{"id": 128, "species": {"value": 3, "label": "Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 61, "label": "rhf16"}, "pageno": "38", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Twigs used for making pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"}
{"id": 557, "species": {"value": 27, "label": "Acer negundo L."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "4", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Large trunk burls or knots used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"}
{"id": 570, "species": {"value": 28, "label": "Acer negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 61, "label": "rhf16"}, "pageno": "38", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Twigs used for making pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"}
{"id": 3531, "species": {"value": 265, "label": "Angelica lucida L."}, "tribe": {"value": 67, "label": "Eskimo, Alaska"}, "source": {"value": 152, "label": "aa80"}, "pageno": "37", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Dried hollow stems formerly used as pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"}
{"id": 4361, "species": {"value": 335, "label": "Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipes.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"}
{"id": 4379, "species": {"value": 336, "label": "Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipes.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"}
{"id": 4469, "species": {"value": 343, "label": "Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipes.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"}
{"id": 7645, "species": {"value": 660, "label": "Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn."}, "tribe": {"value": 125, "label": "Lakota"}, "source": {"value": 108, "label": "r80"}, "pageno": "29", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Used for pipe cleaning.", "rawsource": "Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"}
{"id": 8968, "species": {"value": 843, "label": "Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin"}, "tribe": {"value": 25, "label": "California Indian"}, "source": {"value": 111, "label": "m90"}, "pageno": "62", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Root used to make pipe bowls.", "rawsource": "Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"}
{"id": 8976, "species": {"value": 843, "label": "Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "18", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood carved into a pipe head and used with a hollowed section of a honeysuckle twig as a pipe stem.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18"}
{"id": 11007, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "111", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipe stems and tamps.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"}
{"id": 12069, "species": {"value": 1237, "label": "Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 12, "label": "Apache, Mescalero"}, "source": {"value": 52, "label": "b74"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stalks and leaf base tissues used to make cigarette papers.", "rawsource": "Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"}
{"id": 14049, "species": {"value": 1512, "label": "Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Fr\u201am."}, "tribe": {"value": 284, "label": "Yavapai"}, "source": {"value": 48, "label": "g36"}, "pageno": "263", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Dried stem used as tobacco pipe if pottery pipe lacking, burned with tobacco.", "rawsource": "Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263"}
{"id": 14050, "species": {"value": 1513, "label": "Eriogonum insigne S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used as a substitute for 'cane' as a pipe.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"}
{"id": 14093, "species": {"value": 1520, "label": "Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollow stems used as pipes for smoking.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"}
{"id": 14103, "species": {"value": 1522, "label": "Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollow stems used as pipes for smoking.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"}
{"id": 15235, "species": {"value": 1658, "label": "Fraxinus latifolia Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 287, "label": "Yuki"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "378", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Used to make tobacco pipes.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"}
{"id": 15236, "species": {"value": 1658, "label": "Fraxinus latifolia Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 287, "label": "Yuki"}, "source": {"value": 69, "label": "c57ii"}, "pageno": "93", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make straight pipes.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"}
{"id": 15277, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 33, "label": "Cheyenne"}, "source": {"value": 57, "label": "h81"}, "pageno": "31", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"}
{"id": 15280, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 15288, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 125, "label": "Lakota"}, "source": {"value": 108, "label": "r80"}, "pageno": "52", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52"}
{"id": 15300, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 15303, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 15308, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 15315, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 280, "label": "Winnebago"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 16634, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 61, "label": "rhf16"}, "pageno": "56", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Dried stalks made into fire-sticks and used to light cigarettes.", "rawsource": "Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"}
{"id": 21131, "species": {"value": 2261, "label": "Lonicera dioica L."}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollow stem sections used as pipe stems for corn cob pipes and toy rose hip pipes.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43"}
{"id": 21140, "species": {"value": 2262, "label": "Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 200, "label": "Pomo"}, "source": {"value": 80, "label": "g67"}, "pageno": "15", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used for clay elbow pipes.", "rawsource": "Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"}
{"id": 21142, "species": {"value": 2263, "label": "Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans (Benth.) Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "56", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollow stems used for pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 56"}
{"id": 21143, "species": {"value": 2264, "label": "Lonicera interrupta Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "38", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollowed stem section used as a cigarette type pipe.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 38"}
{"id": 21585, "species": {"value": 2335, "label": "Lyonia fruticosa (Michx.) G.S. Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "466", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Plant used to make pipe bowls.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 466"}
