{"id": 44136, "species": {"value": 4230, "label": "Yucca glauca Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 141, "label": "h56"}, "pageno": "164", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 164"}
{"id": 43995, "species": {"value": 4226, "label": "Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber"}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 82, "label": "c74"}, "pageno": "370", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"}
{"id": 43759, "species": {"value": 4224, "label": "Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "34, 71", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Root used as a strong laxative.", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 71"}
{"id": 43667, "species": {"value": 4211, "label": "Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "97", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of burs taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 97"}
{"id": 43563, "species": {"value": 4191, "label": "Wikstroemia sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 90, "label": "Hawaiian"}, "source": {"value": 68, "label": "a22"}, "pageno": "8", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant pounded, squeezed, the resulting liquid poured into a sweet potato and eaten as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 8"}
{"id": 43538, "species": {"value": 4189, "label": "Waltheria indica L."}, "tribe": {"value": 90, "label": "Hawaiian"}, "source": {"value": 68, "label": "a22"}, "pageno": "37", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Buds chewed by the mother and given to infants as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 37"}
{"id": 43215, "species": {"value": 4143, "label": "Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn."}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "19", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of roots used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19"}
{"id": 43154, "species": {"value": 4135, "label": "Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "446", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 446"}
{"id": 43004, "species": {"value": 4127, "label": "Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "247", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Root used for constipation and fits.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 247"}
{"id": 43000, "species": {"value": 4127, "label": "Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw."}, "tribe": {"value": 138, "label": "Menominee"}, "source": {"value": 176, "label": "d32"}, "pageno": "131", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of root taken as a mild laxative.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131"}
{"id": 42929, "species": {"value": 4118, "label": "Verbesina virginica L."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "198", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of leaf taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation & blocked urination.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 198"}
{"id": 42803, "species": {"value": 4106, "label": "Verbascum thapsus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "431", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of leaves given to babies to regulate their bowels.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 431"}
{"id": 42711, "species": {"value": 4105, "label": "Veratrum viride Ait."}, "tribe": {"value": 121, "label": "Kwakiutl"}, "source": {"value": 63, "label": "tb73"}, "pageno": "273", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Large, fleshy roots held in the mouth as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"}
{"id": 42674, "species": {"value": 4105, "label": "Veratrum viride Ait."}, "tribe": {"value": 86, "label": "Haisla"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "201", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of cleaned, sliced, dried and boiled roots used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"}
{"id": 42640, "species": {"value": 4105, "label": "Veratrum viride Ait."}, "tribe": {"value": 21, "label": "Bella Coola"}, "source": {"value": 9, "label": "s29"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of bulb taken for constipation and cough.", "rawsource": "Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 53"}
{"id": 41589, "species": {"value": 4052, "label": "Ulmus rubra Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 280, "label": "Winnebago"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"}
{"id": 41575, "species": {"value": 4052, "label": "Ulmus rubra Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 205, "label": "Ponca"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"}
{"id": 41567, "species": {"value": 4052, "label": "Ulmus rubra Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"}
{"id": 41551, "species": {"value": 4052, "label": "Ulmus rubra Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 177, "label": "Omaha"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"}
{"id": 41507, "species": {"value": 4052, "label": "Ulmus rubra Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"}
{"id": 41500, "species": {"value": 4052, "label": "Ulmus rubra Muhl."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "33", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Used as a mild laxative and 'soothes stomach and bowels.'", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"}
{"id": 41066, "species": {"value": 4043, "label": "Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 210, "label": "Quinault"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "17", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of plants taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"}
{"id": 40760, "species": {"value": 4027, "label": "Triosteum perfoliatum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "445", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of roots taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 445"}
{"id": 40517, "species": {"value": 3982, "label": "Tradescantia virginiana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "56, 57", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion taken as a laxative and plant mashed and rubbed on insect bites.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56, 57"}
{"id": 40416, "species": {"value": 3967, "label": "Touchardia latifolia Gaud."}, "tribe": {"value": 90, "label": "Hawaiian"}, "source": {"value": 68, "label": "a22"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Slimy substance, water, plant milk and watermelon juice mixed, strained and taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"}
{"id": 39752, "species": {"value": 3930, "label": "Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr\u201am."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "229", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of leaves taken one to three times a day to act as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 229"}
