uses
Data source: Native American Ethnobotany Database · About: NAEB
69 rows where species = 1580
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id ▼ | species | tribe | source | pageno | use_category | use_subcategory | notes | rawsource |
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14472 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Abnaki 1 | r47 84 | 154 | Drug 2 | Orthopedic Aid 39 | Used to mend bones. | Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 154 |
14473 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Cathartic 29 | Used as a purgative. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14474 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Infusion taken for colds. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14475 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Diaphoretic 77 | Used as a sudorific. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14476 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Disinfectant 129 | Used as a tonic, sudorific, stimulant, emetic and antiseptic. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14477 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Diuretic 117 | Used as a tonic, sudorific, stimulant, emetic and diuretic. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14478 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Emetic 40 | Used as an emetic. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14479 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Taken for fever. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14480 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Gastrointestinal Aid 14 | Taken for the 'biliary system.' | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14481 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Misc. Disease Remedy 87 | Infusion taken for 'ague,' colds and flu. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14482 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Stimulant 90 | Used as a stimulant. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14483 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Throat Aid 123 | Infusion taken for sore throat. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14484 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Cherokee 32 | hc75 1 | 26 | Drug 2 | Tonic 69 | Used as a tonic. | Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
14485 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Chippewa 38 | gil33 15 | 142 | Drug 2 | Abortifacient 84 | Root used to correct irregular menses. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 142 |
14486 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Chippewa 38 | gil33 15 | 142 | Drug 2 | Antirheumatic (External) 35 | Poultice of boiled plant tops applied for rheumatism. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 142 |
14487 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Chippewa 38 | d28 4 | 376 | Drug 2 | Hunting Medicine 61 | Root fibers applied to whistles and used as a charm to attract deer. | Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376 |
14488 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Chippewa 38 | gil33 15 | 142 | Drug 2 | Snake Bite Remedy 114 | Poultice of chewed plants applied to rattlesnake bites. | Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 142 |
14489 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Delaware 62 | t72 97 | 33 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Infusion of roots and occasionally the leaves used for chills and fever. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33 |
14490 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Delaware, Oklahoma 63 | t42 22 | 28, 76 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Infusion of root, sometimes with leaves, used for chills and fever. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 76 |
14491 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Delaware, Ontario 64 | t42 22 | 67, 82 | Drug 2 | Gastrointestinal Aid 14 | Infusion of leaves, considered a powerful herb, taken as a stomach medicine. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 67, 82 |
14492 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Analgesic 6 | Infusion of roots taken for pains in the stomach and on the left side. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14493 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Analgesic 6 | Poultice of smashed plants applied for headaches. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14494 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 458 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Compound decoction of roots taken for colds. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458 |
14495 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 458 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Infusion of stems with leaves taken during the onset of a cold. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458 |
14496 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 456 | Drug 2 | Dermatological Aid 8 | Infusion of roots used as a wash and applied as poultice to syphilitic chancres. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 456 |
14497 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Infusion of whole plant, plant tops or roots taken for fevers. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14498 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Gastrointestinal Aid 14 | Infusion of roots taken for pains in the stomach. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14499 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 458 | Drug 2 | Hemorrhoid Remedy 74 | Plant used for piles. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458 |
14500 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 458 | Drug 2 | Kidney Aid 3 | Compound decoction of roots taken for the kidneys. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458 |
14501 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 456 | Drug 2 | Laxative 36 | Compound decoction of flowers and leaves taken as a laxative. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 456 |
14502 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 458 | Drug 2 | Misc. Disease Remedy 87 | Decoction of smashed plants and roots taken for typhoid. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458 |
14503 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Orthopedic Aid 39 | Cold, compound infusion of leaves applied as poultice to broken bones. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14504 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Other 18 | Decoction of roots taken for stricture caused by menstruating girls. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14505 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Poison 13 | Plant put in enemy's liquor flask to kill him. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14506 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Psychological Aid 60 | Decoction of smashed roots taken to stop the liquor habit. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14507 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 458 | Drug 2 | Pulmonary Aid 48 | Decoction of roots taken for pneumonia and pleurisy. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458 |
14508 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 456 | Drug 2 | Venereal Aid 46 | Infusion of roots used as a wash and applied as poultice to syphilitic chancres. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 456 |
