uses
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
459 rows where use_subcategory = 2 sorted by notes
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id | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes ▼ | rawsource |
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31987 | Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. 3256 | Yana 282 | ss43 181 | 249 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorn flour used to make bread. | Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249 |
20503 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Karok 105 | b81 70 | 35 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorn paste made into patties and baked in hot coals. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit. Certain villages had certain fruit crops. Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them. While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed. When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place. It was then leached in sand with cold water. The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways. A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets. Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling. The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.' The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape. Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells. The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat. Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc. The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals. Flour was stored in large storage baskets. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35 |
31835 | Quercus agrifolia N‚e 3251 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 121 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
31930 | Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 3255 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 121 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
31992 | Quercus dumosa Nutt. 3257 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 121 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
32180 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 121 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121 |
31981 | Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. 3256 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 142 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142 |
32212 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 142 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142 |
32257 | Quercus lobata N‚e 3272 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 142 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142 |
32455 | Quercus sp. 3289 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 142 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142 |
32591 | Quercus wislizeni A. DC. 3295 | Miwok 144 | bg33 100 | 142 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. | Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142 |
32610 | Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella] 3250 | Apache, White Mountain 15 | r29 45 | 148 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into flour and used to make bread. | Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148 |
32094 | Quercus gambelii Nutt. 3263 | Neeshenam 160 | p74 81 | 374 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns ground into flour, soaked in water and baked to make a bread. | Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374 |
31946 | Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 3255 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
31970 | Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. 3256 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
32008 | Quercus dumosa Nutt. 3257 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
32149 | Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson 3266 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
32195 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
32248 | Quercus lobata N‚e 3272 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
32602 | Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm. 3296 | Kawaiisu 106 | z81 60 | 56 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.' | Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56 |
32432 | Quercus sp. 3289 | Concow 49 | c02 89 | 333 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns made into bread and eaten. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333 |
20532 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Shasta 230 | h46 149 | 308 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread. | Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
31958 | Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 3255 | Shasta 230 | h46 149 | 308 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread. | Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
32143 | Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. 3265 | Shasta 230 | h46 149 | 308 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread. | Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
32232 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Shasta 230 | h46 149 | 308 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread. | Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308 |
20516 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Pomo 200 | b52 96 | 67 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make black bread. | Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67 |
20499 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Hupa 98 | m66 109 | 200 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread, biscuits, pancakes and cake. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200 |
20496 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Hahwunkwut 83 | m66 109 | 187 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187 |
20512 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Poliklah 199 | m66 109 | 172 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172 |
20517 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Pomo 200 | m66 109 | 290 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
31956 | Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 3255 | Pomo 200 | m66 109 | 290 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
32131 | Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. 3265 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 343 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343 |
32136 | Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. 3265 | Pomo 200 | m66 109 | 290 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
32205 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 342 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342 |
32208 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Mewuk 140 | m66 109 | 327 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 327 |
32222 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Pomo 200 | m66 109 | 290 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
32261 | Quercus lobata N‚e 3272 | Pomo 200 | m66 109 | 290 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290 |
32523 | Quercus turbinella Greene 3292 | Hualapai 97 | w82 127 | 11 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make bread. | Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11 |
20542 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Yurok 289 | b81 70 | 35 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make dough. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35 |
20538 | Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 | Yuki 287 | c57ii 69 | 88 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make pancakes. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88 |
32262 | Quercus lobata N‚e 3272 | Pomo 200 | b52 96 | 67 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make white and black bread. | Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67 |
32223 | Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 | Pomo 200 | b52 96 | 67 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Acorns used to make white bread. | Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67 |
43867 | Yucca baccata Torr. 4225 | Navajo 157 | e44 74 | 32 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes and roasted again. | Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32 |
620 | Acer rubrum L. 32 | Iroquois 100 | w16 112 | 119 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread. | Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119 |
652 | Acer saccharinum L. 34 | Iroquois 100 | w16 112 | 119 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread. | Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119 |
687 | Acer saccharum Marsh. 35 | Iroquois 100 | w16 112 | 119 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread. | Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119 |
29938 | Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 3153 | Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero 11 | co36 95 | 41 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Bean flour made into pancakes and bread. Beans were gathered, boiled, pounded on a hide or ground on a metate, placed in a pan and worked with the hands until a thick consistency was attained. | Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41 |
29986 | Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa 3154 | Mahuna 131 | r54 5 | 57 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Bean pods ground into flour and used to make cakes and tarts. | Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 57 |
30142 | Prosopis velutina Woot. 3158 | Pima 193 | c49 11 | 93 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Beans boiled, cooled, pressed out into dumplings and eaten. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93 |
29952 | Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 3153 | Isleta 101 | j31 76 | 39 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Beans ground into a flour and used to make bread. | Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39 |
30035 | Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston 3155 | Diegueno 65 | hedges86 85 | 32 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Beans ground into a meal and used to make cakes. | Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32 |
