uses

Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB

84 rows where use_subcategory = 146

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id ▼ species tribe source pageno use_category use_subcategory notes rawsource
452 Acer glabrum Torr. 23 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 59 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drum hoops. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59
498 Acer macrophyllum Pursh 26 Kwakiutl, Southern 122 tb73 63 296 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296
556 Acer negundo L. 27 Montana Indian 151 h92 30 4 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Large trunk burls or knots used to make drums. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4
2534 Alnus rubra Bong. 172 Kwakiutl, Southern 122 tb73 63 296 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296
2562 Alnus rubra Bong. 172 Oweekeno 181 c93 14 86 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make rattles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86
5920 Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. 417 Cherokee 32 hc75 1 28 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 'Joint of reed' used to make flutes. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28
5930 Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. 417 Seminole 228 s54 88 495 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Plant used to make flutes. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495
5939 Arundinaria sp. 419 Keres, Western 107 swank32 79 29 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Large stems used as flutes. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29
5942 Arundo donax L. 420 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 102 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used to make a flute, usually played by men. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102
7295 Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 Tanana, Upper 255 k85 36 5 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drums. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5
7296 Betula papyrifera Marsh. 580 Tanana, Upper 255 k85 36 5 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drumss. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5
7947 Canna flaccida Salisb. 719 Seminole 228 s54 88 503 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Plant used to make rattle pellets. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503
8178 Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose 757 Papago 188 cu35 27 68 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Ribs with shallow, close-spaced notches used as soft rattles for certain songs. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68
11036 Cornus sericea ssp. sericea 1102 Crow 60 h92 30 21 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Branches used to make drumsticks. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21
11189 Corylus americana Walt. 1110 Chippewa 38 d28 4 377 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used for drumming sticks. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377
11226 Corylus americana Walt. 1110 Ojibwa 173 smith32 20 417 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Crooked stick with an enlarged base made the favorite drum stick. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417
11674 Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir. 1163 Hopi 95 w39 37 93 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Shell dried and used as a sounding board for musical rasps. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93
13332 Equisetum arvense L. 1421 Shoshoni 232 m90 111 57 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Plant used for whistles. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 57
15981 Glaucothea armata O. F. Cook 1749 Cocopa 44 cb51 125 187 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Seeds used in gourd rattles. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187
16795 Heracleum maximum Bartr. 1851 Blackfoot 23 h74 26 113 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollow stems used to make children's flutes. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113
16803 Heracleum maximum Bartr. 1851 Cheyenne 33 h81 57 40 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollow stems made into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40
17342 Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. 1904 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 126 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drum hoops. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126
18819 Juniperus occidentalis Hook. 2059 Paiute 183 m53 98 47 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood strips used for drum frames. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47
18965 Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 2062 Cheyenne 33 h81 57 5 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make courting flutes. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5
19064 Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 2062 Thompson 259 steed28 33 498 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drums. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498
19163 Juniperus virginiana L. 2064 Kiowa 111 vs39 140 13 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.' Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13
19236 Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana 2066 Kiowa 111 vs39 140 13 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.' Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13
19410 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Cocopa 44 cb51 125 115 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115
19413 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Havasupai 89 ws85 2 244 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Rinds used to make rattles. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 244
19420 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Hopi 95 w39 37 93 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used as rattles. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93
19421 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Hopi 95 w39 37 93 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used as trumpets or megaphones to represent the bellowing of the plumed serpent in ceremonies. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93
19425 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Houma 96 speck41 49 62 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used for drums and rattles. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 62
19431 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Mohave 147 cb51 125 115 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115
19443 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Papago 188 cu35 27 68 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Fruits dried, freed of seeds and pulp and used as rattles. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68
19450 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 2090 Yuma 288 cb51 125 115 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115
19681 Larrea tridentata var. tridentata 2102 Papago 188 cu35 27 68 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood thrust through gourd rattles and used as the handles. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68
20531 Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. 2212 Pomo, Kashaya 202 gl80 40 83 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Strung acorns twirled in a special way to make music. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83
24360 Olneya tesota Gray 2633 Papago 188 cu35 27 68 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Concave sticks with far-spaced, deep notches used as loud rattles for scraping stick songs. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68
26573 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 2901 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 101 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used to make a flute, usually played by men. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101
26582 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 2901 Hualapai 97 w82 127 7 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Shoots used to make flutes. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 7
26587 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 2901 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 49 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Reed arrows used to play the musical bow. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49
26588 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 2901 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 49 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Stems used as a clapper to maintain the rhythm in singing and dancing. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49
