{"id": 458, "species": {"value": 23, "label": "Acer glabrum Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "146", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Fibrous inner bark used to make twine.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"}
{"id": 486, "species": {"value": 26, "label": "Acer macrophyllum Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 53, "label": "Cowlitz"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used to make rope and tumplines.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"}
{"id": 1757, "species": {"value": 91, "label": "Agave deserti Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "31", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Pounded leaves dried and made into nets used for baby cradles.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"}
{"id": 1758, "species": {"value": 91, "label": "Agave deserti Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "31", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Pounded leaves dried and made into nets, slings and cordage.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"}
{"id": 1776, "species": {"value": 91, "label": "Agave deserti Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"}
{"id": 1782, "species": {"value": 92, "label": "Agave lechuguilla Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "61", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Leaves used to make rough cordage.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"}
{"id": 1847, "species": {"value": 96, "label": "Agave sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 97, "label": "Hualapai"}, "source": {"value": 127, "label": "w82"}, "pageno": "55", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Cut, split leaves used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"}
{"id": 1853, "species": {"value": 96, "label": "Agave sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 195, "label": "b65"}, "pageno": "94", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Plant fibers used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"}
{"id": 3006, "species": {"value": 204, "label": "Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer"}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "120", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Young branches twisted into rope.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"}
{"id": 3722, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 21, "label": "Bella Coola"}, "source": {"value": 53, "label": "t73"}, "pageno": "201", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems dried, pounded and used to make twine.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"}
{"id": 3737, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 80, "label": "Great Basin Indian"}, "source": {"value": 139, "label": "n66"}, "pageno": "49", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Root and branch outer fiber used to make nets, cordage and thread.", "rawsource": "Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"}
{"id": 3744, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 138, "label": "Menominee"}, "source": {"value": 51, "label": "s23"}, "pageno": "73", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"}
{"id": 3755, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "6", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used as a chief source for cordage.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"}
{"id": 3765, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "72", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used to make fiber, as a substitute for Indian hemp.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"}
{"id": 3774, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "497", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"}
{"id": 3780, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 25, "label": "California Indian"}, "source": {"value": 111, "label": "m90"}, "pageno": "60", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Outer and inner bark used to make string.", "rawsource": "Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"}
{"id": 3789, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "38", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make cords.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"}
{"id": 3790, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "140", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"}
{"id": 3809, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 120, "label": "Kutenai"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make twine and rope.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"}
{"id": 3813, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 128, "label": "Luiseno"}, "source": {"value": 24, "label": "s08"}, "pageno": "202", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark fiber soaked in boiling water and used to make twine.", "rawsource": "Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"}
{"id": 3823, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "378", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark fiber used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"}
{"id": 3830, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "267", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Outer bast fiber plaited into heavy cord and two-ply cord.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"}
{"id": 3841, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 162, "label": "Nez Perce"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stalks dried, split into fibers and used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"}
{"id": 3844, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "72", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems twisted and rolled into twine.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"}
{"id": 3846, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 176, "label": "Okanagon"}, "source": {"value": 55, "label": "p52"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used for making rope and twine.", "rawsource": "Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"}
{"id": 3850, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "75", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"}
{"id": 3855, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 233, "label": "Shuswap"}, "source": {"value": 92, "label": "palmer75"}, "pageno": "57", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin.", "rawsource": "Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57"}
{"id": 3862, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 55, "label": "p52"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used for making rope and twine.", "rawsource": "Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"}
{"id": 3863, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "498", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used for making rope and twine.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"}
{"id": 3864, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "159", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Plant made into rope and used to make fishnets.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"}
{"id": 3865, "species": {"value": 297, "label": "Apocynum cannabinum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "159", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used to make string. The stems were cut in the fall, usually in October, soaked and sometimes split in half. The fibrous outer skin was peeled off and the brittle inner stem discarded.  The fibrous part was then dried for indefinite storage and used to make string.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"}
{"id": 3878, "species": {"value": 298, "label": "Apocynum sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 232, "label": "Shoshoni"}, "source": {"value": 111, "label": "m90"}, "pageno": "52", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Plant used to make string.", "rawsource": "Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"}
{"id": 3879, "species": {"value": 298, "label": "Apocynum sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 281, "label": "Wintoon"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "276", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make the best string and thread.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276"}
{"id": 3883, "species": {"value": 295, "label": "Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum]"}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "236", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"}
{"id": 4762, "species": {"value": 362, "label": "Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "119", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Runners used by girls to tie blankets.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"}
{"id": 4763, "species": {"value": 362, "label": "Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "119", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Runners used to fix leggings in place. The leggings were tied above the knee and then folded over to the ankle, like a boot.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"}
