{"id": 3246, "species": {"value": 236, "label": "Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"}
{"id": 8021, "species": {"value": 730, "label": "Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood"}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "59", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"}
{"id": 15588, "species": {"value": 1702, "label": "Gaultheria procumbens L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "61", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"}
{"id": 23931, "species": {"value": 2585, "label": "Nicotiana rustica L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "59", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"}
{"id": 23970, "species": {"value": 2587, "label": "Nicotiana tabacum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "59", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"}
{"id": 23746, "species": {"value": 2577, "label": "Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "240", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked for pleasure.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 240"}
{"id": 23855, "species": {"value": 2580, "label": "Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia"}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "240", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked for pleasure.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 240"}
{"id": 2541, "species": {"value": 172, "label": "Alnus rubra Bong."}, "tribe": {"value": 133, "label": "Makah"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "243", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves formerly smoked.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"}
{"id": 4611, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "297", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves roasted, crushed and smoked.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297"}
{"id": 4554, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "377", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"}
{"id": 9869, "species": {"value": 942, "label": "Cicuta maculata L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "377", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"}
{"id": 10950, "species": {"value": 1099, "label": "Cornus rugosa Lam."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "377", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"}
{"id": 36143, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "378", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Used for smoking and general utility.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"}
{"id": 23817, "species": {"value": 2577, "label": "Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 6, "label": "s15"}, "pageno": "95", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked ceremonially.", "rawsource": "Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95"}
{"id": 4686, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "211", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"}
{"id": 42848, "species": {"value": 4106, "label": "Verbascum thapsus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "287", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaf used for smoking. It was cautioned that too much smoking of this plant was poisonous.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 287"}
{"id": 4584, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 91, "label": "Heiltzuk"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "239", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked like tobacco.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"}
{"id": 23877, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 267, "label": "Tsimshian"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "350", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350"}
{"id": 23972, "species": {"value": 2587, "label": "Nicotiana tabacum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "291", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for chewing and smoking.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291"}
{"id": 23985, "species": {"value": 2587, "label": "Nicotiana tabacum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 181, "label": "Oweekeno"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "118", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves chewed and smoked.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 118"}
{"id": 23996, "species": {"value": 2587, "label": "Nicotiana tabacum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 267, "label": "Tsimshian"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "350", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for chewing.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350"}
{"id": 32926, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "135", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried and smoked.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"}
{"id": 3186, "species": {"value": 221, "label": "Amorpha canescens Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 172, "label": "Oglala"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "93", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"}
{"id": 4640, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked like tobacco.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 4641, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 10795, "species": {"value": 1089, "label": "Cornus amomum P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"}
{"id": 10811, "species": {"value": 1089, "label": "Cornus amomum P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"}
{"id": 10812, "species": {"value": 1089, "label": "Cornus amomum P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"}
{"id": 10813, "species": {"value": 1089, "label": "Cornus amomum P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"}
{"id": 10815, "species": {"value": 1089, "label": "Cornus amomum P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 280, "label": "Winnebago"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"}
{"id": 11038, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 11118, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 11123, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "108", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"}
{"id": 23871, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "113114", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant cultivated and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"}
{"id": 23873, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "113114", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant cultivated and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"}
{"id": 23875, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "113114", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant cultivated and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"}
{"id": 23876, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "113114", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant cultivated and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"}
{"id": 23878, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 280, "label": "Winnebago"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "113114", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant cultivated and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"}
{"id": 32932, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried, red leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"}
{"id": 32933, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99, 100", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Red leaves dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"}
{"id": 32985, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried, red leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"}
{"id": 32986, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99, 100", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Red leaves dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"}
{"id": 32989, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried, red leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"}
{"id": 32990, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99, 100", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Red leaves dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"}
{"id": 32995, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried, red leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"}
{"id": 32996, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99, 100", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Red leaves dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"}
{"id": 33012, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 280, "label": "Winnebago"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried, red leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"}
{"id": 33013, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 280, "label": "Winnebago"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "99, 100", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Red leaves dried and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"}
{"id": 33950, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33951, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33954, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33955, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33958, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33959, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33961, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 33962, "species": {"value": 3420, "label": "Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell"}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "85", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"}
{"id": 18553, "species": {"value": 2055, "label": "Juniperus communis var. montana Ait."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried fruits added to flavor tobacco.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"}
{"id": 23764, "species": {"value": 2577, "label": "Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant used as substitute for commercial tobacco.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"}
{"id": 44483, "species": {"value": 4244, "label": "Zea mays L."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "18", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"}
