id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
458,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous inner bark used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
486,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope and tumplines.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
1757,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Pounded leaves dried and made into nets used for baby cradles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1758,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Pounded leaves dried and made into nets, slings and cordage.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1776,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1782,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make rough cordage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
1847,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Cut, split leaves used to make rope.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1853,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant fibers used to make rope.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
3006,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Young branches twisted into rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3722,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make twine.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3737,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Root and branch outer fiber used to make nets, cordage and thread.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
3744,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3755,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used as a chief source for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3765,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,72,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make fiber, as a substitute for Indian hemp.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3774,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
3780,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,25,California Indian,111,m90,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer and inner bark used to make string.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"
3789,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cords.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3790,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
3809,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make twine and rope.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3813,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber soaked in boiling water and used to make twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3823,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3830,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer bast fiber plaited into heavy cord and two-ply cord.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3841,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stalks dried, split into fibers and used to make rope.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3844,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,72,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems twisted and rolled into twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3846,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3850,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
3855,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57"
3862,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3863,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3864,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant made into rope and used to make fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3865,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make string. The stems were cut in the fall, usually in October, soaked and sometimes split in half. The fibrous outer skin was peeled off and the brittle inner stem discarded.  The fibrous part was then dried for indefinite storage and used to make string.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3878,298,Apocynum sp.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used to make string.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
3879,298,Apocynum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,276,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make the best string and thread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276"
3883,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4762,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Runners used by girls to tie blankets.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
4763,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Runners used to fix leggings in place. The leggings were tied above the knee and then folded over to the ankle, like a boot.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
5728,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
6090,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,49,Concow,89,c02,379,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make ropes and string.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379"
6098,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fiber or decayed stem fiber used to make twine. The stems were soaked in boiling water or the decayed stems were basted with boiling water to separate the fiber.  The fiber was then formed into a ball and made into twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6110,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make two ply string.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6116,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fiber used as cordage.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
6117,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as the principal source of cordage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 14"
6127,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make good twine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
6172,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6183,441,Asclepias sp.,145,Modesse,109,m66,224,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used for making string and cord.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"
6190,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strings and cords.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6193,441,Asclepias sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,54,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Mature plants used to make string and rope.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"
6195,441,Asclepias sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string and ropes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
6231,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as a poor substitute for Indian hemp.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
6242,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make two ply string.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6255,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used as a substitute for Indian hemp in making thread used for tying and binding.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6271,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Spun seed hair made into string used in prayer sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
6273,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6302,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer bark used for making cords.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6305,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer rind or bark used for thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
6384,450,Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strong ropes and string.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
8062,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,103,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103"
8111,752,Carex sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,314,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Rootstocks formerly used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"
8118,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots used as a sewing element in coiled baskets.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
8122,752,Carex sp.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
8876,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark and wood of young sprouts used like thread or woof to twine in and out of twined baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
9097,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9122,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,227,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227"
9129,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9326,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,86,Haisla,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9328,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Plant used to make twine, cordage and binding.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9331,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9332,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9333,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9570,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
10215,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make string.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
10592,1067,Convolvulus arvensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as a 'pack rope' for carrying birds and marmots home after hunting.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11109,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark twisted into rope and used to lash fish traps, raised caches and other structures.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11259,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,31,Chehalis,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Long twigs twisted and used to tie things.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11289,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,243,Skokomish,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Long twigs twisted and used as rope.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11304,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Withes twisted to make rope.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11886,1199,Cyperus laevigatus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,9,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers woven into strings and ropes.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"
12617,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark twisted into cordage.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
12620,1317,Dirca palustris L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark or twigs used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
12625,1317,Dirca palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, stringy bark made a good substitute for twine.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
12966,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make strong rope.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
12974,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
12980,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark twisted to make ropes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12995,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
15328,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark make into a twine and used to sting pinyon seeds for winter storage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15333,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
15334,1664,Fremontodendron sp.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,440,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Tough bark used to make cord.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 440"
15797,1722,Geranium atropurpureum Heller,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split epidermis used to sew moccasins.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