{"id": 5728, "species": {"value": 407, "label": "Artemisia tridentata Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "119", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"}
{"id": 6090, "species": {"value": 429, "label": "Asclepias eriocarpa Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 49, "label": "Concow"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "379", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make ropes and string.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379"}
{"id": 6098, "species": {"value": 429, "label": "Asclepias eriocarpa Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 128, "label": "Luiseno"}, "source": {"value": 24, "label": "s08"}, "pageno": "202", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fiber or decayed stem fiber used to make twine. The stems were soaked in boiling water or the decayed stems were basted with boiling water to separate the fiber.  The fiber was then formed into a ball and made into twine.", "rawsource": "Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"}
{"id": 6110, "species": {"value": 429, "label": "Asclepias eriocarpa Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "70", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers used to make two ply string.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"}
{"id": 6116, "species": {"value": 432, "label": "Asclepias fascicularis Dcne."}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "252", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fiber used as cordage.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"}
{"id": 6117, "species": {"value": 432, "label": "Asclepias fascicularis Dcne."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "14", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used as the principal source of cordage.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 14"}
{"id": 6127, "species": {"value": 434, "label": "Asclepias incarnata L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "140", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Fiber used to make good twine.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"}
{"id": 6172, "species": {"value": 441, "label": "Asclepias sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"}
{"id": 6183, "species": {"value": 441, "label": "Asclepias sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 145, "label": "Modesse"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "224", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used for making string and cord.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"}
{"id": 6190, "species": {"value": 441, "label": "Asclepias sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 160, "label": "Neeshenam"}, "source": {"value": 81, "label": "p74"}, "pageno": "378", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used to make strings and cords.", "rawsource": "Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"}
{"id": 6193, "species": {"value": 441, "label": "Asclepias sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 61, "label": "rhf16"}, "pageno": "54", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Mature plants used to make string and rope.", "rawsource": "Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"}
{"id": 6195, "species": {"value": 441, "label": "Asclepias sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 281, "label": "Wintoon"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "264", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make string and ropes.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"}
{"id": 6231, "species": {"value": 442, "label": "Asclepias speciosa Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "74", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used as a poor substitute for Indian hemp.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"}
{"id": 6242, "species": {"value": 442, "label": "Asclepias speciosa Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "70", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers used to make two ply string.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"}
{"id": 6255, "species": {"value": 442, "label": "Asclepias speciosa Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "165", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used as a substitute for Indian hemp in making thread used for tying and binding.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"}
{"id": 6271, "species": {"value": 445, "label": "Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail"}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Spun seed hair made into string used in prayer sticks.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"}
{"id": 6273, "species": {"value": 445, "label": "Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail"}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 6, "label": "s15"}, "pageno": "88", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.", "rawsource": "Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"}
{"id": 6302, "species": {"value": 446, "label": "Asclepias syriaca L."}, "tribe": {"value": 138, "label": "Menominee"}, "source": {"value": 51, "label": "s23"}, "pageno": "74", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Outer bark used for making cords.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"}
{"id": 6305, "species": {"value": 446, "label": "Asclepias syriaca L."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "267", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Outer rind or bark used for thread.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"}
{"id": 6384, "species": {"value": 450, "label": "Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal"}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "47", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used to make strong ropes and string.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"}
{"id": 8062, "species": {"value": 737, "label": "Carex barbarae Dewey"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103"}
{"id": 8111, "species": {"value": 752, "label": "Carex sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "314", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Rootstocks formerly used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"}
{"id": 8118, "species": {"value": 752, "label": "Carex sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 200, "label": "Pomo"}, "source": {"value": 80, "label": "g67"}, "pageno": "11", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Roots used as a sewing element in coiled baskets.", "rawsource": "Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"}
{"id": 8122, "species": {"value": 752, "label": "Carex sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "73", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Fibrous leaves used to make twine.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"}
{"id": 8876, "species": {"value": 838, "label": "Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins"}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "356", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark and wood of young sprouts used like thread or woof to twine in and out of twined baskets.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"}
{"id": 9097, "species": {"value": 860, "label": "Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach"}, "tribe": {"value": 112, "label": "Kitasoo"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "313", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"}
{"id": 9122, "species": {"value": 860, "label": "Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach"}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "227", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227"}
{"id": 9129, "species": {"value": 860, "label": "Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach"}, "tribe": {"value": 181, "label": "Oweekeno"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "61", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"}
{"id": 9326, "species": {"value": 883, "label": "Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz"}, "tribe": {"value": 86, "label": "Haisla"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "106", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"}
{"id": 9328, "species": {"value": 883, "label": "Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "257", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Plant used to make twine, cordage and binding.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"}
{"id": 9331, "species": {"value": 883, "label": "Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz"}, "tribe": {"value": 88, "label": "Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "106", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"}
{"id": 9332, "species": {"value": 883, "label": "Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz"}, "tribe": {"value": 91, "label": "Heiltzuk"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "106", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"}
