{"id": 9317, "species": {"value": 882, "label": "Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium"}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "16", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stem used to draw the pus out of a boil or cut.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"}
{"id": 9574, "species": {"value": 912, "label": "Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet"}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "53", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Long limbs used as sticks to reach fruits and nuts too high to grasp by hand.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"}
{"id": 9813, "species": {"value": 935, "label": "Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "115", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"}
{"id": 10105, "species": {"value": 987, "label": "Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) K\u0081kenth."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "498", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 498"}
{"id": 10106, "species": {"value": 987, "label": "Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) K\u0081kenth."}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "172", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make medicine tubes.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"}
{"id": 10293, "species": {"value": 1025, "label": "Cleome multicaulis DC."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stalks used as a drill to start fires. The brittle stalks, about an inch in diameter were used for the drills which were whirled between the palms of the hands and were made to revolve on the edge of a larger stalk into which a notch had been cut.  A pinch of sand was sometimes placed under the point of the drill which caused the wood to become a fine powder.  This powder then ran down the notch and formed a little pile on the ground.  Smoke was produced in less than a minute and in about two minutes tiny sparks dropped onto the pile of dry powder which took fire from them.  By carefully feeding the fire with bits of dried bark and grass and with much blowing, a blaze was produced.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"}
{"id": 10512, "species": {"value": 1055, "label": "Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "127", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Sprigs used to sprinkle water on the hot stones of the vapor bath.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"}
{"id": 10767, "species": {"value": 1088, "label": "Cornus alternifolia L. f."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make loom shuttles.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"}
{"id": 10886, "species": {"value": 1093, "label": "Cornus florida L."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make loom shuttles.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"}
{"id": 10931, "species": {"value": 1096, "label": "Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "496", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make implement handles.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"}
{"id": 10933, "species": {"value": 1097, "label": "Cornus obliqua Raf."}, "tribe": {"value": 100, "label": "Iroquois"}, "source": {"value": 59, "label": "r45ii"}, "pageno": "54", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Branches used to stretch rat skins while drying.", "rawsource": "Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 54"}
{"id": 11037, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 60, "label": "Crow"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "21", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Branches used to make forks for sweatlodge rocks.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"}
{"id": 11068, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 120, "label": "Kutenai"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "21", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make pelt stretchers.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"}
{"id": 11121, "species": {"value": 1102, "label": "Cornus sericea ssp. sericea"}, "tribe": {"value": 181, "label": "Oweekeno"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "92", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to make drying frames for beaver skins.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92"}
{"id": 11388, "species": {"value": 1123, "label": "Crataegus douglasii Lindl."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "258", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Spines used for piercing ears.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"}
{"id": 11389, "species": {"value": 1123, "label": "Crataegus douglasii Lindl."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "454", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454"}
{"id": 11390, "species": {"value": 1123, "label": "Crataegus douglasii Lindl."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 10, "label": "tta90"}, "pageno": "258", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Strong wood used for digging sticks and axe handles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"}
{"id": 11394, "species": {"value": 1124, "label": "Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii"}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "11", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"}
{"id": 11404, "species": {"value": 1124, "label": "Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii"}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "497", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Spines used as probes for ripe boils and ulcers.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"}
{"id": 11430, "species": {"value": 1131, "label": "Crataegus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 4, "label": "d28"}, "pageno": "377", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Thorns used as awls.", "rawsource": "Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"}
{"id": 11434, "species": {"value": 1131, "label": "Crataegus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 47, "label": "Coeur d'Alene"}, "source": {"value": 144, "label": "teit28"}, "pageno": "91", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make root diggers.", "rawsource": "Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"}
{"id": 11441, "species": {"value": 1131, "label": "Crataegus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 173, "label": "Ojibwa"}, "source": {"value": 20, "label": "smith32"}, "pageno": "422", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Sharp thorns used for sewing awls on finer work such as buckskin sewing with sinew.", "rawsource": "Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"}
{"id": 11887, "species": {"value": 1199, "label": "Cyperus laevigatus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 90, "label": "Hawaiian"}, "source": {"value": 68, "label": "a22"}, "pageno": "9", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stem fibers used to remove all impurities in liquids.", "rawsource": "Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"}
{"id": 12070, "species": {"value": 1237, "label": "Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 12, "label": "Apache, Mescalero"}, "source": {"value": 52, "label": "b74"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stalks dried, split, drilled to make small holes and used as fire drill hearths.", "rawsource": "Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"}
