uses
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
403 rows where use_subcategory = 33 sorted by notes
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id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes ▼ | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27030 | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 2934 | Tanana, Upper 255 | k85 36 | 2 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark made into a container and used to roast waterfowl eggs. The spruce bark was cut large enough to surround the eggs, tied around the eggs and the ends plugged with moss. | Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
36077 | Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. 3547 | Wet'suwet'en 278 | g92 166 | 154 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark strips used for hanging fish. | Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
13000 | Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. 1374 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 207 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark twine used in drying roots and bunches of tied bark used as soapberry whippers. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone). The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths. At this stage, the bark could be dried for future use. The long, even strands of the fresh or dried bark, after it was soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes. The bark wine was used in twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing and also to thread bitter roots, avalanche lily corms and other roots for drying. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207 |
8683 | Ceanothus sp. 817 | Mewuk 140 | m66 109 | 362 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used as a filter to leach the bitter out of acorn meal. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
39957 | Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 | Cowlitz 53 | g73 25 | 19 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to line cooking pits or cut in broad strips, plaited and used for dishes. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
7245 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Ojibwa 173 | smith32 20 | 416 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make all sorts of drying trays. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
7288 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Tanana, Upper 255 | k85 36 | 5 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make containers for storing food, picking berries and cooking. | Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
7191 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 32 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
7224 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Micmac 141 | sd51 182 | 258 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make dishes and cooking utensils. | Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
7090 | Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis 575 | Ojibwa 173 | r28 8 | 241 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make dishes. | Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241 |
7114 | Betula lenta L. 576 | Ojibwa 173 | r28 8 | 241 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make dishes. | Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241 |
7246 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Ojibwa 173 | r28 8 | 241 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make dishes. | Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241 |
7247 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Ojibwa 173 | smith32 20 | 416 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make funnels for pouring hot lard. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
7270 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Potawatomi 206 | smith33 43 | 112 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make many of the household utensils, storage vessels and containers. | Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112 |
7248 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Ojibwa 173 | smith32 20 | 416 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make shallow trays for winnowing wild rice. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
437 | Acer glabrum Torr. 23 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 200 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make spoons. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200 |
26877 | Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. 2933 | Thompson 259 | steed28 33 | 499 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Bark used to make utensils of all kinds. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
14730 | Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus 1607 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 67 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Body of the plant used as a cooking vessel. The top was cut off of the cactus and the interior was dug out. Water was then put into the depression and heated with hot stones. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67 |
40071 | Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 | Kwakiutl, Southern 122 | tb73 63 | 266 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Boughs used in drying seaweed for eating. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266 |
40976 | Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 4043 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 180 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Boughs used in processing salmon. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
20171 | Libocedrus sp. 2172 | Mewuk 140 | m66 109 | 362 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Boughs used to line the leach. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362 |
41056 | Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 4043 | Oweekeno 181 | c93 14 | 71 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Boughs used to roast fern roots. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
40977 | Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 4043 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 180 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
40969 | Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 4043 | Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 | c93 14 | 180 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
32216 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 146 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branch used to make mush stirring paddles. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146 |
15665 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 104 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to circulate steam and keep food from burning. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
15672 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Oweekeno 181 | c93 14 | 96 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches tied into a bunch and used for whipping soapberries. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96 |
36054 | Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. 3547 | Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 | c93 14 | 288 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288 |
36087 | Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. 3550 | Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 | c93 14 | 288 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288 |
10998 | Cornus sericea ssp. sericea 1102 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 203 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used for barbecue racks. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203 |
17331 | Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. 1904 | Nitinaht 166 | g83 3 | 263 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used for holding fish while barbecuing because they don't burn. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263 |
35966 | Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr. 3539 | Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 | c93 14 | 287 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to hang drying oolichans. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287 |
38731 | Spiraea douglasii Hook. 3792 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 210 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to hang salmon for drying and smoking. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210 |
