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Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB

784 rows where use_subcategory = 4

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id ▼ species tribe source pageno use_category use_subcategory notes rawsource
412 Acer circinatum Pursh 22 Clallam 41 f80 99 197 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Sap eaten dried. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197
479 Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 Clallam 41 f80 99 197 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Sap eaten dried. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197
539 Acer negundo L. 27 Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 co36 95 44 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Inner bark scrapings dried and kept for winter use. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44
1664 Agaricus sp. 83 Thompson 259 steed28 33 483 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Plant strung, dried, cut, peeled and eaten raw or roasted. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 483
1726 Agave americana L. 89 Apache 10 c35 19 10 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10
1746 Agave americana L. 89 Pima 193 r08 104 70 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Fruit heads roasted, centers sun dried and used for food. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70
1760 Agave deserti Engelm. 91 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 31 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Baked leaves dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31
1761 Agave deserti Engelm. 91 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 31 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and dried for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31
1762 Agave deserti Engelm. 91 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 31 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Roasted, pounded stalks and leaves made into cakes and sun dried. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31
1780 Agave deserti Engelm. 91 Pima, Gila River 195 r91 136 4 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Hearts dried and stored indefinitely. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 4
1791 Agave palmeri Engelm. 93 Apache, Western 14 b86 87 169 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Plant eaten dried. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169
1799 Agave parryi Engelm. 94 Apache 10 c35 19 10 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10
1800 Agave parryi Engelm. 94 Apache 10 c35 19 10 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10
1819 Agave parryi Engelm. 94 Apache, Western 14 b86 87 169 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Plant eaten dried. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169
1820 Agave parryi Engelm. 94 Apache, Western 14 b86 87 169 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Plant eaten dried. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169
1855 Agave sp. 96 Navajo 157 b65 195 94 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Heads baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried and stored for future use. Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94
1865 Agave sp. 96 Yavapai 284 g36 48 260 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Pounded, cooked, dried meaty centers of leaves stored in houses for later use. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260
1945 Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht 114 Hesquiat 92 te82 41 24 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones. Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use. The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs. If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24
2147 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Navajo, Ramah 159 v52 18 20 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs, never the tops, dried for the winter. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20
2151 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs dried and stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38
2164 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Thompson 259 tta90 10 117 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs dried for winter storage. The dried bulbs were sprinkled with water and became just like fresh bulbs or they were soaked overnight in water. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117
2165 Allium cernuum Roth 141 Thompson 259 tta90 10 117 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs tied in bundles, partially dried, pit cooked and used for food. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked. They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across. They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves. The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy. The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat. It was very important to them for refreshment. Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117
2179 Allium douglasii Hook. 144 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38
2192 Allium geyeri S. Wats. 147 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38
2198 Allium macropetalum Rydb. 151 Navajo 157 c35 19 15 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2204 Allium parvum Kellogg 153 Paiute, Northern 185 f89 50 44 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs dried and eaten. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44
2296 Allium tricoccum Ait. 163 Ojibwa 173 smith32 20 406 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Large, bitter, wild leek gathered in spring and dried for future use. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406
2705 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Acoma 2 c35 19 15 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2716 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 186 Laguna 124 c35 19 15 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2752 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Acoma 2 c35 19 16 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16
2768 Amaranthus hybridus L. 190 Laguna 124 c35 19 16 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16
2778 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Papago 188 cu35 27 24 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, stored and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 24
2786 Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 191 Pima, Gila River 195 r91 136 5 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Leaves dried and stored for year round use. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5
2795 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Acoma 2 c35 19 15 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2811 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 193 Laguna 124 c35 19 15 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15
2886 Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. 202 Papago 188 cu35 27 17 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Surplus of roots sun dried on roofs and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17
2899 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Atsugewi 19 g53 129 139 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Dried, stored berries soaked in water and eaten. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139
2909 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Blackfoot 23 h74 26 100 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored, some with backfat, for future use. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100
2910 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Blackfoot 23 j87 146 37 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for future use. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37
2936 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Cree, Plains 57 m40 206 202 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries crushed, dried and stored for future use. Mandelbaum, David G., 1940, The Plains Cree, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37:202-203, page 202
2946 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Cree, Woodlands 58 l85 47 28 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Sun dried fruit eaten boiled or pounded into a pemmican. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28
2947 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Cree, Woodlands 58 l85 47 28 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Sun dried fruit eaten cooked in water or raw as a sweet snack. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28
2961 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Gosiute 79 c11 38 361 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries mashed and dried in large quantities for winter use. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361
2964 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Great Basin Indian 80 n66 139 48 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries eaten dried. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48
2970 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Karok 105 sg52 71 385 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored in big baskets. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385
3007 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 120 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120
3041 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Thompson 259 tta90 10 253 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried loose like raisins. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253
3058 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 Ute 272 c09 142 32 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for winter use. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32
3064 Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia 205 Hanaksiala 88 c93 14 263 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263
3067 Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc. 206 Paiute 183 m53 98 83 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries eaten dried. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83
3071 Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. 207 Alaska Native 4 h53 132 75 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and used in place of raisins or currants. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75
3078 Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. 207 Lummi 129 g73 25 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried, boiled with dog salmon and eaten at feasts. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38