{"id": 12590, "species": {"value": 1316, "label": "Dipsacus fullonum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "78", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used to card wool.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 78"}
{"id": 12867, "species": {"value": 1353, "label": "Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Spines used as awls in the making of coiled basketry.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"}
{"id": 12868, "species": {"value": 1353, "label": "Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow"}, "tribe": {"value": 187, "label": "Panamint"}, "source": {"value": 163, "label": "k52"}, "pageno": "83", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Thorns formerly used as awls in basket making.", "rawsource": "Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 83"}
{"id": 13122, "species": {"value": 1401, "label": "Ephedra californica S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing. The charcoal was mashed, a little water added and a design made with it on the skin.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"}
{"id": 13138, "species": {"value": 1403, "label": "Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"}
{"id": 13191, "species": {"value": 1407, "label": "Ephedra viridis Coville"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "27", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"}
{"id": 13333, "species": {"value": 1421, "label": "Equisetum arvense L."}, "tribe": {"value": 233, "label": "Shuswap"}, "source": {"value": 92, "label": "palmer75"}, "pageno": "49", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as a file.", "rawsource": "Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"}
{"id": 13360, "species": {"value": 1422, "label": "Equisetum hyemale L."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "204", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Joints pulled apart and used by children to produce a whistling sound.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 204"}
{"id": 13500, "species": {"value": 1428, "label": "Equisetum sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "497", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used to sharpen and polish bone.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"}
{"id": 13538, "species": {"value": 1431, "label": "Equisetum telmateia var. braunii (Milde) Milde"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "58", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Leafless, fertile stems used as sandpaper in smoothing arrow shafts and drill shafts.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 58"}
{"id": 13668, "species": {"value": 1454, "label": "Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa"}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "115", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"}
{"id": 14012, "species": {"value": 1507, "label": "Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. & Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "29", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to pierce ears.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29"}
{"id": 14719, "species": {"value": 1605, "label": "Fendlera rupicola Gray"}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make weaving forks, planting sticks and knitting needles.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"}
{"id": 14802, "species": {"value": 1626, "label": "Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens"}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 82, "label": "c74"}, "pageno": "319", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used for digging stick.", "rawsource": "Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 319"}
{"id": 14803, "species": {"value": 1626, "label": "Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens"}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used for digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 87"}
{"id": 14826, "species": {"value": 1630, "label": "Fouquieria splendens Engelm."}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Thorns used to pierce the ears of both sexes.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"}
{"id": 15093, "species": {"value": 1648, "label": "Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper"}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "71", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make implement handles, especially D-adze handles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"}
{"id": 15112, "species": {"value": 1648, "label": "Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper"}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 101, "label": "ttco83"}, "pageno": "115", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make D-adze handles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"}
{"id": 15211, "species": {"value": 1655, "label": "Fraxinus americana L."}, "tribe": {"value": 141, "label": "Micmac"}, "source": {"value": 182, "label": "sd51"}, "pageno": "258", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used to make axe and knife handles.", "rawsource": "Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"}
{"id": 15221, "species": {"value": 1657, "label": "Fraxinus cuspidata Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "39", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make weaving tools.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"}
{"id": 15227, "species": {"value": 1658, "label": "Fraxinus latifolia Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 53, "label": "Cowlitz"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "45", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"}
{"id": 15230, "species": {"value": 1658, "label": "Fraxinus latifolia Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "32", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Peeled pole, ten or more feet in length, used to knock down pinyon cones.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"}
{"id": 15231, "species": {"value": 1658, "label": "Fraxinus latifolia Benth."}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "378", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make handles and small tools.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"}
{"id": 15269, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 32, "label": "Cherokee"}, "source": {"value": 1, "label": "hc75"}, "pageno": "23", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make handles and ball bats.", "rawsource": "Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"}
{"id": 15285, "species": {"value": 1660, "label": "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "235", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used for handles of various tools, such as hoes or axes.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"}
{"id": 15323, "species": {"value": 1662, "label": "Fraxinus velutina Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 97, "label": "Hualapai"}, "source": {"value": 127, "label": "w82"}, "pageno": "25", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood made into long prongs used to pick from saguaro cacti and pinyon pine trees.", "rawsource": "Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"}
