chewed by children. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28 |
3803 | Apocynum cannabinum L. 297 | Isleta 101 | c35 19 | 31 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gummy latex mixed with clean clay and used as chewing gum. | Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31 |
19396 | Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung 2088 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 158 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
19398 | Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung 2088 | Navajo 157 | r29 45 | 158 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
19402 | Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung 2088 | Zuni 291 | r29 45 | 158 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
27024 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Tanana, Upper 255 | k85 36 | 2 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Hard pitch used for chewing gum. | Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
20457 | Liquidambar styraciflua L. 2210 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 58 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Hardened gum used for chewing gum. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58 |
17 | Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes 1 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 71 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
168 | Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. 5 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 71 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
1777 | Agave deserti Engelm. 91 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 48 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heads baked, sliced, dried and eaten like candy. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48 |
1790 | Agave palmeri Engelm. 93 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 169 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1817 | Agave parryi Engelm. 94 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 169 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
1818 | Agave parryi Engelm. 94 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 169 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
22424 | Marrubium vulgare L. 2417 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 25 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Infusion of leaves mixed with honey and made into candy. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 25 |
11435 | Crataegus sp. 1131 | Comanche 48 | cj40 147 | 521 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Inner bark chewed as gum. | Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
16620 | Helianthus annuus L. 1821 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 103 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Inner pulp of stalks used as chewing gum. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103 |
6112 | Asclepias erosa Torr. 430 | Tubatulabal 269 | v38 137 | 19 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Juice roasted until congealed and used as chewing gum. | Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 19 |
6179 | Asclepias sp. 441 | Karok 105 | m66 109 | 212 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Juice used for chewing gum. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 212 |
6082 | Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson 426 | Karok 105 | b81 70 | 19 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex boiled, condensed and chewed. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19 |
1910 | Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson 106 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 74 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex dried and used as chewing gum. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
6074 | Asclepias asperula ssp. capricornu (Woods.) Woods. 424 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 363 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex used as a chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363 |
37684 | Senecio sp. 3646 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 381 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Latex used as a chewing gum. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
5337 | Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 399 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 101 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves chewed as a confection. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
3619 | Antennaria rosea Greene 279 | Blackfoot 23 | j87 146 | 56 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves chewed by children for the flavor. | Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
31130 | Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium 3194 | Rappahannock 211 | shc42 102 | 29 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves chewed for 'fun.' | Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 29 |
9249 | Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia 880 | Zuni 291 | s15 6 | 67 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves chewed for the pleasant taste. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67 |
6080 | Asclepias californica Greene 425 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 13 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Leaves roasted under hot ashes and chewed. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
3066 | Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc. 206 | Paiute 183 | m53 98 | 83 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried and eaten as candy. | Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83 |
41115 | Typha angustifolia L. 4047 | Hopi 95 | w39 37 | 64 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Mature heads chewed with tallow as gum. | Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64 |
15407 | Funastrum cynanchoides ssp. heterophyllum (Vail) Kartesz 1674 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 82 | Food 1 | Candy 85 | Milk extracted from main stem, baked or boiled and used as chewing gum. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 82 |
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CREATE TABLE uses ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, species INTEGER NOT NULL, tribe INTEGER NOT NULL, source INTEGER NOT NULL, pageno TEXT NOT NULL, use_category INTEGER, use_subcategory INTEGER, notes TEXT, rawsource TEXT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id), FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id), FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id), FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id), FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id) );