16131,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,92,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fuzz made into cords and used ceremonially.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92"
16138,1768,Gossypium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string for many different ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
17296,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,25,California Indian,111,m90,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Root fiber used to make rope.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
17302,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Root fibers used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
18019,2009,Iris innominata Henderson,266,Tolowa,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots and leaves used to make cordage.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18020,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves dried, scraped and used to make string or cord.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
18021,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make rope.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
18058,2013,Iris sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cord for fish nets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
18060,2014,Iris tenax ssp. klamathensis Lenz,266,Tolowa,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cordage.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18355,2042,Juncus effusus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string to bind up dough in oak leaves for cooking bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
18358,2042,Juncus effusus L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, round stems dried, twisted or braided and used for tying and binding.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
18362,2042,Juncus effusus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,318,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Wiry stalks used for tying.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
18366,2042,Juncus effusus L.,246,Snuqualmie,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stalks used for tying things.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
18384,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems and leaves used as cordage.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
18394,2050,Juncus tenuis Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string to bind up dough in oak leaves for cooking bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
19455,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used for twine.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
19466,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark braided to make cords.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
20102,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, brown leaves woven into ropes for hanging herring and other fish.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20400,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots and stems used to make string.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
20402,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems fiber used to make strings and cords.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
20407,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark fibers used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
21115,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber obtained from stems used as twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
21305,2285,Lupinus arboreus Sims,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Root fibers used for string.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
21306,2285,Lupinus arboreus Sims,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Root fibers used to make string for fish nets, deer and rabbit nets, gill nets and carrying nets.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
23697,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Long stipes used to make fishing lines and anchor ropes. Long stipes were dried, then soaked in dogfish or whale oil so they would not lose their flexibility.  Kelp ropes were very strong and could be plaited or spliced together to make them longer.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
23710,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,3,g83,206,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Solid stipes used for tying.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23717,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Lower stipes used for ropes and fishing lines.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23733,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,124,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, shredded stems used as cordage or fish line.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 124"
24018,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaf fibers used to make cords, ropes and whips.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
24038,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61"
26857,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
26866,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
26923,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Split, inner root bark or small rootlets used as fishing lines & cord for making & repairing tools.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27020,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Split or whole roots used to make line. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees.  The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig.  Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil.  Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife.  After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice.  Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used.  They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27067,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots used to tie and secure the arched roof trees of the shelter for storing moss.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27068,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots used to tie and secure the ends of a birch bark dish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27069,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots used to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27081,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Split, inner root bark or small rootlets used as fishing lines & cord for making & repairing tools.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27197,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27215,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make ropes.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27256,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
29309,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,241,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fibers, dog hair and nettles used to make stronger ropes.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 241"
29310,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark shredded, spun together with red or yellow cedar inner bark and used as twine.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29338,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,251,Squaxin,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Young shoots used as lashings or tying thongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
29630,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark sometimes employed as cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29812,3120,Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stem fibers used to make a strong cord.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
29996,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,229,Seri,29,d44,134,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Outer root tissues pounded, split, worked between the hand and the mouth and twisted into cords.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 134"
30012,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Pounded, rubbed and pulled bark used as a soft fiber to make a carrying net for pottery.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30418,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,263,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263"
31356,3205,Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots used to make string and nets.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
33472,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33491,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33552,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33566,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33612,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33622,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
35679,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches or bark twisted into strong rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35766,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35815,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used extensively for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35823,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make excellent cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35932,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,25,California Indian,111,m90,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used in spring to make rope.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"
35941,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, inner fiber formerly used to make garments.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35942,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, inner fiber formerly used to make rope.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35961,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark twisted and made into two-ply strings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
35994,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used extensively for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
36067,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches and bark twisted into strong rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36076,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark strips used for cord or rope.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36082,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into string.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
36100,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,114,Klallam,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark peeled, twisted and used to make string.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36104,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make lines for tumplines and slings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36107,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make a two-ply string.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36148,3551,Salix sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark braided into rope.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
36214,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Wood used to make ropes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36227,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches used to make a braided strap worn across the forehead to support a water bottle.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36271,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Woven willow bark made into string and used to make salmon traps.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36294,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make line.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36295,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Split, outer bark twisted into twine.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36296,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make fish hangers and lashings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36297,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make line.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36324,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Long shoots made into rope and used in lashing together fish drying racks and fish weir stakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36325,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Softened stems twisted to make rope and used to lash together fish drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36326,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split withes used to make string and rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
