{"id": 16557, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 11, "label": "Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero"}, "source": {"value": 95, "label": "co36"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 2, "label": "Bread & Cake"}, "notes": "Seeds ground, sifted, made into dough and baked on hot stones.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"}
{"id": 16558, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 11, "label": "Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero"}, "source": {"value": 95, "label": "co36"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 7, "label": "Sauce & Relish"}, "notes": "Seeds ground into flour and used to make a thick gravy.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"}
{"id": 16559, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 15, "label": "Apache, White Mountain"}, "source": {"value": 45, "label": "r29"}, "pageno": "158", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 114, "label": "Snake Bite Remedy"}, "notes": "Poultice of crushed plants applied to snakebites.", "rawsource": "Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"}
{"id": 16560, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 15, "label": "Apache, White Mountain"}, "source": {"value": 45, "label": "r29"}, "pageno": "158", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Seeds used to make flour.", "rawsource": "Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"}
{"id": 16561, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 24, "label": "Cahuilla"}, "source": {"value": 31, "label": "bs72"}, "pageno": "76", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Dried seeds ground and mixed with flour from other seeds.", "rawsource": "Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 76"}
{"id": 16562, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 50, "label": "Costanoan"}, "source": {"value": 16, "label": "b84"}, "pageno": "254", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds used for food, usually not in pinole.", "rawsource": "Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"}
{"id": 16563, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 91, "label": "g13i"}, "pageno": "369", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 6, "label": "Analgesic"}, "notes": "Infusion of flowers used for chest pains.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 369"}
{"id": 16564, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 61, "label": "Dakota"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "130", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 48, "label": "Pulmonary Aid"}, "notes": "Decoction of flower heads taken for pulmonary troubles.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 130"}
{"id": 16565, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 79, "label": "Gosiute"}, "source": {"value": 38, "label": "c11"}, "pageno": "371", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 131, "label": "Cooking Agent"}, "notes": "Seeds a highly prized source of oil.", "rawsource": "Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 371"}
{"id": 16566, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 79, "label": "Gosiute"}, "source": {"value": 38, "label": "c11"}, "pageno": "371", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds a highly prized source of food.", "rawsource": "Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 371"}
{"id": 16567, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 82, "label": "Gros Ventre"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12, 13", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 12, "label": "Ceremonial Medicine"}, "notes": "Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.'", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"}
{"id": 16568, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 82, "label": "Gros Ventre"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12, 13", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 90, "label": "Stimulant"}, "notes": "Dried, powdered seeds mixed into cakes and taken on war party to combat fatigue.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"}
{"id": 16569, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 82, "label": "Gros Ventre"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Powdered seed meal boiled or made into cakes with grease.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"}
{"id": 16570, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 82, "label": "Gros Ventre"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds eaten raw.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"}
{"id": 16571, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "248", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 4, "label": "Dried Food"}, "notes": "Seeds sun dried and stored for winter use.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 248"}
{"id": 16572, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "67", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 1, "label": "Preserves"}, "notes": "Seeds parched, ground, kneaded into seed butter and eaten with fruit drinks or spread on bread.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"}
{"id": 16573, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 89, "label": "Havasupai"}, "source": {"value": 2, "label": "ws85"}, "pageno": "67", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.", "rawsource": "Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"}
{"id": 16574, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "32, 96", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 8, "label": "Dermatological Aid"}, "notes": "Plant used as a 'spider medicine.'", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 96"}
{"id": 16575, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "96", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 50, "label": "Fodder"}, "notes": "Used as an important food for summer birds.", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 96"}
{"id": 16576, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 95, "label": "Hopi"}, "source": {"value": 37, "label": "w39"}, "pageno": "96", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 38, "label": "Decorations"}, "notes": "Petals dried, ground, mixed with yellow corn meal and used as a face powder in women's basket dance.", "rawsource": "Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 96"}