{"id": 39357, "species": {"value": 3894, "label": "Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers"}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "477", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of flowers and leaves taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 477"}
{"id": 39344, "species": {"value": 3894, "label": "Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers"}, "tribe": {"value": 63, "label": "Delaware, Oklahoma"}, "source": {"value": 22, "label": "t42"}, "pageno": "32, 80", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant used to make a 'laxative-tonic.'", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 80"}
{"id": 39343, "species": {"value": 3894, "label": "Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers"}, "tribe": {"value": 62, "label": "Delaware"}, "source": {"value": 97, "label": "t72"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant used to make a laxative-tonic.", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39"}
{"id": 39221, "species": {"value": 3879, "label": "Symphytum officinale L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion taken for 'costiveness' in pregnancy.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"}
{"id": 39106, "species": {"value": 3849, "label": "Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "200", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Sap from young shoots used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 200"}
{"id": 38749, "species": {"value": 3796, "label": "Spiraea splendens var. splendens"}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of root used as an enema.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"}
{"id": 38268, "species": {"value": 3720, "label": "Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav."}, "tribe": {"value": 101, "label": "Isleta"}, "source": {"value": 76, "label": "j31"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Raw seed pods eaten or boiled into a syrup and taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 43"}
{"id": 38107, "species": {"value": 3695, "label": "Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "288", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of roots and stalks taken before morning meals for constipation.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 288"}
{"id": 37948, "species": {"value": 3664, "label": "Sida sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 90, "label": "Hawaiian"}, "source": {"value": 68, "label": "a22"}, "pageno": "26", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Chewed flowers given to infants and children as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 26"}
{"id": 37912, "species": {"value": 3658, "label": "Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "209", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of twigs and sticks used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"}
{"id": 37830, "species": {"value": 3658, "label": "Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 58, "label": "Cree, Woodlands"}, "source": {"value": 47, "label": "l85"}, "pageno": "60", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of inner bark, scraped from the stem with a downward motion, used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60"}
{"id": 37814, "species": {"value": 3658, "label": "Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 27, "label": "Carrier"}, "source": {"value": 134, "label": "c73"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of stems taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 76"}
{"id": 37767, "species": {"value": 3657, "label": "Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Berries eaten as a mild laxative.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"}
{"id": 37710, "species": {"value": 3650, "label": "Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby"}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "362", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of flowers taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 362"}
{"id": 37664, "species": {"value": 3642, "label": "Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "63", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of leaves taken as a strong laxative and could cause death.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"}
{"id": 37638, "species": {"value": 3636, "label": "Sedum spathulifolium Hook."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "463", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of whole plant given to children for constipation.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463"}
{"id": 37619, "species": {"value": 3633, "label": "Sedum lanceolatum Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "98", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of stems, leaves and flowers taken or raw leaves chewed as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"}
{"id": 37614, "species": {"value": 3632, "label": "Sedum divergens S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 55, "label": "p52"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant given to children as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"}
{"id": 37613, "species": {"value": 3632, "label": "Sedum divergens S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "463", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of whole plant given to children for constipation.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463"}
{"id": 37610, "species": {"value": 3632, "label": "Sedum divergens S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 176, "label": "Okanagon"}, "source": {"value": 55, "label": "p52"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant given to children as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"}
{"id": 37605, "species": {"value": 3630, "label": "Sebastiania fruticosa (Bartr.) Fern."}, "tribe": {"value": 3, "label": "Alabama"}, "source": {"value": 128, "label": "swan28"}, "pageno": "665", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Roots chewed 'to produce a movement of the bowels.'", "rawsource": "Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665"}
{"id": 37584, "species": {"value": 3624, "label": "Scutellaria galericulata L."}, "tribe": {"value": 63, "label": "Delaware, Oklahoma"}, "source": {"value": 22, "label": "t42"}, "pageno": "31, 80", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant top used as a laxative and 'stomach stimulant.'", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 80"}
{"id": 37583, "species": {"value": 3624, "label": "Scutellaria galericulata L."}, "tribe": {"value": 62, "label": "Delaware"}, "source": {"value": 97, "label": "t72"}, "pageno": "37", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant tops used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 37"}