26617 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 2901 Pima 193 c49 11 75 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used to make flutes. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 75
27396 Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 2953 Blackfoot 23 h74 26 116 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used to make wind chimes and presented to newly married couples. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116
27939 Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson 2968 Cheyenne 33 h81 57 6 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Gum placed inside whistles and flutes to improve their sounds. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 6
27940 Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson 2968 Cheyenne 33 h92 30 50 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Pitch used to make bone and wooden whistles and flutes. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50
28127 Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl. 2975 Mendocino Indian 137 c02 89 307 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Logs formerly hollowed out by fire and used as drums for dances. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307
29404 Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 Dakota 61 g19 17 72 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72
29418 Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 Omaha 177 g19 17 72 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72
29426 Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 Pawnee 190 g19 17 72 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72
29432 Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder 3100 Ponca 205 g19 17 72 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72
29476 Populus fremontii S. Wats. 3102 Havasupai 89 ws85 2 213 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollowed logs used to make drums. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213
29550 Populus sp. 3105 Hopi 95 w39 37 71 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollowed sections of rotten logs made into drums. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71
29551 Populus sp. 3105 Hopi 95 c74 82 346 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollowed, rotten logs used to make drums. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 346
29556 Populus sp. 3105 Hualapai 97 w82 127 3 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Trunk hollowed out and used as a drum. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 3
31844 Quercus agrifolia N‚e 3251 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 121 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121
31939 Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 3255 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 121 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121
32001 Quercus dumosa Nutt. 3257 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 121 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121
32189 Quercus kelloggii Newberry 3270 Cahuilla 24 bs72 31 121 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121
32662 Ranunculus californicus Benth. 3303 Karok 105 b81 70 49 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Stems split and sucked on to make sounds. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 49
35649 Salix amygdaloides Anderss. 3518 Cheyenne 33 h81 57 37 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drums. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37
36221 Salix sp. 3551 Montana Indian 151 h92 30 67 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drums. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67
36277 Salix sp. 3551 Paiute 183 m53 98 61 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Sticks wrapped formerly with buckskin but now with cloth and used for drum sticks. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61
36507 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Costanoan 50 b84 16 254 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollow twigs used for flutes. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254
36518 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Karok 105 sg52 71 389 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Lower branches used to make flutes. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389
36528 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Kawaiisu 106 z81 60 62 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make a flute by pushing out the soft core and burning a single row of six holes. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62
36549 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Mendocino Indian 137 c02 89 388 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Pithless wood used for flutes and other dance instruments. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388
36569 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 94 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Stems used to make 'flageolets,' a musical instrument. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94
36576 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Paiute 183 m53 98 111 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Stems used to make four holed flutes. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111
36607 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Wintoon 281 m66 109 264 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollow stems used as music sticks. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264
36616 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Yokut 286 m66 109 436 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Hollow wood used for flutes. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
36623 Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli 3565 Yuki 287 c57ii 69 94 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Branches used to make flutes, clappers and small whistles. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94
37146 Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. 3586 Hopi 95 w39 37 74 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Strong wood used to make musical rasps. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74
37147 Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. 3586 Hopi 95 c74 82 358 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used for musical rasps. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 358
39428 Taxodium ascendens Brongn. 3899 Seminole 228 s54 88 471 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Plant used to make drums. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471
39458 Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 3902 Cowlitz 53 g73 25 16 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Used to make drum frames. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16
40151 Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 Okanagan-Colville 175 tbk80 32 20 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to make drum hoops. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20
40186 Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 Oweekeno 181 c93 14 66 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood made into whistles or trumpets & used to announce the dances in the tsaika & glualaxa series. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66
40188 Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 Paiute 183 m53 98 46 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used for drum frames. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46
40205 Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 3951 Quileute 209 g73 25 19 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Small limbs strung with pecten shells and used as dance rattles. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19
41019 Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 4043 Kwakiutl, Southern 122 tb73 63 296 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296
43560 Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl. 4190 Cocopa 44 cb51 125 187 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Seeds used in gourd rattles. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187
43890 Yucca baccata Torr. 4225 Navajo 157 bc41 58 36 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Stout leaves used as drumsticks. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36
44253 Yucca sp. 4236 Navajo 157 e44 74 34 Other 3 Musical Instrument 146 Folded leaves used as drumsticks to beat basket drums. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34

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CREATE TABLE uses (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
        species INTEGER NOT NULL,
        tribe INTEGER NOT NULL,
        source INTEGER NOT NULL,
        pageno TEXT NOT NULL,
        use_category INTEGER,
        use_subcategory INTEGER,
        notes TEXT,
        rawsource TEXT NOT NULL,
        FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id),
        FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id)
        );