{"id": 16577, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 101, "label": "Isleta"}, "source": {"value": 76, "label": "j31"}, "pageno": "31", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 30, "label": "Ceremonial Items"}, "notes": "Pith used to light the ceremonial cigarettes.", "rawsource": "Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31"}
{"id": 16578, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 102, "label": "Jemez"}, "source": {"value": 28, "label": "c30"}, "pageno": "23", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 8, "label": "Dermatological Aid"}, "notes": "Juice applied to cuts.", "rawsource": "Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"}
{"id": 16579, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 102, "label": "Jemez"}, "source": {"value": 28, "label": "c30"}, "pageno": "23", "use_category": {"value": 4, "label": "Fiber"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 91, "label": "Building Material"}, "notes": "Sunflower mixed with clay, to hold the particles together, and used for plaster.", "rawsource": "Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"}
{"id": 16580, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 102, "label": "Jemez"}, "source": {"value": 28, "label": "c30"}, "pageno": "23", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 38, "label": "Decorations"}, "notes": "Flowers used by the Koshares as a decoration for dances.", "rawsource": "Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"}
{"id": 16581, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 102, "label": "Jemez"}, "source": {"value": 28, "label": "c30"}, "pageno": "23", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 106, "label": "Soap"}, "notes": "Seeds boiled and water used to wash in.", "rawsource": "Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"}
{"id": 16582, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 106, "label": "Kawaiisu"}, "source": {"value": 60, "label": "z81"}, "pageno": "34", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Roasted seeds pounded, ground into a meal and eaten dry.", "rawsource": "Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34"}
{"id": 16583, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 111, "label": "Kiowa"}, "source": {"value": 140, "label": "vs39"}, "pageno": "60", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 23, "label": "Oral Aid"}, "notes": "Coagulated sap chewed, by the elders, to diminish thirst.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60"}
{"id": 16584, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 111, "label": "Kiowa"}, "source": {"value": 140, "label": "vs39"}, "pageno": "60", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds ground into a paste like consistency and eaten.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60"}
{"id": 16585, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 128, "label": "Luiseno"}, "source": {"value": 24, "label": "s08"}, "pageno": "228", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds used for food.", "rawsource": "Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"}
{"id": 16586, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 135, "label": "Mandan"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12, 13", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 12, "label": "Ceremonial Medicine"}, "notes": "Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.'", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"}
{"id": 16587, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 135, "label": "Mandan"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12, 13", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 90, "label": "Stimulant"}, "notes": "Dried, powdered seeds mixed into cakes and taken on war party to combat fatigue.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"}
{"id": 16588, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 135, "label": "Mandan"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Powdered seed meal boiled or made into cakes with grease.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"}
{"id": 16589, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 135, "label": "Mandan"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds eaten raw.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"}
{"id": 16590, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 147, "label": "Mohave"}, "source": {"value": 125, "label": "cb51"}, "pageno": "187", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Seeds winnowed, parched, ground and eaten as pinole.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"}
{"id": 16591, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 147, "label": "Mohave"}, "source": {"value": 125, "label": "cb51"}, "pageno": "187", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 59, "label": "Winter Use Food"}, "notes": "Seeds stored in gourds or ollas.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"}
{"id": 16592, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 2, "label": "Bread & Cake"}, "notes": "Seeds dried, powdered and grease added to make cakes.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 30"}
{"id": 16593, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 151, "label": "Montana Indian"}, "source": {"value": 30, "label": "h92"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 44, "label": "Porridge"}, "notes": "Seeds dried, powdered and boiled to make gruel.", "rawsource": "Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 30"}
{"id": 16594, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 12, "label": "Ceremonial Medicine"}, "notes": "Plant, double bladderpod, sumac and mistletoe used in the liniment for the War Dance.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"}
{"id": 16595, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 141, "label": "h56"}, "pageno": "152", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 274, "label": "Dietary Aid"}, "notes": "Seeds eaten to give appetite.", "rawsource": "Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 152"}
{"id": 16596, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 5, "label": "Dye"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 136, "label": "Red"}, "notes": "Outer seed coatings boiled and used as a dull, dark red dye.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"}
{"id": 16597, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 119, "label": "steg41"}, "pageno": "223", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 2, "label": "Bread & Cake"}, "notes": "Seeds ground and made into bread and dumplings.", "rawsource": "Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"}