{"id": 15324, "species": {"value": 1662, "label": "Fraxinus velutina Torr."}, "tribe": {"value": 97, "label": "Hualapai"}, "source": {"value": 127, "label": "w82"}, "pageno": "25", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make a sharp tool for gathering mescal agave.", "rawsource": "Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"}
{"id": 15393, "species": {"value": 1672, "label": "Fucus gardneri Silva"}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "125", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Plant used with an open fire to steam heat kerfed boards to bend into red cedar bentwood boxes.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"}
{"id": 15549, "species": {"value": 1696, "label": "Garrya elliptica Dougl. ex Lindl."}, "tribe": {"value": 290, "label": "Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "169", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood hardened by fire and used for mussel bars to pry the mussels off the rocks.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 169"}
{"id": 16136, "species": {"value": 1768, "label": "Gossypium sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "231", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Cotton twisted into thread, braided into a thick cord and used in the strike-a-light.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"}
{"id": 16140, "species": {"value": 1768, "label": "Gossypium sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "62", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Twisted, soaked in mutton tallow and used as a lampwick for soldering.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"}
{"id": 16160, "species": {"value": 1770, "label": "Gramineae sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "8", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Bunches placed on trees as trail markers.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"}
{"id": 16161, "species": {"value": 1770, "label": "Gramineae sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "8", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as trail markers.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"}
{"id": 16315, "species": {"value": 1786, "label": "Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby"}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "86", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used for whirls when making fire by friction.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"}
{"id": 17313, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "72", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Plant used to make needles for sewing tule and basket sedge.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"}
{"id": 17318, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 122, "label": "Kwakiutl, Southern"}, "source": {"value": 63, "label": "tb73"}, "pageno": "288", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"}
{"id": 17334, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "263", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make knitting needles.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"}
{"id": 17337, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 167, "label": "Nootka"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "72", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Plant used to make needles and harpoons.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"}
{"id": 17343, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 175, "label": "Okanagan-Colville"}, "source": {"value": 32, "label": "tbk80"}, "pageno": "126", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"}
{"id": 17351, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 215, "label": "Saanich"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "86", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make camas bulb digging sticks and cambium scrapers.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"}
{"id": 17352, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 215, "label": "Saanich"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "86", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make knitting needles and cattail mat needles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"}
{"id": 17354, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 216, "label": "Salish"}, "source": {"value": 63, "label": "tb73"}, "pageno": "288", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"}
{"id": 17357, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "86", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make camas bulb digging sticks and cambium scrapers.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"}
{"id": 17358, "species": {"value": 1904, "label": "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "86", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make knitting needles and cattail mat needles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"}
{"id": 17397, "species": {"value": 1908, "label": "Hordeum jubatum L."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "34", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used to rub the skin off yucca stalks.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34"}
{"id": 18342, "species": {"value": 2038, "label": "Juncus balticus Willd."}, "tribe": {"value": 200, "label": "Pomo"}, "source": {"value": 80, "label": "g67"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used to hold drilled clamshell beads in place when rolled on a stone slab to smooth them.", "rawsource": "Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"}
{"id": 18387, "species": {"value": 2048, "label": "Juncus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "31", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as a sandpaper for smoothing bows.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"}
{"id": 18635, "species": {"value": 2058, "label": "Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 82, "label": "c74"}, "pageno": "330", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.", "rawsource": "Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"}
{"id": 18751, "species": {"value": 2058, "label": "Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 82, "label": "c74"}, "pageno": "330", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.", "rawsource": "Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"}
{"id": 18763, "species": {"value": 2058, "label": "Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg."}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 6, "label": "s15"}, "pageno": "93", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Shredded, fibrous bark used as tinder to ignite the fire sticks used for the New Year fire. The bark was also used to make firebrands carried by personators of certain gods.", "rawsource": "Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"}
{"id": 18820, "species": {"value": 2059, "label": "Juniperus occidentalis Hook."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "47", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood hearth board used as a base for a fire drill.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"}
{"id": 19072, "species": {"value": 2063, "label": "Juniperus sp."}, "tribe": {"value": 12, "label": "Apache, Mescalero"}, "source": {"value": 52, "label": "b74"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used to make handles for scrapers.", "rawsource": "Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"}
