{"id": 43390, "species": {"value": 4172, "label": "Vitis californica Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 200, "label": "Pomo"}, "source": {"value": 179, "label": "b08"}, "pageno": "139", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Sap wood used as a binding material for brush fences, rafters, stringers and posts of earth lodges.", "rawsource": "Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"}
{"id": 27799, "species": {"value": 2965, "label": "Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr\u201am."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "102", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"}
{"id": 28089, "species": {"value": 2972, "label": "Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "102", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"}
{"id": 30022, "species": {"value": 3155, "label": "Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Gum used as an adhesive for arrows.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"}
{"id": 30023, "species": {"value": 3155, "label": "Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "107", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Gum used to secure foreshafts to arrows and baskets to mortars.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"}
{"id": 44049, "species": {"value": 4228, "label": "Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 248, "label": "Southwest Indians"}, "source": {"value": 58, "label": "bc41"}, "pageno": "28", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaves tied to make a fastening loop for sandals.", "rawsource": "Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 28"}
{"id": 29972, "species": {"value": 3154, "label": "Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa"}, "tribe": {"value": 14, "label": "Apache, Western"}, "source": {"value": 87, "label": "b86"}, "pageno": "176", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used to attach arrow points to shafts.", "rawsource": "Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"}
{"id": 11327, "species": {"value": 1119, "label": "Coursetia glandulosa Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "21", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Transparent, yellowish-brown gum mixed with adobe and used to make jars of syrup air tight.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 21"}
{"id": 44161, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Fiber used to tie saguaro needles together.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"}
{"id": 44162, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used to bind women's hair over their foreheads while racing.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"}
{"id": 30115, "species": {"value": 3158, "label": "Prosopis velutina Woot."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "'Gum' used to fasten handles to gourds.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"}
{"id": 13097, "species": {"value": 1395, "label": "Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "'Gum' used to fasten arrow points to the slit ends of arrow twigs.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"}
{"id": 27973, "species": {"value": 2968, "label": "Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson"}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "307", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used for the adhesive qualities.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"}
{"id": 28141, "species": {"value": 2975, "label": "Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl."}, "tribe": {"value": 200, "label": "Pomo"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "307", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch exudations used to fasten feathers on arrows.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"}
{"id": 28158, "species": {"value": 2975, "label": "Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl."}, "tribe": {"value": 287, "label": "Yuki"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "307", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Formerly used like a glue to hold feathers on the body in times of war.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"}
{"id": 9727, "species": {"value": 922, "label": "Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth"}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "319", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bulbs roasted and the juice used as a substitute for glue in attaching feathers to arrows.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"}
{"id": 27571, "species": {"value": 2959, "label": "Pinus edulis Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 82, "label": "c74"}, "pageno": "347", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.", "rawsource": "Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"}
{"id": 27684, "species": {"value": 2959, "label": "Pinus edulis Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 82, "label": "c74"}, "pageno": "347", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.", "rawsource": "Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"}
{"id": 29323, "species": {"value": 3097, "label": "Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw"}, "tribe": {"value": 181, "label": "Oweekeno"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "116", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Buds used as a binding agent to glue duck feathers to red cedar hoops used for festive applications.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"}
{"id": 9083, "species": {"value": 860, "label": "Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "159", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wooden pegs used to hold together bent boxes of red cedar.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"}
{"id": 39999, "species": {"value": 3951, "label": "Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "162", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Withes used with pitch to fasten arrow heads to the shafts.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"}
{"id": 27180, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "175", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Branches and roots made into pegs, dipped in pitch and used as nails to hold together bent boxes.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"}
{"id": 31153, "species": {"value": 3199, "label": "Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "179", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used for bindings.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179"}
{"id": 40978, "species": {"value": 4043, "label": "Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 88, "label": "Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "180", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"}