{"id": 16598, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 2, "label": "Bread & Cake"}, "notes": "Seeds mixed with corn, ground into a meal and made into cakes.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"}
{"id": 16599, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 119, "label": "steg41"}, "pageno": "223", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 44, "label": "Porridge"}, "notes": "Seeds ground and made into gruel.", "rawsource": "Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"}
{"id": 16600, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 30, "label": "Ceremonial Items"}, "notes": "Hollow stalk used in the illusion of swallowing the arrow during the Mountain Chant.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"}
{"id": 16601, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 30, "label": "Ceremonial Items"}, "notes": "Stalk made into flute used in an ancient custom of timing the grinding of the corn at the War Dance.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"}
{"id": 16602, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 157, "label": "Navajo"}, "source": {"value": 74, "label": "e44"}, "pageno": "87", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 28, "label": "Hunting & Fishing Item"}, "notes": "Stalks used to make bird snares. Bird snares were made of stalks in which were drilled two small holes.  In one of these holes was inserted a twig of greasewood and at the end of this was fastened a sliding loop of horsehair.  The greasewood twig was then bent in a bow and the loop passed through the upper hole, across which was laid a small piece of reed.  The small stick below the loop was placed so that one end rests on the rim of the stalk and the other end on the reed.  When a bird alighted on this, the small piece of reed was disturbed and the greasewood twig straightened, drawing the horsehair loop with the bird's foot in it into the stalk.", "rawsource": "Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"}
{"id": 16603, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 158, "label": "Navajo, Kayenta"}, "source": {"value": 106, "label": "wh51"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 12, "label": "Ceremonial Medicine"}, "notes": "Plant used for sun sandpainting ceremony.", "rawsource": "Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"}
{"id": 16604, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 158, "label": "Navajo, Kayenta"}, "source": {"value": 106, "label": "wh51"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 129, "label": "Disinfectant"}, "notes": "Plant used for prenatal infection caused by solar eclipse.", "rawsource": "Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"}
{"id": 16605, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 158, "label": "Navajo, Kayenta"}, "source": {"value": 106, "label": "wh51"}, "pageno": "48", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 42, "label": "Pediatric Aid"}, "notes": "Plant used for prenatal infection caused by solar eclipse.", "rawsource": "Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"}
{"id": 16606, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 8, "label": "Dermatological Aid"}, "notes": "Moxa of pith used on scratched wart for removal.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"}
{"id": 16607, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 18, "label": "Other"}, "notes": "Salve of pulverized seed and root used on injury from horse falling on person.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"}
{"id": 16608, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 50, "label": "Fodder"}, "notes": "Used for livestock feed.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"}
{"id": 16609, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Roasted, ground seeds made into cakes.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"}
{"id": 16610, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 159, "label": "Navajo, Ramah"}, "source": {"value": 18, "label": "v52"}, "pageno": "51", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 30, "label": "Ceremonial Items"}, "notes": "Stem used to make Holyway Prayer stick.", "rawsource": "Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"}
{"id": 16611, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 12, "label": "tha41"}, "pageno": "84", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 35, "label": "Antirheumatic (External)"}, "notes": "Decoction of root used as a warm wash for rheumatism.", "rawsource": "Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 84"}
{"id": 16612, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "117", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 44, "label": "Porridge"}, "notes": "Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and used to make mush.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117"}
{"id": 16613, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 153, "label": "k32"}, "pageno": "98", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.", "rawsource": "Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"}
{"id": 16614, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 183, "label": "Paiute"}, "source": {"value": 98, "label": "m53"}, "pageno": "117", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 59, "label": "Winter Use Food"}, "notes": "Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and stored for winter use.", "rawsource": "Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117"}
{"id": 16615, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 185, "label": "Paiute, Northern"}, "source": {"value": 50, "label": "f89"}, "pageno": "47", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Seeds ground into a meal and eaten.", "rawsource": "Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"}
{"id": 16616, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 190, "label": "Pawnee"}, "source": {"value": 17, "label": "g19"}, "pageno": "130", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 22, "label": "Gynecological Aid"}, "notes": "Dry seed compound eaten by pregnant nursing women to protect suckling child.", "rawsource": "Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 130"}
