{"id": 35827, "species": {"value": 3527, "label": "Salix exigua Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"}
{"id": 35903, "species": {"value": 3534, "label": "Salix interior Rowlee"}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"}
{"id": 35916, "species": {"value": 3534, "label": "Salix interior Rowlee"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "498", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Slender and tough stems used as withes.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"}
{"id": 36070, "species": {"value": 3547, "label": "Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"}
{"id": 36074, "species": {"value": 3547, "label": "Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook."}, "tribe": {"value": 233, "label": "Shuswap"}, "source": {"value": 92, "label": "palmer75"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Tough, bark strips poked through the roots of dog tooth violet, to hang them for drying.", "rawsource": "Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"}
{"id": 36134, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 146, "label": "j87"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make tipi pegs and pins.", "rawsource": "Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"}
{"id": 36219, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "67", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pins and pegs for tipis.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"}
{"id": 36303, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "7", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Stems used to fasten spruce poles into a fence for capturing caribou.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"}
{"id": 36332, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "279", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction. The branches were used for tying and binding, especially in constructing the underground winter pit houses and in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"}
{"id": 36333, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "279", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Long shoots made into ropes and used for lashing together fish drying racks and fish weir stakes.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"}
{"id": 36334, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "279", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Softened stems twisted to make rope and used to lash together fish drying racks.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"}
{"id": 37410, "species": {"value": 3603, "label": "Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 37411, "species": {"value": 3603, "label": "Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 37456, "species": {"value": 3606, "label": "Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 37457, "species": {"value": 3606, "label": "Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye"}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 38623, "species": {"value": 3771, "label": "Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don"}, "tribe": {"value": 107, "label": "Keres, Western"}, "source": {"value": 79, "label": "swank32"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Root sap rubbed on the skin and used as glue for feathers and cotton during dances.", "rawsource": "Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71"}
{"id": 39547, "species": {"value": 3902, "label": "Taxus brevifolia Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "72", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Pegs dipped in boiling pitch and driven into holes in the corners of a box to seal it.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"}
{"id": 39999, "species": {"value": 3951, "label": "Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "162", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Withes used with pitch to fasten arrow heads to the shafts.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"}
{"id": 40340, "species": {"value": 3959, "label": "Tilia americana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "136", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"}
{"id": 40978, "species": {"value": 4043, "label": "Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 88, "label": "Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "180", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"}
{"id": 41162, "species": {"value": 4048, "label": "Typha domingensis Pers."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41163, "species": {"value": 4048, "label": "Typha domingensis Pers."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41346, "species": {"value": 4049, "label": "Typha latifolia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used as ties for sandals.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41347, "species": {"value": 4049, "label": "Typha latifolia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 117, "label": "f90"}, "pageno": "81", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used for wefts and binding tule items.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"}
{"id": 41779, "species": {"value": 4059, "label": "Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland."}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "294", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"}
{"id": 42323, "species": {"value": 4085, "label": "Vaccinium parvifolium Sm."}, "tribe": {"value": 122, "label": "Kwakiutl, Southern"}, "source": {"value": 63, "label": "tb73"}, "pageno": "286", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Twigs used to fasten skunk cabbage leaves onto berry baskets.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"}
{"id": 43390, "species": {"value": 4172, "label": "Vitis californica Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 200, "label": "Pomo"}, "source": {"value": 179, "label": "b08"}, "pageno": "139", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Sap wood used as a binding material for brush fences, rafters, stringers and posts of earth lodges.", "rawsource": "Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"}
{"id": 43754, "species": {"value": 4224, "label": "Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "213", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaves used to tie or repair holes in sacking.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"}
{"id": 43906, "species": {"value": 4225, "label": "Yucca baccata Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "21", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaf juice mixed with pottery paste.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"}
{"id": 44049, "species": {"value": 4228, "label": "Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 248, "label": "Southwest Indians"}, "source": {"value": 58, "label": "bc41"}, "pageno": "28", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaves tied to make a fastening loop for sandals.", "rawsource": "Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 28"}
{"id": 44120, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 107, "label": "Keres, Western"}, "source": {"value": 79, "label": "swank32"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Leaves used as strings to tie chili peppers.", "rawsource": "Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"}
{"id": 44161, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Fiber used to tie saguaro needles together.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"}
{"id": 44162, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Used to bind women's hair over their foreheads while racing.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"}
{"id": 44371, "species": {"value": 4244, "label": "Zea mays L."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "319", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 57, "label": "Fasteners"}, "notes": "Husks turned back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"}