35648 | Salix amygdaloides Anderss. 3518 | Cheyenne 33 | h81 57 | 37 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to make meat drying racks. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37 |
11112 | Cornus sericea ssp. sericea 1102 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 96 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to make spatulas. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96 |
40447 | Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene 3972 | Karok 105 | b81 70 | 58 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to prop salmon filet open. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
5512 | Artemisia sp. 404 | Cheyenne 33 | h81 57 | 16 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16 |
15652 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Makah 133 | g83 3 | 299 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches used to whip soapberries into a froth. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
5146 | Artemisia dracunculus L. 395 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 76 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches with leaves used as spreaders for drying salmon and to separate stored layers of salmon. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76 |
15630 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 65 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish to prevent sticking. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
15631 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 65 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Branches, with leaves attached, used as beaters for whipping soapberries. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
8149 | Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose 757 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 178 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Burls used as vessels or cups. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
477 | Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 | Chehalis 31 | g73 25 | 39 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dead wood used for smoking salmon. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39 |
522 | Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 | Swinomish 253 | g73 25 | 39 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dead wood used for smoking salmon. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39 |
7697 | Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin 667 | Round Valley Indian 214 | c02 89 | 306 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dense leaflets used to prevent sand from mixing with the meal in leaching acorn meal. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306 |
23194 | Monarda fistulosa L. 2504 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 115 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dried flowerheads used by invalids for sucking broth and soup. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115 |
11597 | Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth 1161 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 57 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dried gourds used to make ladles. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57 |
24008 | Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. 2590 | Apache, Western 14 | b86 87 | 183 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dried leaves fashioned into spoons. | Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183 |
8399 | Carya sp. 769 | Cherokee 32 | perry75 86 | 40 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dried leaves used to wrap around ball of meal, boiled for one hour and used for bread. | Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40 |
6181 | Asclepias sp. 441 | Kiowa 111 | vs39 140 | 47 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dried pods used as spoons. | Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47 |
20105 | Leymus mollis ssp. mollis 2162 | Eskimo, Alaska 67 | aa80 152 | 34 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets, tote sacks and ropes for hanging herring & other fish. | Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |
31222 | Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 3199 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 107 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Dry wood broken & placed in a thick layer above & below the food in the cooking pit & used as fuel. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107 |
35931 | Salix irrorata Anderss. 3535 | Zuni 291 | s15 6 | 70 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Eight or twelve willows trimmed at the ends, tied together & used for stirring fire toasted foods. The willows were used for stirring corn, popcorn and any other food toasted over a fire. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 70 |
23723 | Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr. 2576 | Nitinaht 166 | g83 3 | 206 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Enlarged upper portion of stipes used as funnels for pouring water onto hot rocks in pit cooking. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206 |
7198 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Dakota 61 | g19 17 | 75 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fine, shredded bark used as household utensils. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
15418 | Gaillardia aristata Pursh 1675 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 113 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Flower heads served as spoons for the sick and invalid. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113 |
40454 | Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene 3972 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 364 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fresh leaves formerly used to wrap up acorn meal for baking. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364 |
9724 | Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth 922 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 319 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fresh, green leaves used to cover acorn bread dough while cooking. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319 |
7377 | Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. 592 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 63 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds placed below and above food in steaming pits. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
29125 | Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl 3085 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 62 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds placed below and above food in steaming pits. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
6578 | Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth 498 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 62 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
12694 | Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson 1335 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 62 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
29134 | Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl 3085 | Pomo 200 | g67 80 | 11 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used as a lining for an acorn-leaching basin. | Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
31548 | Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood 3216 | Yurok 289 | b81 70 | 48 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used as plates to serve fish, to put over fish to keep the flies off and to clean fish. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48 |
29135 | Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl 3085 | Pomo 200 | g67 80 | 11 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread. | Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
43576 | Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm. 4196 | Pomo 200 | g67 80 | 11 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread. | Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
31445 | Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 3214 | Clallam 41 | f80 99 | 194 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used to cover berry baskets and to wipe fish before hanging up to smoke. | Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194 |
29136 | Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl 3085 | Pomo, Kashaya 202 | gl80 40 | 47 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used to line an earth baking oven or sand leaching basin. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 47 |