{"id": 25222, "species": {"value": 2713, "label": "Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "56", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"}
{"id": 26377, "species": {"value": 2875, "label": "Philadelphus lewisii Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "384", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Twigs, with the pithy center removed, used to make tobacco pipes.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"}
{"id": 26391, "species": {"value": 2875, "label": "Philadelphus lewisii Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"}
{"id": 26570, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 15, "label": "Apache, White Mountain"}, "source": {"value": 45, "label": "r29"}, "pageno": "159", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Reeds used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"}
{"id": 26575, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 44, "label": "Cocopa"}, "source": {"value": 125, "label": "cb51"}, "pageno": "122", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"}
{"id": 26578, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "209", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209"}
{"id": 26589, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "49", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboolike stems used in the making of pipes.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"}
{"id": 26598, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 136, "label": "Maricopa"}, "source": {"value": 125, "label": "cb51"}, "pageno": "122", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"}
{"id": 26602, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "17", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hard, hollow culms used for pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"}
{"id": 26615, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Six inch stems used as smoking tubes.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27"}
{"id": 26637, "species": {"value": 2901, "label": "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud."}, "tribe": {"value": 288, "label": "Yuma"}, "source": {"value": 125, "label": "cb51"}, "pageno": "122", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Tubular stalk internodes used to smoke tobacco.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"}
{"id": 28061, "species": {"value": 2968, "label": "Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "104", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Plant tops hollowed out with mock orange sticks and used to make the stems of smoking pipes.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"}
{"id": 30686, "species": {"value": 3178, "label": "Prunus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 134, "label": "Malecite"}, "source": {"value": 78, "label": "sd52"}, "pageno": "6", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipes.", "rawsource": "Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"}
{"id": 32307, "species": {"value": 3274, "label": "Quercus marilandica Muenchh."}, "tribe": {"value": 48, "label": "Comanche"}, "source": {"value": 147, "label": "cj40"}, "pageno": "524", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.", "rawsource": "Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"}
{"id": 32866, "species": {"value": 3340, "label": "Rhododendron maximum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "52", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipes.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"}
{"id": 33470, "species": {"value": 3368, "label": "Ribes divaricatum Dougl."}, "tribe": {"value": 21, "label": "Bella Coola"}, "source": {"value": 53, "label": "t73"}, "pageno": "206", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "'Canes' hollowed out and used for pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"}
{"id": 33591, "species": {"value": 3376, "label": "Ribes laxiflorum Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "69", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"}
{"id": 34272, "species": {"value": 3436, "label": "Rosa woodsii var. woodsii"}, "tribe": {"value": 115, "label": "Klamath"}, "source": {"value": 66, "label": "c97"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used for pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"}
{"id": 34973, "species": {"value": 3470, "label": "Rubus spectabilis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "74", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Roots used to make pipe bowls.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"}
{"id": 35698, "species": {"value": 3521, "label": "Salix bonplandiana Kunth"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "61", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"}
{"id": 35803, "species": {"value": 3527, "label": "Salix exigua Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "61", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"}
{"id": 36508, "species": {"value": 3565, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "254", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollow twigs used for pipes.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"}
{"id": 36529, "species": {"value": 3565, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "62", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood section hollowed out and used as a tobacco container.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"}
{"id": 36779, "species": {"value": 3567, "label": "Sambucus racemosa L."}, "tribe": {"value": 21, "label": "Bella Coola"}, "source": {"value": 53, "label": "t73"}, "pageno": "203", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems hollowed out and used as pipe bowls.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"}
{"id": 37134, "species": {"value": 3586, "label": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 33, "label": "Cheyenne"}, "source": {"value": 57, "label": "h81"}, "pageno": "17", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Small sticks wrapped with buffalo hair and used as a tamper for tobacco pipes.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"}
{"id": 37540, "species": {"value": 3614, "label": "Scirpus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "255", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Hollow stems made into pipes.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"}
{"id": 38168, "species": {"value": 3707, "label": "Smilax bona-nox L."}, "tribe": {"value": 48, "label": "Comanche"}, "source": {"value": 147, "label": "cj40"}, "pageno": "524", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.", "rawsource": "Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"}
{"id": 39130, "species": {"value": 3853, "label": "Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 233, "label": "Shuswap"}, "source": {"value": 92, "label": "palmer75"}, "pageno": "61", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make pipe stems.", "rawsource": "Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"}
{"id": 39487, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "379", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make tobacco pipes.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"}
{"id": 39566, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 266, "label": "Tolowa"}, "source": {"value": 70, "label": "b81"}, "pageno": "57", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pipes.", "rawsource": "Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"}