{"id": 1035, "species": {"value": 42, "label": "Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "417", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"}
{"id": 5412, "species": {"value": 399, "label": "Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 238, "label": "Sioux"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "417", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant used in smoking tobacco.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"}
{"id": 10792, "species": {"value": 1088, "label": "Cornus alternifolia L. f."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "417", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Bark used for kinnikinnick.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"}
{"id": 10948, "species": {"value": 1098, "label": "Cornus racemosa Lam."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "418", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Bark used to make kinnikinnick for smoking.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"}
{"id": 10949, "species": {"value": 1098, "label": "Cornus racemosa Lam."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "399", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Peeled, toasted, shredded twig bark used in the kinnikinnick or native smoking tobacco.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399"}
{"id": 13795, "species": {"value": 1480, "label": "Erigeron philadelphicus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "398", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant used in the smoking tobacco or kinnikinnick mixture.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"}
{"id": 35957, "species": {"value": 3538, "label": "Salix lucida Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "422", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Peeled, toasted and flaked bark used for kinnikinnick or smoking mixture.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"}
{"id": 43024, "species": {"value": 4129, "label": "Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum"}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "417", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Bark furnished one of the ingredients of kinnikinnick.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"}
{"id": 10945, "species": {"value": 1098, "label": "Cornus racemosa Lam."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "272", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Smoked at ceremonies.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272"}
{"id": 40746, "species": {"value": 4026, "label": "Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "272", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Smoked at ceremonies.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272"}
{"id": 3431, "species": {"value": 259, "label": "Angelica atropurpurea L."}, "tribe": {"value": 63, "label": "Delaware, Oklahoma"}, "source": {"value": 22, "label": "t42"}, "pageno": "28", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28"}
{"id": 4647, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "82", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"}
{"id": 10919, "species": {"value": 1096, "label": "Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"}
{"id": 23949, "species": {"value": 2586, "label": "Nicotiana sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 128, "label": "Luiseno"}, "source": {"value": 24, "label": "s08"}, "pageno": "229", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Plant formerly used as tobacco.", "rawsource": "Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"}
{"id": 15653, "species": {"value": 1703, "label": "Gaultheria shallon Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 133, "label": "Makah"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried, pulverized and smoked with kinnikinnick.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"}
{"id": 39495, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 114, "label": "Klallam"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "16", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"}
{"id": 39552, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 221, "label": "Samish"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "16", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"}
{"id": 39558, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 253, "label": "Swinomish"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "16", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"}
{"id": 4522, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "101", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"}
{"id": 11005, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "102", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"}
{"id": 23870, "species": {"value": 2583, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh"}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "14", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist.  This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership.  He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner.  This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward.  Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly.  The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated.  If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it.  The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership.  Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear.  A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony.  This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners.  They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe.  The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes.  Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"}
{"id": 23861, "species": {"value": 2580, "label": "Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried and smoked.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27"}
{"id": 23862, "species": {"value": 2580, "label": "Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "36", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves half or fully dried and smoked.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36"}
{"id": 23986, "species": {"value": 2587, "label": "Nicotiana tabacum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "36", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves half or fully dried and smoked.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36"}
{"id": 4589, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 102, "label": "Jemez"}, "source": {"value": 28, "label": "c30"}, "pageno": "20", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.", "rawsource": "Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"}
{"id": 9641, "species": {"value": 915, "label": "Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "34", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried and smoked.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 34"}
{"id": 20208, "species": {"value": 2177, "label": "Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose"}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "24", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Root shavings added to tobacco and kinnikinnick and smoked.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24"}
{"id": 32994, "species": {"value": 3347, "label": "Rhus glabra L."}, "tribe": {"value": 198, "label": "Plains Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "55", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used to make a tobacco mixture.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"}
{"id": 4360, "species": {"value": 335, "label": "Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves mixed with tobacco.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"}
{"id": 4378, "species": {"value": 336, "label": "Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves mixed with tobacco.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"}
{"id": 4468, "species": {"value": 343, "label": "Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves mixed with tobacco.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"}
{"id": 4977, "species": {"value": 387, "label": "Artemisia californica Less."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "42", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42"}
{"id": 12147, "species": {"value": 1244, "label": "Datura wrightii Regel"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "60", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used to smoke.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"}
{"id": 23827, "species": {"value": 2578, "label": "Nicotiana clevelandii Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "90", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"}
{"id": 23837, "species": {"value": 2579, "label": "Nicotiana glauca Graham"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "90", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"}
{"id": 23854, "species": {"value": 2580, "label": "Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "90", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"}
{"id": 4627, "species": {"value": 347, "label": "Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "101", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"}
{"id": 10237, "species": {"value": 1019, "label": "Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "117", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Stem smoked by children.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"}
{"id": 11115, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "96", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Inner bark dried, mixed with kinnikinnick or tobacco and smoked.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"}
{"id": 20219, "species": {"value": 2177, "label": "Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose"}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "64", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Roots mixed with tobacco or rolled in cigarettes to give the smoke a pleasant menthol taste.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"}
{"id": 23765, "species": {"value": 2577, "label": "Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "140", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"}