{"id": 20108, "species": {"value": 2162, "label": "Leymus mollis ssp. mollis"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "205", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Blades used to tie Pacific silverweed roots together before steaming.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"}
{"id": 41779, "species": {"value": 4059, "label": "Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland."}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "294", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"}
{"id": 44371, "species": {"value": 4244, "label": "Zea mays L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "319", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Husks turned back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"}
{"id": 24763, "species": {"value": 2667, "label": "Opuntia polyacantha Haw."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "65", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Juice used to adhere buckskin cuttings and trimmings to the buckskin war shirt.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 65"}
{"id": 37410, "species": {"value": 3603, "label": "Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 37411, "species": {"value": 3603, "label": "Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 37456, "species": {"value": 3606, "label": "Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 37457, "species": {"value": 3606, "label": "Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41162, "species": {"value": 4048, "label": "Typha domingensis Pers."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41163, "species": {"value": 4048, "label": "Typha domingensis Pers."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41346, "species": {"value": 4049, "label": "Typha latifolia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41347, "species": {"value": 4049, "label": "Typha latifolia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 27231, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 133, "label": "Makah"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "234", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as glue to repair items such as harpoons.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"}
{"id": 24222, "species": {"value": 2610, "label": "Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon"}, "tribe": {"value": 133, "label": "Makah"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "264", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Inner bark strips used to bind harpoons.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 264"}
{"id": 40340, "species": {"value": 3959, "label": "Tilia americana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"}
{"id": 12595, "species": {"value": 1317, "label": "Dirca palustris L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "137", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Tough, pliant bark used for tying and binding.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"}
{"id": 31186, "species": {"value": 3199, "label": "Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "49", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used like glue.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 49"}
{"id": 16260, "species": {"value": 1782, "label": "Grindelia stricta var. stricta"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "55", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Sticky sap used like glue.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 55"}
{"id": 13537, "species": {"value": 1431, "label": "Equisetum telmateia var. braunii (Milde) Milde"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Plant used as binding to fasten feathers onto the coat of a wale-pu.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 58"}
{"id": 27928, "species": {"value": 2967, "label": "Pinus muricata D. Don"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "92", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used like glue.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 92"}
{"id": 30395, "species": {"value": 3166, "label": "Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr."}, "tribe": {"value": 210, "label": "Quinault"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "37", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to tie the prongs of fish spears.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"}
{"id": 14664, "species": {"value": 1603, "label": "Fagus grandifolia Ehrh."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "25", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make buttons.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"}
{"id": 33801, "species": {"value": 3404, "label": "Robinia hispida L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pegs for log cabins.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"}
{"id": 33822, "species": {"value": 3406, "label": "Robinia pseudoacacia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pegs for log cabins.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"}
{"id": 32321, "species": {"value": 3279, "label": "Quercus palustris Muenchh."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "47", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pins or small pegs.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"}
{"id": 28578, "species": {"value": 3017, "label": "Platanus occidentalis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make buttons.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"}
{"id": 11035, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "21", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Branches used to make tipi stakes and pins.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"}
{"id": 30776, "species": {"value": 3181, "label": "Prunus virginiana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "42", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Sap mixed with the neck portion of certain animals and used to make a glue.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"}
{"id": 30777, "species": {"value": 3181, "label": "Prunus virginiana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "42", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make tipi stakes and pins.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"}
{"id": 27943, "species": {"value": 2968, "label": "Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson"}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "50", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as glue.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"}
{"id": 27996, "species": {"value": 2968, "label": "Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson"}, "tribe": {"value": 162, "label": "Nez Perce"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "50", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as glue.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"}
