{"id": 23879, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "14", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 29, "label": "Cathartic"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"}
{"id": 23880, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "14", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 12, "label": "Ceremonial Medicine"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"}
{"id": 23881, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "14", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 156, "label": "Ear Medicine"}, "notes": "Plant smoke blown into the ear for earaches.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"}
{"id": 23882, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "14", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 40, "label": "Emetic"}, "notes": "Fresh leaves chewed as an emetic.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"}
{"id": 23883, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "209", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Used for medicine.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209"}
{"id": 23884, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 105, "label": "Karok"}, "source": {"value": 71, "label": "sg52"}, "pageno": "389", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried, powdered and smoked.", "rawsource": "Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"}
{"id": 23885, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 6, "label": "Analgesic"}, "notes": "Chewed plant put in the nostril for headaches.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23886, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 6, "label": "Analgesic"}, "notes": "Poultice of plant applied to the chest for internal pains.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23887, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 8, "label": "Dermatological Aid"}, "notes": "Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23888, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 8, "label": "Dermatological Aid"}, "notes": "Poultice of plant applied to itchy bites.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23889, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 156, "label": "Ear Medicine"}, "notes": "Chewed plant put in the ear for earaches.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23890, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 40, "label": "Emetic"}, "notes": "Plant eaten to cause vomiting.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23891, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 40, "label": "Emetic"}, "notes": "Plant induced vomiting.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23892, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 14, "label": "Gastrointestinal Aid"}, "notes": "Plant eaten to clean out the stomach.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23893, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 22, "label": "Gynecological Aid"}, "notes": "Poultice of plant applied to woman's stomach during parturition.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23894, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 153, "label": "Hallucinogen"}, "notes": "Plant eaten to cause dreams.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23895, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 65, "label": "Hemostat"}, "notes": "Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23896, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 18, "label": "Other"}, "notes": "Plant used for infanticide and suicide.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23897, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 13, "label": "Poison"}, "notes": "Plant considered poisonous.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23898, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 60, "label": "Psychological Aid"}, "notes": "Plant blown in the air to prevent bad dreams.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23899, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 62, "label": "Respiratory Aid"}, "notes": "Plant used as snuff for stuffy noses.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23900, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 15, "label": "Sedative"}, "notes": "Plant used as a soporific.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23901, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 90, "label": "Stimulant"}, "notes": "Plant used for fatigue.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23902, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 71, "label": "Toothache Remedy"}, "notes": "Plant held between the teeth for toothaches.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23903, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 58, "label": "Protection"}, "notes": "Leaves and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from bothering you.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23904, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "43", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried, pulverized, powdered, mixed with liquid, formed into cakes and smoked in hollow stems.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"}
{"id": 23905, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 137, "label": "Mendocino Indian"}, "source": {"value": 89, "label": "c02"}, "pageno": "386", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Light green leaves used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 386"}
{"id": 23906, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 140, "label": "Mewuk"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "356", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 356"}
{"id": 23907, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 142, "label": "Midoo"}, "source": {"value": 109, "label": "m66"}, "pageno": "319", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking.", "rawsource": "Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 319"}
{"id": 23908, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 202, "label": "Pomo, Kashaya"}, "source": {"value": 40, "label": "gl80"}, "pageno": "115", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Dried leaves used as tobacco.", "rawsource": "Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 115"}
{"id": 23909, "species": {"value": 2584, "label": "Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf"}, "tribe": {"value": 266, "label": "Tolowa"}, "source": {"value": 70, "label": "b81"}, "pageno": "41", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 63, "label": "Smoke Plant"}, "notes": "Leaves smoked for leisure.", "rawsource": "Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 41"}