14509 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Veterinary Aid 34 | Infusion of whole plant given to horses with fevers. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14510 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Drug 2 | Witchcraft Medicine 89 | Plant used for sorcery. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14511 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Iroquois 100 | h77 7 | 457 | Other 3 | Ceremonial Items 30 | Plant used for divination. | Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457 |
14512 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Koasati 116 | t40 115 | 61 | Drug 2 | Emetic 40 | Decoction of leaves taken as an emetic. | Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
14513 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Koasati 116 | t40 115 | 61 | Drug 2 | Urinary Aid 80 | Decoction of roots taken for urinary troubles. | Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
14514 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Menominee 138 | s23 51 | 30 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Infusion of whole plant used for fever. | Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30 |
14515 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Meskwaki 139 | smith28 21 | 214 | Drug 2 | Anthelmintic 16 | Infusion of leaves and blossoms used to expel worms. | Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 214 |
14516 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Meskwaki 139 | smith28 21 | 214 | Drug 2 | Snake Bite Remedy 114 | Root used for snakebite. | Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 214 |
14517 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Micmac 141 | cfh79 35 | 56 | Drug 2 | Kidney Aid 3 | Parts of plant used for kidney trouble. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56 |
14518 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Micmac 141 | cfh79 35 | 56 | Drug 2 | Venereal Aid 46 | Parts of plant used for gonorrhea. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56 |
14519 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Micmac 141 | cfh79 35 | 56 | Drug 2 | Venereal Aid 46 | Parts of plant used for persons spitting blood and gonorrhea. | Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56 |
14520 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | cw45 62 | 118 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Bitter infusion taken for colds. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118 |
14521 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | tan28 110 | 265 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Infusion taken for colds. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265 |
14522 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | t72 97 | 74, 130 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Simple or compound infusion of leaves taken in small doses for colds. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130 |
14523 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | cw45 62 | 118 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Bitter infusion taken for fever. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118 |
14524 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | t72 97 | 74, 130 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Infusion of leaves taken in small doses for colds and fever. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130 |
14525 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | tan28 110 | 265 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Infusion taken for fevers. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265 |
14526 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | t72 97 | 130 | Drug 2 | Gastrointestinal Aid 14 | Leaves used for stomach trouble and colds. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 130 |
14527 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | t72 97 | 74, 130 | Drug 2 | Panacea 20 | Infusion of leaves taken in small doses for 'general debility.' | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130 |
14528 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | tan28 110 | 265 | Drug 2 | Panacea 20 | Infusion taken for many ailments and general illness. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265 |
14529 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Mohegan 149 | tan28 110 | 266 | Drug 2 | Tonic 69 | Complex compound infusion including boneset taken as spring tonic. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266 |
14530 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Nanticoke 154 | t42 22 | 56, 84 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Compound infusion of whole plant taken for chills and fever. | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 56, 84 |
14531 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Penobscot 192 | s17 103 | 311 | Drug 2 | Antihemorrhagic 111 | Compound infusion of plant taken for 'spitting up blood.' | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311 |
14532 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Penobscot 192 | s17 103 | 311 | Drug 2 | Kidney Aid 3 | Compound infusion of plant taken for kidney trouble. | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311 |
14533 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Penobscot 192 | s17 103 | 311 | Drug 2 | Tonic 69 | Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic. | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311 |
14534 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Penobscot 192 | s17 103 | 311 | Drug 2 | Venereal Aid 46 | Compound infusion of plant taken for gonorrhea. | Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311 |
14535 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Rappahannock 211 | shc42 102 | 34 | Drug 2 | Tonic 69 | Infusion of dried leaves, picked before flowers matured, taken as a tonic. | Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 34 |
14536 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Seminole 228 | s54 88 | 283 | Drug 2 | Emetic 40 | Decoction of plant used as a gentle emetic. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 283 |
14537 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Seminole 228 | s54 88 | 283 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Plant used as a fever medicine. | Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 283 |
14538 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Shinnecock 231 | cw45 62 | 118 | Drug 2 | Cold Remedy 21 | Bitter infusion taken for colds. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118 |
14539 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Shinnecock 231 | cw45 62 | 118 | Drug 2 | Diaphoretic 77 | Infusion taken cold, then a hot cup before bed to cause perspiring. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118 |
14540 | Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1580 | Shinnecock 231 | cw45 62 | 118 | Drug 2 | Febrifuge 45 | Bitter infusion taken for fever. | Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118 |
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CREATE TABLE uses ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, species INTEGER NOT NULL, tribe INTEGER NOT NULL, source INTEGER NOT NULL, pageno TEXT NOT NULL, use_category INTEGER, use_subcategory INTEGER, notes TEXT, rawsource TEXT NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY(use_category) REFERENCES use_categories(id), FOREIGN KEY(use_subcategory) REFERENCES use_subcategories(id), FOREIGN KEY(tribe) REFERENCES tribes(id), FOREIGN KEY(species) REFERENCES species(id), FOREIGN KEY(source) REFERENCES sources(id) );