{"id": 19422, "species": {"value": 2090, "label": "Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "93", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as pottery scrapers.", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"}
{"id": 19437, "species": {"value": 2090, "label": "Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "47", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used to make pottery scrapers.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"}
{"id": 19594, "species": {"value": 2101, "label": "Larrea tridentata (Sess\u201a & Moc. ex DC.) Coville"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "36", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Gumlike substance gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"}
{"id": 19595, "species": {"value": 2101, "label": "Larrea tridentata (Sess\u201a & Moc. ex DC.) Coville"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "36", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make a pointed digging stick.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"}
{"id": 19654, "species": {"value": 2102, "label": "Larrea tridentata var. tridentata"}, "tribe": {"value": 187, "label": "Panamint"}, "source": {"value": 163, "label": "k52"}, "pageno": "84", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Lac used to make awl handles.", "rawsource": "Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 84"}
{"id": 19683, "species": {"value": 2102, "label": "Larrea tridentata var. tridentata"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "20", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"}
{"id": 19684, "species": {"value": 2102, "label": "Larrea tridentata var. tridentata"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "60", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Smooth sticks used as the shuttles in weaving cotton.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 60"}
{"id": 19685, "species": {"value": 2102, "label": "Larrea tridentata var. tridentata"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "69", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stakes used to stake out sheep hides so they can be made more pliable.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"}
{"id": 19686, "species": {"value": 2102, "label": "Larrea tridentata var. tridentata"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "62", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used as the smaller of the two pieces of twisters used to make rope.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 62"}
{"id": 19687, "species": {"value": 2102, "label": "Larrea tridentata var. tridentata"}, "tribe": {"value": 188, "label": "Papago"}, "source": {"value": 27, "label": "cu35"}, "pageno": "59", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make handles for basketry awls.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59"}
{"id": 19874, "species": {"value": 2126, "label": "Ledum palustre L."}, "tribe": {"value": 255, "label": "Tanana, Upper"}, "source": {"value": 36, "label": "k85"}, "pageno": "16", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Used as a switch in the sweathouse.", "rawsource": "Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"}
{"id": 21884, "species": {"value": 2372, "label": "Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde"}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make various tools.", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 76"}
{"id": 22220, "species": {"value": 2391, "label": "Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid."}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "265", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make root digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"}
{"id": 22221, "species": {"value": 2391, "label": "Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid."}, "tribe": {"value": 87, "label": "Haisla and Hanaksiala"}, "source": {"value": 14, "label": "c93"}, "pageno": "265", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make sledgehammer handles and mallet heads.", "rawsource": "Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"}
{"id": 22224, "species": {"value": 2391, "label": "Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid."}, "tribe": {"value": 92, "label": "Hesquiat"}, "source": {"value": 41, "label": "te82"}, "pageno": "73", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make axe handles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"}
{"id": 22263, "species": {"value": 2391, "label": "Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 101, "label": "ttco83"}, "pageno": "121", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make digging sticks.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"}
{"id": 22273, "species": {"value": 2391, "label": "Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid."}, "tribe": {"value": 209, "label": "Quileute"}, "source": {"value": 25, "label": "g73"}, "pageno": "38", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make mauls for driving stakes.", "rawsource": "Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"}
{"id": 22281, "species": {"value": 2391, "label": "Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid."}, "tribe": {"value": 217, "label": "Salish, Coast"}, "source": {"value": 23, "label": "tb71"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make digging sticks and adze handles.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"}
{"id": 23195, "species": {"value": 2504, "label": "Monarda fistulosa L."}, "tribe": {"value": 23, "label": "Blackfoot"}, "source": {"value": 26, "label": "h74"}, "pageno": "115", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Dried flowerheads used to apply water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide.", "rawsource": "Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"}
{"id": 23536, "species": {"value": 2543, "label": "Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "42", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Stems used in pierced ears to keep the hole from growing together.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 42"}
{"id": 23562, "species": {"value": 2556, "label": "Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh"}, "tribe": {"value": 228, "label": "Seminole"}, "source": {"value": 88, "label": "s54"}, "pageno": "468", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Plant used to make pestles and axe handles.", "rawsource": "Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"}
{"id": 23726, "species": {"value": 2576, "label": "Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 101, "label": "ttco83"}, "pageno": "52", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Bulbs used for curving and molding halibut hooks.", "rawsource": "Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"}
{"id": 23727, "species": {"value": 2576, "label": "Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr."}, "tribe": {"value": 166, "label": "Nitinaht"}, "source": {"value": 3, "label": "g83"}, "pageno": "206", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as steam boxes for making halibut hooks.", "rawsource": "Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"}
{"id": 24192, "species": {"value": 2604, "label": "Nyssa sylvatica Marsh."}, "tribe": {"value": 38, "label": "Chippewa"}, "source": {"value": 15, "label": "gil33"}, "pageno": "138", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 17, "label": "Tools"}, "notes": "Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"}