{"id": 37297, "species": {"value": 3589, "label": "Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees"}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "188", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of bark used for horse sickness: nausea, constipation and blocked urination.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188"}
{"id": 37078, "species": {"value": 3577, "label": "Sanicula marilandica L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "396", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen the bowels.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 396"}
{"id": 37043, "species": {"value": 3572, "label": "Sanguinaria canadensis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 8, "label": "r28"}, "pageno": "231", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of plants taken for sick stomach, bowels or for constipation.", "rawsource": "Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"}
{"id": 36995, "species": {"value": 3572, "label": "Sanguinaria canadensis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "336", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound infusion or decoction of roots taken to loosen the bowels.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 336"}
{"id": 36929, "species": {"value": 3571, "label": "Sambucus tridentata DC."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 65, "label": "stew33"}, "pageno": "317", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317"}
{"id": 36816, "species": {"value": 3567, "label": "Sambucus racemosa L."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "318", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Bark used as a very strong laxative.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"}
{"id": 36791, "species": {"value": 3567, "label": "Sambucus racemosa L."}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "63", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Raw roots chewed as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"}
{"id": 36739, "species": {"value": 3566, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 149, "label": "Mohegan"}, "source": {"value": 97, "label": "t72"}, "pageno": "75, 132", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Inner bark, scraped downward, used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"}
{"id": 36702, "species": {"value": 3566, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "449", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 449"}
{"id": 36701, "species": {"value": 3566, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "448", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of twigs given to children as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 448"}
{"id": 36680, "species": {"value": 3566, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 65, "label": "Diegueno"}, "source": {"value": 85, "label": "hedges86"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of fresh or dried blossoms used as an enema.", "rawsource": "Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"}
{"id": 36631, "species": {"value": 3566, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "138", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of roots used for constipation.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"}
{"id": 36627, "species": {"value": 3566, "label": "Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli"}, "tribe": {"value": 7, "label": "Algonquin, Quebec"}, "source": {"value": 67, "label": "b80"}, "pageno": "236", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of bark scraped downward and used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 236"}
{"id": 36474, "species": {"value": 3562, "label": "Salvia officinalis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"}
{"id": 36452, "species": {"value": 3560, "label": "Salvia lyrata L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"}
{"id": 36259, "species": {"value": 3551, "label": "Salix sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 12, "label": "tha41"}, "pageno": "133-136", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of young twigs with salt taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 133-136"}
{"id": 35886, "species": {"value": 3532, "label": "Salix humilis Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "245", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of root used for flux and giving enemas.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 245"}
{"id": 35584, "species": {"value": 3510, "label": "Sagittaria latifolia Willd."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "273", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"}
{"id": 35442, "species": {"value": 3491, "label": "Rumex patientia L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of root used for constipation.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"}
{"id": 35236, "species": {"value": 3485, "label": "Rumex crispus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of root used for constipation.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"}
{"id": 35192, "species": {"value": 3482, "label": "Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn"}, "tribe": {"value": 86, "label": "Haisla"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "260", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 260"}
{"id": 34766, "species": {"value": 3462, "label": "Rubus odoratus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "354", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction given as blood medicine and for the bowels of new born babies.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 354"}
{"id": 34496, "species": {"value": 3453, "label": "Rubus idaeus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "131", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of roots taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"}
{"id": 33793, "species": {"value": 3403, "label": "Ricinus communis L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "100", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Beans eaten for constipation.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"}
{"id": 33722, "species": {"value": 3396, "label": "Ribes sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Berries eaten as a mild laxative.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"}
{"id": 33547, "species": {"value": 3375, "label": "Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir."}, "tribe": {"value": 21, "label": "Bella Coola"}, "source": {"value": 9, "label": "s29"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of root taken many times a day for constipation.", "rawsource": "Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 58"}
{"id": 33386, "species": {"value": 3361, "label": "Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 101, "label": "ttco83"}, "pageno": "113", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Berries eaten in quantity as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113"}
{"id": 33052, "species": {"value": 3351, "label": "Rhus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "370", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 370"}