{"id": 36219, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "67", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pins and pegs for tipis.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"}
{"id": 2952, "species": {"value": 204, "label": "Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer"}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "9", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used for tipi stakes and closure pins.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"}
{"id": 27394, "species": {"value": 2953, "label": "Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "116", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and used as a glue for headdresses and bows.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"}
{"id": 27395, "species": {"value": 2953, "label": "Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "116", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Sticks notched to act as fasteners on designated food storage bags.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"}
{"id": 27634, "species": {"value": 2959, "label": "Pinus edulis Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 141, "label": "h56"}, "pageno": "162", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Resin used to cement turquoise in jewelry.", "rawsource": "Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"}
{"id": 36134, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 146, "label": "j87"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make tipi pegs and pins.", "rawsource": "Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"}
{"id": 19308, "species": {"value": 2077, "label": "Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes"}, "tribe": {"value": 101, "label": "Isleta"}, "source": {"value": 76, "label": "j31"}, "pageno": "33", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Straw mixed with adobe to give strength and adhesion.", "rawsource": "Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"}
{"id": 27032, "species": {"value": 2934, "label": "Picea glauca (Moench) Voss"}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "2", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Warmed pitch used as glue to patch birchbark canoes and to attach feathers to arrows.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"}
{"id": 36303, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "7", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Stems used to fasten spruce poles into a fence for capturing caribou.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"}
{"id": 35809, "species": {"value": 3527, "label": "Salix exigua Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 125, "label": "Lakota"}, "source": {"value": 156, "label": "k90"}, "pageno": "33", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Peeled bark used for tying together sweatlodge poles.", "rawsource": "Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"}
{"id": 26912, "species": {"value": 2934, "label": "Picea glauca (Moench) Voss"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood pegs used to fasten the tabs on the bottom & top pieces to the basket body during construction.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"}
{"id": 35665, "species": {"value": 3520, "label": "Salix bebbiana Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"}
{"id": 35769, "species": {"value": 3525, "label": "Salix discolor Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"}
{"id": 35903, "species": {"value": 3534, "label": "Salix interior Rowlee"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"}
{"id": 28026, "species": {"value": 2968, "label": "Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson"}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "40", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as glue in arrow making and other manufactures.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"}
{"id": 29294, "species": {"value": 3097, "label": "Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw"}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "209", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaf buds, in spring, used as glue to stick feathers to arrows.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209"}
{"id": 9753, "species": {"value": 924, "label": "Chlorogalum sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 140, "label": "Mewuk"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "352", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bulbs made into glue and used to fasten sinew on the backs of the sinew backed bows.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 352"}
{"id": 15332, "species": {"value": 1663, "label": "Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville"}, "tribe": {"value": 232, "label": "Shoshoni"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "447", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to bind bundles of fine brush for acorn caches.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 447"}
{"id": 17944, "species": {"value": 1996, "label": "Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata"}, "tribe": {"value": 272, "label": "Ute"}, "source": {"value": 111, "label": "m90"}, "pageno": "56", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Whole plant boiled for glue.", "rawsource": "Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"}
{"id": 26959, "species": {"value": 2934, "label": "Picea glauca (Moench) Voss"}, "tribe": {"value": 118, "label": "Koyukon"}, "source": {"value": 158, "label": "n83"}, "pageno": "50", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Roots skinned and used to lash birchbark baskets.", "rawsource": "Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"}
{"id": 27104, "species": {"value": 2935, "label": "Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P."}, "tribe": {"value": 118, "label": "Koyukon"}, "source": {"value": 158, "label": "n83"}, "pageno": "50", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Roots skinned and used to lash birchbark baskets.", "rawsource": "Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"}
{"id": 36074, "species": {"value": 3547, "label": "Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook."}, "tribe": {"value": 233, "label": "Shuswap"}, "source": {"value": 92, "label": "palmer75"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Tough, bark strips poked through the roots of dog tooth violet, to hang them for drying.", "rawsource": "Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"}
{"id": 3766, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 176, "label": "Okanagon"}, "source": {"value": 55, "label": "p52"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.", "rawsource": "Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"}