{"id": 16617, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 16, "label": "Anthelmintic"}, "notes": "Poultice of warm ashes applied to stomach for worms.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16618, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 45, "label": "Febrifuge"}, "notes": "Decoction of leaves taken for high fevers.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16619, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 34, "label": "Veterinary Aid"}, "notes": "Decoction of leaves used as a wash for horses with sores caused by screw worms.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16620, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 85, "label": "Candy"}, "notes": "Inner pulp of stalks used as chewing gum.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16621, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 85, "label": "Candy"}, "notes": "Petals used by children as chewing gum.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16622, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Seeds ground into meal and used as food.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16623, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds eaten raw or roasted.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16624, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 193, "label": "Pima"}, "source": {"value": 11, "label": "c49"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 145, "label": "Lighting"}, "notes": "Inner pulp of dried stalks strung and used to make quick-burning candles.", "rawsource": "Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"}
{"id": 16625, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 207, "label": "Pueblo"}, "source": {"value": 19, "label": "c35"}, "pageno": "30", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds used for food.", "rawsource": "Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 30"}
{"id": 16626, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 212, "label": "Ree"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12, 13", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 12, "label": "Ceremonial Medicine"}, "notes": "Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.'", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"}
{"id": 16627, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 212, "label": "Ree"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12, 13", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 90, "label": "Stimulant"}, "notes": "Dried, powdered seeds mixed into cakes and taken on war party to combat fatigue.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"}
{"id": 16628, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 212, "label": "Ree"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 75, "label": "Staple"}, "notes": "Powdered seed meal boiled or made into cakes with grease.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"}
{"id": 16629, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 212, "label": "Ree"}, "source": {"value": 73, "label": "b05"}, "pageno": "12", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds eaten raw.", "rawsource": "Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"}
{"id": 16630, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 226, "label": "Sanpoil and Nespelem"}, "source": {"value": 44, "label": "r32"}, "pageno": "100", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 4, "label": "Dried Food"}, "notes": "Dried roots stored for winter use.", "rawsource": "Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 100"}
{"id": 16631, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 226, "label": "Sanpoil and Nespelem"}, "source": {"value": 44, "label": "r32"}, "pageno": "104", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Seeds parched until brown, pulverized and eaten.", "rawsource": "Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 104"}
{"id": 16632, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 226, "label": "Sanpoil and Nespelem"}, "source": {"value": 44, "label": "r32"}, "pageno": "103", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": null, "notes": "Stems eaten raw.", "rawsource": "Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103"}
{"id": 16633, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 226, "label": "Sanpoil and Nespelem"}, "source": {"value": 44, "label": "r32"}, "pageno": "104", "use_category": {"value": 1, "label": "Food"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 59, "label": "Winter Use Food"}, "notes": "Seeds parched until brown, pulverized and stored in salmon skins.", "rawsource": "Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 104"}
{"id": 16634, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 257, "label": "Tewa"}, "source": {"value": 61, "label": "rhf16"}, "pageno": "56", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 79, "label": "Smoking Tools"}, "notes": "Dried stalks made into fire-sticks and used to light cigarettes.", "rawsource": "Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"}
{"id": 16635, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 259, "label": "Thompson"}, "source": {"value": 33, "label": "steed28"}, "pageno": "469", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 8, "label": "Dermatological Aid"}, "notes": "Powdered leaves alone or in ointment used on sores and swellings.", "rawsource": "Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 469"}
{"id": 16636, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 6, "label": "s15"}, "pageno": "53, 54", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 114, "label": "Snake Bite Remedy"}, "notes": "Compound poultice of root applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bite.", "rawsource": "Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 53, 54"}
{"id": 16637, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 157, "label": "cb80"}, "pageno": "375", "use_category": {"value": 2, "label": "Drug"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 114, "label": "Snake Bite Remedy"}, "notes": "Fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound.", "rawsource": "Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 375"}
{"id": 16638, "species": {"value": 1821, "label": "Helianthus annuus L."}, "tribe": {"value": 291, "label": "Zuni"}, "source": {"value": 6, "label": "s15"}, "pageno": "93", "use_category": {"value": 3, "label": "Other"}, "use_subcategory": {"value": 30, "label": "Ceremonial Items"}, "notes": "Blossoms used ceremonially for anthropic worship.", "rawsource": "Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"}