29098 | Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl 3085 | Costanoan 50 | b84 16 | 247 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fronds used to line earth ovens. | Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247 |
19409 | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 37 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Fruit used to make dippers. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37 |
11747 | Cucurbita pepo L. 1164 | Zuni 291 | s15 6 | 67 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Gourds made into cups, ladles and dippers and put to various uses. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67 |
19427 | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 | Keres, Western 107 | swank32 79 | 51 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Gourds made into dippers. | Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51 |
19440 | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 | Ojibwa 173 | smith32 20 | 400 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Gourds used to make drinking and dipping cups. | Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 400 |
7448 | Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths 608 | Zuni 291 | s15 6 | 83 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Grass bunches tied together and used to strain goat's milk. | Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83 |
7637 | Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. 658 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 140 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry. A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached. Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed. The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed. Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
24005 | Nolina microcarpa S. Wats. 2590 | Apache, Mescalero 12 | b74 52 | 51 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Grass woven into trays and used for processing datil and mescal. | Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 51 |
43383 | Vitis californica Benth. 4172 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 139 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139 |
43601 | Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt. 4201 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 139 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139 |
30114 | Prosopis velutina Woot. 3158 | Papago 188 | cu35 27 | 35 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Green sticks used to turn roasting ears of corn. | Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 35 |
30155 | Prosopis velutina Woot. 3158 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 93 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Green wood used to make ladles. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93 |
30723 | Prunus virginiana L. 3181 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 119 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hard wood used to make roasting skewers. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119 |
508 | Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 91 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hard, lightweight wood used to make bowls. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91 |
14092 | Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth. 1520 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 30 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hollow stems used as drinking tubes. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30 |
14102 | Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum S. Wats. 1522 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 30 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hollow stems used as drinking tubes. | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30 |
21130 | Lonicera dioica L. 2261 | Cree, Woodlands 58 | l85 47 | 43 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hollow stems used as straws by children. | Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43 |
7455 | Bouteloua sp. 611 | Costanoan 50 | b84 16 | 255 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hollow stems used as straws. | Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255 |
16794 | Heracleum maximum Bartr. 1851 | Blackfoot 23 | h74 26 | 113 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hollow stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without raising up. | Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113 |
3503 | Angelica genuflexa Nutt. 262 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 200 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Hollow stems used to make drinking straws. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200 |
44424 | Zea mays L. 4244 | Iroquois 100 | w16 112 | 71 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Husks used as wrappers for boiling the double wedding corn bread package. | Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71 |
40232 | Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 71 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for threading clams. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71 |
7160 | Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 | Carrier 27 | c73 134 | 67 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with. | Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
12985 | Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. 1374 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 99 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Inner bark twisted to make soapberry beaters. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99 |
531 | Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 147 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Inner bark used to make soapberry whippers. Children sometimes made miniature whisks which they used to whip the juice that was left after the dried soapberries were soaked. They made the juice with their whisks and then drank it. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147 |
39995 | Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 | Haisla and Hanaksiala 87 | c93 14 | 162 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Inner bark used to whip soapberries. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162 |
18961 | Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 2062 | Cheyenne 33 | h81 57 | 13 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Knots used to make bowls. | Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13 |
29639 | Populus tremuloides Michx. 3106 | Navajo, Ramah 159 | v52 18 | 22 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Knots used to make wooden cups. | Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22 |
25494 | Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats. 2746 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 90 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Large branches and trunks used to make ladles. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90 |
21589 | Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John 2337 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 198 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Large leaves folded and used as drinking cups, as covering for drying cakes and to line pits. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
485 | Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 | Cowichan 52 | tb71 23 | 77 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Large leaves used for lining baskets, wrapping fish and placing on berry drying racks. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77 |
555 | Acer negundo L. 27 | Montana Indian 151 | h92 30 | 4 | Other 3 | Cooking Tools 33 | Large trunk burls or knots used to make bowls and dishes. | Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4 |
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CREATE TABLE uses ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, species INTEGER NOT NULL, tribe INTEGER NOT NULL, source INTEGER NOT NULL, pageno TEXT NOT NULL, use_category INTEGER, use_subcategory INTEGER, notes TEXT, rawsource TEXT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id), FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id), FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id), FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id), FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id) );