{"id": 9333, "species": {"value": 883, "label": "Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz"}, "tribe": {"value": 181, "label": "Oweekeno"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "106", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"}
{"id": 9570, "species": {"value": 912, "label": "Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used to make nets.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"}
{"id": 10215, "species": {"value": 1019, "label": "Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 80, "label": "Great Basin Indian"}, "source": {"value": 139, "label": "n66"}, "pageno": "47", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used to make string.", "rawsource": "Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"}
{"id": 10592, "species": {"value": 1067, "label": "Convolvulus arvensis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "96", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stems used as a 'pack rope' for carrying birds and marmots home after hunting.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"}
{"id": 11109, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "96", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark twisted into rope and used to lash fish traps, raised caches and other structures.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"}
{"id": 11259, "species": {"value": 1112, "label": "Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp"}, "tribe": {"value": 31, "label": "Chehalis"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Long twigs twisted and used to tie things.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"}
{"id": 11289, "species": {"value": 1112, "label": "Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp"}, "tribe": {"value": 243, "label": "Skokomish"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Long twigs twisted and used as rope.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"}
{"id": 11304, "species": {"value": 1113, "label": "Corylus cornuta var. cornuta"}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "382", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Withes twisted to make rope.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"}
{"id": 11886, "species": {"value": 1199, "label": "Cyperus laevigatus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 90, "label": "Hawaiian"}, "source": {"value": 68, "label": "a22"}, "pageno": "9", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Stem fibers woven into strings and ropes.", "rawsource": "Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"}
{"id": 12617, "species": {"value": 1317, "label": "Dirca palustris L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 59, "label": "r45ii"}, "pageno": "50", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark twisted into cordage.", "rawsource": "Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"}
{"id": 12620, "species": {"value": 1317, "label": "Dirca palustris L."}, "tribe": {"value": 138, "label": "Menominee"}, "source": {"value": 51, "label": "s23"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark or twigs used for cordage.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"}
{"id": 12625, "species": {"value": 1317, "label": "Dirca palustris L."}, "tribe": {"value": 206, "label": "Potawatomi"}, "source": {"value": 43, "label": "smith33"}, "pageno": "114", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Tough, stringy bark made a good substitute for twine.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"}
{"id": 12966, "species": {"value": 1374, "label": "Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 42, "label": "m09"}, "pageno": "277", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used to make strong rope.", "rawsource": "McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"}
{"id": 12974, "species": {"value": 1374, "label": "Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 54, "label": "Cree"}, "source": {"value": 145, "label": "b41"}, "pageno": "485", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"}
{"id": 12980, "species": {"value": 1374, "label": "Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Inner bark twisted to make ropes.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"}
{"id": 12995, "species": {"value": 1374, "label": "Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "207", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"}
{"id": 15328, "species": {"value": 1663, "label": "Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark make into a twine and used to sting pinyon seeds for winter storage.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"}
{"id": 15333, "species": {"value": 1663, "label": "Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville"}, "tribe": {"value": 286, "label": "Yokut"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "420", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"}
{"id": 15334, "species": {"value": 1664, "label": "Fremontodendron sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 232, "label": "Shoshoni"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "440", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Tough bark used to make cord.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 440"}
{"id": 15797, "species": {"value": 1722, "label": "Geranium atropurpureum Heller"}, "tribe": {"value": 102, "label": "Jemez"}, "source": {"value": 28, "label": "c30"}, "pageno": "22", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Split epidermis used to sew moccasins.", "rawsource": "Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"}
{"id": 16131, "species": {"value": 1766, "label": "Gossypium hirsutum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 6, "label": "s15"}, "pageno": "92", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Fuzz made into cords and used ceremonially.", "rawsource": "Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92"}
{"id": 16138, "species": {"value": 1768, "label": "Gossypium sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "62", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make string for many different ceremonies.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"}
{"id": 17296, "species": {"value": 1901, "label": "Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 25, "label": "California Indian"}, "source": {"value": 111, "label": "m90"}, "pageno": "59", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Root fiber used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"}
{"id": 17302, "species": {"value": 1901, "label": "Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb."}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "358", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Root fibers used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"}
{"id": 18019, "species": {"value": 2009, "label": "Iris innominata Henderson"}, "tribe": {"value": 266, "label": "Tolowa"}, "source": {"value": 70, "label": "b81"}, "pageno": "33", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Roots and leaves used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"}
{"id": 18020, "species": {"value": 2010, "label": "Iris macrosiphon Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "381", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Leaves dried, scraped and used to make string or cord.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"}
{"id": 18021, "species": {"value": 2010, "label": "Iris macrosiphon Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "381", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"}
{"id": 18058, "species": {"value": 2013, "label": "Iris sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 281, "label": "Wintoon"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "264", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make cord for fish nets.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"}
{"id": 18060, "species": {"value": 2014, "label": "Iris tenax ssp. klamathensis Lenz"}, "tribe": {"value": 266, "label": "Tolowa"}, "source": {"value": 70, "label": "b81"}, "pageno": "33", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make cordage.", "rawsource": "Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"}
{"id": 18355, "species": {"value": 2042, "label": "Juncus effusus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Used to make string to bind up dough in oak leaves for cooking bread.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"}
{"id": 18358, "species": {"value": 2042, "label": "Juncus effusus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "54", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Tough, round stems dried, twisted or braided and used for tying and binding.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"}
{"id": 18362, "species": {"value": 2042, "label": "Juncus effusus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "318", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 99, "label": "Cordage"}, "notes": "Wiry stalks used for tying.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"}