{"id": 3775, "species": {"value": 296, "label": "Apocynum androsaemifolium L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 55, "label": "p52"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.", "rawsource": "Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"}
{"id": 12623, "species": {"value": 1317, "label": "Dirca palustris L."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 8, "label": "r28"}, "pageno": "240", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for withes.", "rawsource": "Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 240"}
{"id": 6300, "species": {"value": 446, "label": "Asclepias syriaca L."}, "tribe": {"value": 131, "label": "Mahuna"}, "source": {"value": 5, "label": "r54"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Milky juice used to mount precious stones into necklaces, earrings, collars, and bracelets.", "rawsource": "Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 51"}
{"id": 27756, "species": {"value": 2964, "label": "Pinus lambertiana Dougl."}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "378", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used as an adhesive.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"}
{"id": 30897, "species": {"value": 3182, "label": "Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "384", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Gum used to fasten foreshafts to the end of arrows.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"}
{"id": 1501, "species": {"value": 66, "label": "Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn."}, "tribe": {"value": 128, "label": "Luiseno"}, "source": {"value": 24, "label": "s08"}, "pageno": "205", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Gum used to secure stone points to arrows.", "rawsource": "Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"}
{"id": 7049, "species": {"value": 569, "label": "Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch"}, "tribe": {"value": 96, "label": "Houma"}, "source": {"value": 49, "label": "speck41"}, "pageno": "57", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Stems used to fasten dugout canoes to the shore and for general fastening purposes.", "rawsource": "Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57"}
{"id": 6256, "species": {"value": 442, "label": "Asclepias speciosa Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "498", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Inner bark used for binding or tying.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"}
{"id": 30426, "species": {"value": 3166, "label": "Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "498", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to bind bows in the middle and ends for strength.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"}
{"id": 35916, "species": {"value": 3534, "label": "Salix interior Rowlee"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "498", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Slender and tough stems used as withes.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"}
{"id": 27708, "species": {"value": 2960, "label": "Pinus elliottii Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "480", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Plant used to make arrow point glue.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"}
{"id": 14760, "species": {"value": 1616, "label": "Ficus aurea Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "481", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Plant used to make house lashings and cane mill lashings.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481"}
{"id": 14761, "species": {"value": 1616, "label": "Ficus aurea Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "95", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Root bark twisted and used to bind together the pole frame of the medical training school house.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"}
{"id": 38623, "species": {"value": 3771, "label": "Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don"}, "tribe": {"value": 107, "label": "Keres, Western"}, "source": {"value": 79, "label": "swank32"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Root sap rubbed on the skin and used as glue for feathers and cotton during dances.", "rawsource": "Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71"}
{"id": 44120, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 107, "label": "Keres, Western"}, "source": {"value": 79, "label": "swank32"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaves used as strings to tie chili peppers.", "rawsource": "Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"}
{"id": 27455, "species": {"value": 2953, "label": "Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "70", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used to fasten arrowheads onto shafts.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 70"}
{"id": 27914, "species": {"value": 2966, "label": "Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don"}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used to fasten arrowheads onto shafts.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"}
{"id": 39547, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "72", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pegs dipped in boiling pitch and driven into holes in the corners of a box to seal it.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"}
{"id": 27219, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 122, "label": "Kwakiutl, Southern"}, "source": {"value": 63, "label": "tb73"}, "pageno": "269", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Roots burned, dried, split and used as strings to tie nets, hooks and harpoons together.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"}
{"id": 42323, "species": {"value": 4085, "label": "Vaccinium parvifolium Sm."}, "tribe": {"value": 122, "label": "Kwakiutl, Southern"}, "source": {"value": 63, "label": "tb73"}, "pageno": "286", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Twigs used to fasten skunk cabbage leaves onto berry baskets.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"}
{"id": 27193, "species": {"value": 2938, "label": "Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr."}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Rendered pitch used as a glue for arrows and harpoons before they were tied.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"}
{"id": 27425, "species": {"value": 2953, "label": "Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud."}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "44", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pitch used on joints of implements, arrows and harpoons, before bound with twine.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"}