26309 | Phaseolus lunatus L. 2871 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 24 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Beans used to make bean bread. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24 |
26334 | Phaseolus vulgaris L. 2873 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 24 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Beans used to make bean bread. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24 |
23487 | Morus rubra L. 2532 | Cherokee 32 | perry75 86 | 48 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries and poke berries crushed, strained, mixed with sugar and corn meal and made into dumplings. | Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 48 |
33392 | Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook. 3361 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 84 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
33494 | Ribes divaricatum Dougl. 3368 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 84 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
33518 | Ribes hudsonianum Richards. 3371 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 84 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
33569 | Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. 3375 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 84 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
33625 | Ribes lobbii Gray 3378 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 84 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
33713 | Ribes sanguineum Pursh 3394 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 84 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84 |
15682 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 83 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries boiled, poured into frames, sun or fire dried into cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83 |
41977 | Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. 4071 | Alaska Native 4 | h53 132 | 107 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked in muffins. | Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107 |
42042 | Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr. 4077 | Alaska Native 4 | h53 132 | 107 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked in muffins. | Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107 |
42139 | Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. 4082 | Alaska Native 4 | h53 132 | 107 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked in muffins. | Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107 |
42398 | Vaccinium uliginosum L. 4088 | Alaska Native 4 | h53 132 | 107 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked in muffins. | Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107 |
34950 | Rubus spectabilis Pursh 3470 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 209 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked, dried in cakes and used for food. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
30241 | Prunus americana Marsh. 3160 | Chippewa 38 | d28 4 | 321 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321 |
30594 | Prunus serotina Ehrh. 3177 | Chippewa 38 | d28 4 | 321 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321 |
33751 | Ribes triste Pallas 3397 | Chippewa 38 | d28 4 | 321 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321 |
34424 | Rubus frondosus Bigelow 3449 | Chippewa 38 | d28 4 | 321 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321 |
34522 | Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke 3454 | Chippewa 38 | d28 4 | 321 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321 |
15625 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 204 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204 |
42002 | Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum 4072 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 244 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244 |
42007 | Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n 4073 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 244 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244 |
42056 | Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr. 4077 | Hanaksiala 88 | c93 14 | 244 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244 |
42003 | Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum 4072 | Kitasoo 112 | c93 14 | 335 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes and eaten. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335 |
42008 | Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n 4073 | Kitasoo 112 | c93 14 | 335 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes and eaten. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335 |
42167 | Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. 4082 | Kitasoo 112 | c93 14 | 334 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes and eaten. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 334 |
42168 | Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. 4082 | Kitasoo 112 | c93 14 | 335 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes and eaten. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335 |
42422 | Vaccinium uliginosum L. 4088 | Kitasoo 112 | c93 14 | 335 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes and eaten. | Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335 |
34850 | Rubus parviflorus Nutt. 3463 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 87 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes and used for food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
3039 | Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 204 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 253 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried into cakes. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253 |
3081 | Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. 207 | Sanpoil and Nespelem 226 | r32 44 | 101 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries dried whole or mashed, formed into cakes and dried. | Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101 |
41978 | Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. 4071 | Alaska Native 4 | h53 132 | 107 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins. | Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107 |
42140 | Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. 4082 | Alaska Native 4 | h53 132 | 107 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins. | Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107 |
34589 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 209 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
42151 | Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. 4082 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 205 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205 |
42306 | Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. 4085 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 205 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205 |
42390 | Vaccinium sp. 4087 | Makah 133 | g83 3 | 310 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries formerly dried into cakes. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 310 |
30975 | Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg. 3183 | Apache 10 | rhf16 61 | 47 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries ground and meal made into sweet, blackish cakes. | Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47 |
11778 | Cupressus sp. 1171 | Navajo 157 | l86 121 | 22 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries ground into a meal and mixed with bread dough. | Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 22 |
30674 | Prunus sp. 3178 | Apache, Mescalero 12 | b74 52 | 48 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries ground, formed into cakes and dried. | Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48 |
4439 | Arctostaphylos patula Greene 340 | Atsugewi 19 | g53 129 | 138 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use. | Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138 |
11362 | Crataegus douglasii Lindl. 1123 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 124 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed and dried into thin, hard cakes. Sometimes the cakes were decorated. The dried cakes were eaten as a snack on winter evenings and were used as crackers to dip into deer marrow soup to soak up the fat. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
11395 | Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii 1124 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 123 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed and formed into cakes, dried and eaten like cookies. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
35080 | Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. 3472 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 88 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed, dried in cakes, placed in hot water and used for food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88 |
15626 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Clallam 41 | f80 99 | 200 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed, dried in cakes, soaked, dipped in oil and eaten. | Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200 |
34640 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 87 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed, dried in rectangular frames and cakes used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
15637 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Klallam 114 | g73 25 | 43 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
15643 | Gaultheria shallon Pursh 1703 | Makah 133 | g73 25 | 43 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
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CREATE TABLE uses ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, species INTEGER NOT NULL, tribe INTEGER NOT NULL, source INTEGER NOT NULL, pageno TEXT NOT NULL, use_category INTEGER, use_subcategory INTEGER, notes TEXT, rawsource TEXT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id), FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id), FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id), FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id), FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id) );