3084 Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. 207 Skagit, Upper 242 t89 131 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries mashed and dried for winter use. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38
3087 Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. 207 Swinomish 253 g73 25 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Fruits dried and eaten during the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38
3095 Amelanchier arborea var. arborea 209 Blackfoot 23 m09 42 277 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for winter use. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277
3107 Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. 210 Chippewa 38 gil33 15 132 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Fruit dried for winter use. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 132
3113 Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. 210 Iroquois 100 w16 112 128 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128
3123 Amelanchier laevis Wieg. 211 Ojibwa 173 smith32 20 408 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries used for food and dried for winter use, the Indians preferred them to blueberries. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408
3124 Amelanchier pallida Greene 212 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 38 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 38
3137 Amelanchier sp. 214 Carrier 27 c73 134 75 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for winter use. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 75
3152 Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. 215 Potawatomi 206 smith33 43 107 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107
3165 Amelanchier utahensis Koehne 216 Navajo 157 h56 141 148 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried for winter use. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148
3169 Amelanchier utahensis Koehne 216 Paiute 183 k32 153 100 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries crushed, dried and used for food. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100
4193 Arbutus menziesii Pursh 322 Karok 105 sg52 71 387 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries steamed, dried and stored for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387
4257 Arctium lappa L. 327 Iroquois 100 w16 112 120 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Roots dried by the fire and stored away for winter use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120
4340 Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. 333 Karok 105 sg52 71 388 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388
4353 Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. 335 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 40 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40
4366 Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. 335 Pomo, Kashaya 202 gl80 40 68 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Dried, pounded berries stored for later use and made into pinole, cakes or mixed with water. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68
4372 Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. 336 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 40 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40
4390 Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry 337 Karok 105 sg52 71 388 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388
4423 Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray 338 Karok 105 sg52 71 388 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388
4441 Arctostaphylos patula Greene 340 Karok 105 sg52 71 388 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and eaten. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388
4461 Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth 343 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 40 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40
4484 Arctostaphylos sp. 345 Costanoan 50 b84 16 252 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Fruit dried and stored for winter use. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252
4489 Arctostaphylos sp. 345 Hualapai 97 w82 127 46 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored for future use. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46
4493 Arctostaphylos sp. 345 Paiute 183 stew33 65 245 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Fruit sun dried, stored in buckskin bags and hung up for winter use. Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245
4503 Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. 346 Pomo 200 b52 96 81 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Seeds ground, molded into biscuits and sun-dried. Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 81
4513 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 347 Blackfoot 23 h74 26 101 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and later soaked with sugar. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101
4549 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 347 Chinook, Lower 37 g73 25 44 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried in bags, mixed with oil and eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44
4556 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 347 Coeur d'Alene 47 teit28 144 90 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90
4591 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 347 Kimsquit 110 t73 53 204 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries formerly dried, boiled, mixed with boiled dumplings and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204
4600 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 347 Montana Indian 151 b05 73 7 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Fruit eaten fresh and dried. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7
4652 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 347 Sanpoil and Nespelem 226 tbk80 32 101 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Berries dried and stored for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101
4782 Argentina egedii ssp. egedii 363 Kwakiutl, Southern 122 tb73 63 289 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Roots dried, steamed and eaten with oil at large feasts. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289
4786 Argentina egedii ssp. egedii 363 Nitinaht 166 ttco83 101 118 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Roots steam cooked, dried for winter storage, soaked, briefly steamed and eaten like dessert. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 118
6387 Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 450 Iroquois 100 w16 112 129 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129
6511 Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones 481 Zuni 291 s15 6 65 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Pods dried for winter use. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65
6684 Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. 508 Pima 193 c35 19 23 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Seeds roasted, dried, parched and stored. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23
6730 Atriplex sp. 517 Pima 193 r08 104 73 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Seeds dried, parched, ground and eaten dry with sips of water. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 73
6899 Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. 549 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 80 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Seeds oven dried for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80
6941 Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. 549 Thompson 259 tta90 10 175 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Cooked roots hung on strings, dried and then stored on the strings or in baskets. The dried roots were reconstituted by soaking in water overnight. After they were cooked, the roots tasted sweet and were eaten as a 'sort of dessert' after a meal of dried fish or some other food as a main course. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175
6963 Balsamorhiza ?terebinthacea (Hook.) Nutt. (pro sp.) [deltoidea ? hookeri] 543 Paiute 183 k32 153 103 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Dried roots eaten raw. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103
7715 Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats. 673 Cheyenne 33 h81 57 12 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs dried and used as a winter food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12
7727 Calochortus leichtlinii Hook. f. 674 Paiute, Northern 185 f89 50 44 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Roots dried and eaten. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44
7750 Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray 677 Gosiute 79 c11 38 364 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs formerly dried and preserved for winter use. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364
7761 Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray 677 Paiute, Northern 185 f89 50 44 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Roots dried and eaten. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44
7836 Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats. 699 Nitinaht 166 ttco83 101 83 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs steam cooked, flattened and dried for future food use. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83
7840 Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats. 699 Salish, Coast 217 tb71 23 74 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs pit steamed, slightly dried and used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74
7862 Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene 700 Klamath 115 c97 66 93 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs stored for future use. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93
7872 Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene 700 Nisqually 165 g73 25 24 Food 1 Dried Food 4 Bulbs cooked, sun dried and stored for future use as food. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24

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CREATE TABLE uses (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
        species INTEGER NOT NULL,
        tribe INTEGER NOT NULL,
        source INTEGER NOT NULL,
        pageno TEXT NOT NULL,
        use_category INTEGER,
        use_subcategory INTEGER,
        notes TEXT,
        rawsource TEXT NOT NULL,
        FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id)
        );