{"id": 32811, "species": {"value": 3331, "label": "Rheum rhaponticum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "52", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of plant taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"}
{"id": 32795, "species": {"value": 3328, "label": "Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of roots used to loosen the bowels and as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58"}
{"id": 32777, "species": {"value": 3325, "label": "Rhamnus alnifolia L'H\u201ar."}, "tribe": {"value": 139, "label": "Meskwaki"}, "source": {"value": 21, "label": "smith28"}, "pageno": "241", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of bark taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241"}
{"id": 32710, "species": {"value": 3315, "label": "Ranunculus recurvatus Poir."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "320", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen bowels and for venereal disease.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 320"}
{"id": 31805, "species": {"value": 3243, "label": "Pyrola sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "68", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"}
{"id": 31712, "species": {"value": 3231, "label": "Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC."}, "tribe": {"value": 225, "label": "Sanpoil"}, "source": {"value": 44, "label": "r32"}, "pageno": "217", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Infusion of crushed berries used for constipation.", "rawsource": "Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 217"}
{"id": 31710, "species": {"value": 3231, "label": "Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 50, "label": "f89"}, "pageno": "126", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of sun dried leaves taken to vomit and move the bowels for stomachaches and constipation.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 126"}
{"id": 31624, "species": {"value": 3229, "label": "Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson"}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "223", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of green branches, sagebrush and juniper used as a laxative for colds.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"}
{"id": 31619, "species": {"value": 3228, "label": "Purshia glandulosa Curran"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "55", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of inner bark and leaves used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55"}
{"id": 31254, "species": {"value": 3201, "label": "Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"}, "tribe": {"value": 21, "label": "Bella Coola"}, "source": {"value": 9, "label": "s29"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Gum mixed with dogfish oil and taken as emetic and purgative for constipation.", "rawsource": "Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"}
{"id": 31068, "species": {"value": 3187, "label": "Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 232, "label": "Shoshoni"}, "source": {"value": 12, "label": "tha41"}, "pageno": "125126", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of plant taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"}
{"id": 31055, "species": {"value": 3187, "label": "Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 12, "label": "tha41"}, "pageno": "125126", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of plant taken for constipation.", "rawsource": "Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"}
{"id": 30899, "species": {"value": 3182, "label": "Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "54", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Ripe berries had a laxative effect.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"}
{"id": 30860, "species": {"value": 3181, "label": "Prunus virginiana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "264", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches & wild rose roots, taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264"}
{"id": 30394, "species": {"value": 3166, "label": "Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr."}, "tribe": {"value": 210, "label": "Quinault"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "37", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"}
{"id": 30377, "species": {"value": 3166, "label": "Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr."}, "tribe": {"value": 133, "label": "Makah"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "266", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Bark used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"}
{"id": 29863, "species": {"value": 3135, "label": "Potentilla sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 111, "label": "m90"}, "pageno": "42", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Whole plant used as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"}
{"id": 29608, "species": {"value": 3106, "label": "Populus tremuloides Michx."}, "tribe": {"value": 86, "label": "Haisla"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "286", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction of bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 286"}
{"id": 29256, "species": {"value": 3096, "label": "Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera"}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "291", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 291"}
{"id": 29048, "species": {"value": 3080, "label": "Polypodium virginianum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 242, "label": "Skagit, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 131, "label": "t89"}, "pageno": "42", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Plant used to make a laxative.", "rawsource": "Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"}
{"id": 28695, "species": {"value": 3033, "label": "Podophyllum peltatum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 7, "label": "h77"}, "pageno": "331", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Decoction or infusion of roots taken or raw root chewed as a laxative.", "rawsource": "Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 331"}
{"id": 28689, "species": {"value": 3033, "label": "Podophyllum peltatum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 63, "label": "Delaware, Oklahoma"}, "source": {"value": 22, "label": "t42"}, "pageno": "32, 78", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Root used to make a laxative.", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 78"}
{"id": 28687, "species": {"value": 3033, "label": "Podophyllum peltatum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 62, "label": "Delaware"}, "source": {"value": 97, "label": "t72"}, "pageno": "38", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 36, "label": "Laxative"}, "notes": "Roots used to make a laxative.", "rawsource": "Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 38"}