uses
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
68 rows where species = 3457
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id ▼ | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
34589 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 209 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
34590 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 209 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
34591 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Bella Coola 21 | t73 53 | 209 | Food 1 | Preserves 1 | Berries cooked into jam. | Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209 |
34592 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 134 | Food 1 | Beverage 27 | Berries soaked in water to make a beverage. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134 |
34593 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 134 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries dried for later use. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134 |
34594 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Cahuilla 24 | bs72 31 | 134 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134 |
34595 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Coeur d'Alene 47 | teit28 144 | 90 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90 |
34596 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Coeur d'Alene 47 | teit28 144 | 90 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries mashed and eaten. | Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90 |
34597 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Costanoan 50 | b84 16 | 250 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Raw fruits used for food. | Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250 |
34598 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Cowlitz 53 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries sun or fire dried and stored for winter use. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
34599 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Cowlitz 53 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
34600 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Gosiute 79 | c11 38 | 380 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries used for food. | Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380 |
34601 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Green River Group 81 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
34602 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Hesquiat 92 | te82 41 | 74 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten with oil. | Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
34603 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Hoh 94 | r36 77 | 63 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits eaten raw. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
34604 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Hoh 94 | r36 77 | 63 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits stewed and used for food. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
34605 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Hoh 94 | r36 77 | 63 | Food 1 | Winter Use Food 59 | Fruits canned and saved for future food use. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
34606 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Karok 105 | sg52 71 | 384 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries used for food. | Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384 |
34607 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Karok 105 | b81 70 | 51 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruit eaten fresh. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51 |
34608 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klallam 114 | g27 114 | 197 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries dried and used for food. | Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
34609 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klallam 114 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
34610 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klallam 114 | g27 114 | 197 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits eaten fresh. | Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 |
34611 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klallam 114 | g27 114 | 197 | Food 1 | Leaves and sprouts used for food. | Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197 | |
34612 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klallam 114 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Sprouts and young leaves eaten. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 | |
34613 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klamath 115 | c97 66 | 99 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries dried for later use. | Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99 |
34614 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Klamath 115 | c97 66 | 99 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries used for food. | Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99 |
34615 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Makah 133 | g83 3 | 273 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruit eaten fresh. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273 |
34616 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Makah 133 | g83 3 | 273 | Food 1 | Pie & Pudding 88 | Fruit used to make pies. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273 |
34617 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Makah 133 | g83 3 | 273 | Food 1 | Preserves 1 | Fruit used to make jam. | Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273 |
34618 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 355 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Fruits dried or canned for winter use. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
34619 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 355 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits eaten fresh. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
34620 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Mendocino Indian 137 | c02 89 | 355 | Food 1 | Winter Use Food 59 | Fruits dried or canned for winter use. | Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355 |
34621 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Montana Indian 151 | b05 73 | 22 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruit was highly esteemed. | Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22 |
34622 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Nisqually 165 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
34623 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Nitinaht 166 | ttco83 101 | 123 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits eaten fresh and raw. | Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
34624 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 132 | Food 1 | Dessert 41 | Dried berries soaked in water or boiled and eaten as a dessert. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132 |
34625 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 132 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries dried and stored for winter use. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132 |
34626 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Okanagan-Colville 175 | tbk80 32 | 132 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Dried berries eaten with dried meat or fish. | Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132 |
34627 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Okanagon 176 | teit28 144 | 238 | Food 1 | Staple 75 | Berries used as a principle food. | Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238 |
34628 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Okanagon 176 | p52 55 | 38 | Food 1 | Used commonly for food. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 | |
34629 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo 200 | g67 80 | 13 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Raw berries used for food. | Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13 |
34630 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo 200 | g67 80 | 13 | Food 1 | Winter Use Food 59 | Berries cooked, bottled and stored for later use. | Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13 |
34631 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo, Kashaya 202 | gl80 40 | 96 | Drug 2 | Antidiarrheal 68 | Infusion of leaves or root taken for diarrhea. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
34632 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo, Kashaya 202 | gl80 40 | 96 | Drug 2 | Gastrointestinal Aid 14 | Infusion of leaves or root taken for upset stomach. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
34633 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo, Kashaya 202 | gl80 40 | 96 | Drug 2 | Other 18 | Infusion of leaves or root taken for weak bowels. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
34634 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo, Kashaya 202 | gl80 40 | 96 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
34635 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Pomo, Kashaya 202 | gl80 40 | 96 | Food 1 | Winter Use Food 59 | Berries canned. | Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
34636 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Puyallup 208 | g73 25 | 35 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
34637 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Quileute 209 | r36 77 | 63 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits eaten raw. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
34638 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Quileute 209 | r36 77 | 63 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruits stewed and used for food. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
34639 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Quileute 209 | r36 77 | 63 | Food 1 | Winter Use Food 59 | Fruits canned and saved for future food use. | Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
34640 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 87 | Food 1 | Bread & Cake 2 | Berries mashed, dried in rectangular frames and cakes used as a winter food. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
34641 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Salish, Coast 217 | tb71 23 | 87 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
34642 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Shoshoni 232 | tha41 12 | 131 | Drug 2 | Dermatological Aid 8 | Poultice of powdered stems applied to wounds and cuts. | Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131 |
34643 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Shuswap 233 | palmer75 92 | 67 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries used for food. | Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67 |
34644 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Skagit, Upper 242 | t89 131 | 38 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries pulped and dried for winter use. | Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38 |
34645 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Skagit, Upper 242 | t89 131 | 38 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38 |
34646 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Spokan 250 | teit28 144 | 343 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries used for food. | Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343 |
34647 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 269 | Drug 2 | Misc. Disease Remedy 87 | Mild infusion of washed roots taken for influenza. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
34648 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | steed28 33 | 502 | Dye 5 | Juice squeezed from dark reddish-purple fruits and used as a stain. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502 | |
34649 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 269 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Fruit dried for winter use. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
34650 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 269 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruit used for food. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
34651 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | steed28 33 | 487 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Reddish-purple berries eaten. | Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487 |
34652 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | p52 55 | 38 | Food 1 | Used commonly for food. | Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 | |
34653 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Thompson 259 | tta90 10 | 269 | Food 1 | Young shoots peeled, cooked over a fire and eaten alone or with fish. | Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 | |
34654 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Yuki 287 | c57ii 69 | 87 | Food 1 | Dried Food 4 | Berries dried and cooked as a winter food. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87 |
34655 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Yuki 287 | c57ii 69 | 87 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Berries eaten fresh. | Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87 |
34656 | Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 3457 | Yurok 289 | b81 70 | 51 | Food 1 | Fruit 52 | Fruit eaten fresh. | Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51 |
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CREATE TABLE uses ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, species INTEGER NOT NULL, tribe INTEGER NOT NULL, source INTEGER NOT NULL, pageno TEXT NOT NULL, use_category INTEGER, use_subcategory INTEGER, notes TEXT, rawsource TEXT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id), FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id), FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id), FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id), FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id) );