{"id": 2346, "species": {"value": 168, "label": "Alnus incana (L.) Moench"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"}
{"id": 2403, "species": {"value": 169, "label": "Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"}
{"id": 2430, "species": {"value": 170, "label": "Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"}
{"id": 7630, "species": {"value": 658, "label": "Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Leaves mixed with mud and used to chink log cabins and as mortar in making chimneys.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"}
{"id": 8221, "species": {"value": 757, "label": "Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose"}, "tribe": {"value": 229, "label": "Seri"}, "source": {"value": 29, "label": "d44"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.", "rawsource": "Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"}
{"id": 9731, "species": {"value": 922, "label": "Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth"}, "tribe": {"value": 140, "label": "Mewuk"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "336", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Made into a white mucilaginous paste and used to coat baskets.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 336"}
{"id": 25275, "species": {"value": 2724, "label": "Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose"}, "tribe": {"value": 229, "label": "Seri"}, "source": {"value": 29, "label": "d44"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.", "rawsource": "Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"}
{"id": 26906, "species": {"value": 2934, "label": "Picea glauca (Moench) Voss"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used as a sealant for birch bark canoes.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"}
{"id": 26954, "species": {"value": 2934, "label": "Picea glauca (Moench) Voss"}, "tribe": {"value": 118, "label": "Koyukon"}, "source": {"value": 158, "label": "n83"}, "pageno": "50", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used to caulk boat seams.", "rawsource": "Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"}
{"id": 27066, "species": {"value": 2935, "label": "Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P."}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "49", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used to seal seams on a birch bark canoe.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"}
{"id": 27123, "species": {"value": 2935, "label": "Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "421", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Boiled resin and tallow used to make pitch for caulking canoes.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"}
{"id": 27138, "species": {"value": 2937, "label": "Picea rubens Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "377", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Gum used to make pitch.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"}
{"id": 27235, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "234", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used to fill cracks and knot holes in canoes.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"}
{"id": 27254, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 209, "label": "Quileute"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "17", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used for caulking canoes.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"}
{"id": 27262, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 210, "label": "Quinault"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "17", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used for caulking canoes.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"}
{"id": 27368, "species": {"value": 2952, "label": "Pinus banksiana Lamb."}, "tribe": {"value": 8, "label": "Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule"}, "source": {"value": 113, "label": "ray45"}, "pageno": "130", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Gum used to caulk canoes.", "rawsource": "Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130"}
{"id": 27550, "species": {"value": 2959, "label": "Pinus edulis Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "205", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Melted gum used to plug a leaky canteen or other containers.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"}
{"id": 27810, "species": {"value": 2965, "label": "Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr\u201am."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "205", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Melted gum used to plug a leaky canteen or other containers.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"}
{"id": 28099, "species": {"value": 2973, "label": "Pinus resinosa Soland."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "421", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Resin boiled twice, added to tallow and used for caulking canoes.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"}
{"id": 28254, "species": {"value": 2977, "label": "Pinus strobus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "421", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch from boiled cones and resin used for caulking and waterproofing.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"}
{"id": 28262, "species": {"value": 2977, "label": "Pinus strobus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 206, "label": "Potawatomi"}, "source": {"value": 43, "label": "smith33"}, "pageno": "122", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch rendered from the bark or cone and used to caulk boats and canoes.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"}
{"id": 31194, "species": {"value": 3199, "label": "Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco"}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used to patch canoes or water vessels.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"}
{"id": 31216, "species": {"value": 3199, "label": "Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Pitch used for caulking canoes.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"}
{"id": 32578, "species": {"value": 3294, "label": "Quercus virginiana P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "493", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Plant used to make mortar.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 493"}
{"id": 37957, "species": {"value": 3667, "label": "Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "494", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Plant used to make mortar.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"}
{"id": 38697, "species": {"value": 3783, "label": "Sphagnum sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 71, "label": "Eskimo, Inuktitut"}, "source": {"value": 64, "label": "w78"}, "pageno": "189", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Used to chink log houses.", "rawsource": "Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"}
{"id": 38887, "species": {"value": 3823, "label": "Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum"}, "tribe": {"value": 229, "label": "Seri"}, "source": {"value": 29, "label": "d44"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.", "rawsource": "Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"}
{"id": 39880, "species": {"value": 3950, "label": "Thuja occidentalis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 116, "label": "r45i"}, "pageno": "83", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Bark pieces packed into joints during construction.", "rawsource": "Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"}
{"id": 41262, "species": {"value": 4049, "label": "Typha latifolia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 138, "label": "Menominee"}, "source": {"value": 51, "label": "s23"}, "pageno": "77", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Root used as a natural oakum for caulking leaks in boats.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"}
{"id": 41266, "species": {"value": 4049, "label": "Typha latifolia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "269", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 94, "label": "Caulking Material"}, "notes": "Root used as a natural oakum to caulk canoes.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"}