37751,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used to make rope.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
39432,3900,Taxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,15,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 15"
39953,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Limbs used to make rope.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39962,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39967,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39984,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches twisted together to make a type of rope used to tie covers to storage boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40014,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Very long, straight branches or withes used to make ropes. For large ropes, such as those used in whaling, the entire branch would be used.  For smaller ropes, the withes were split off into three parts:  the heartwood would be removed and the outer part twisted into rope.  Branches used for such ropes would be five to eight cm. in diameter.  Hesquiat cedar ropes were quite famous and were often traded to other tribes.  The large ropes were used long ago as whale-hunting lines, anchor lines, and binding lines for tying on house planks or tying together one's effects when moving.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40031,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Twigs and roots twisted and used as ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40049,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make ropes.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40064,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous bark used to make twine and ropes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40098,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make cords for fishnets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40118,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40119,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark split into thin strips, spun and used for rope and twine.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40120,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make ropes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40121,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Young limbs twisted and used for rope material.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40153,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark and stems used to make rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40170,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark made into cordage and used as lanyards or lines and to secure boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40198,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Twigs and roots twisted and used as ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40224,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Young, slender branches used to make ropes.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40264,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark and stems used to make rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40291,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40330,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Boiled bark twisted into rope.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40335,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bast made into cordage of all sorts. The bast was boiled and rubbed on a stick to separate the fibers which were spun into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and made into cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40336,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used for twine and general utility.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
40354,3959,Tilia americana L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fibers used to make cordage.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 60"
40357,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make ropes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40360,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bast and bark fiber used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40368,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark boiled in lye water, dried, seasoned and twisted into two-ply cord.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40373,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,232,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark of young sprouts used to make twine and rope.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232"
40374,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, fibrous bark of young trees furnished ready cordage and string. The women stripped the bark and peeled the outer edge from the inner fiber with their teeth.  The rolls were then kept in coils or were boiled and kept as coils until needed, being soaked again when used, to make them pliable.  While there were countless uses for this cordage, perhaps the most important was in tying the poles together for the framework of the wigwam or medicine lodge.  When these crossings of poles were lashed together with wet bark fiber, it was easy to get a tight knot which shrank when dry and made an even tighter joint.  The bark of an elm or a balsam, cut into broad strips was then sewed into place on the framework with basswood string.  An oak wood awl was used to punch holes in the bark, but Smith notes that, when they made his wigwam, they used an old file end for an awl.  He reports that he lived in this new wigwam all the time he was among the Pillager Ojibwe and scarcely a night passed without a group of them visiting him and sitting around the campfire, telling old time stories.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
40377,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
40378,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make ropes and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
40380,3959,Tilia americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
40382,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark string used for making cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40393,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Boiled bark twisted into rope.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40399,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried fibers twisted and used for cordage.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 59"
40420,3967,Touchardia latifolia Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant fiber used to make fishing lines or ropes.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
41509,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fibers used to make ropes and cords.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41554,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41555,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make ropes and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
41569,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make ropes and cords.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41577,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41591,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41688,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41700,4058,Urtica dioica L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make cordage.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 61"
41708,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make string.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41716,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fibers, yellow cedar bark or cottonwood fibers and dog hair used to make stronger ropes.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41717,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems dried, pounded and spun to make twine for binding and sewing purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41740,4058,Urtica dioica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,289,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant tops used to make twine and fine thread. The plant tops were made into twine in the same manner as Indian hemp.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 289"
41754,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,211,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers sun dried and used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 211"
41766,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41770,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stem fibers used for twine.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
41775,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41781,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,94,Hoh,77,r36,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots formerly twisted and made into ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
41786,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Plants split, dried, pounded and used to make twine and rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
41794,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41799,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage. The fiber was separated from the nettle by either crumpling the dried stalks in the hands or gently pounding it with stones.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41804,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bow strings, fishing line for jigging, ropes and oolichan traps.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41816,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41823,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41829,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer rind twisted into a two-strand cord and used for sewing cattail mats and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
41832,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,209,Quileute,77,r36,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots formerly twisted and made into ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
41847,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Mature shoot fibers used to make cordage.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
41863,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41870,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,143,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make bowstrings and cordage.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 143"
41885,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer stem layers separated into long strands and two or three twisted into a cord.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41888,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,115,Klamath,66,c97,95,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used in the manufacture of cords and nets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95"
43199,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,287,Yuki,89,c02,362,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stout roots used for tying.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 362"
43361,4170,Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used for coffin lashing.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
43378,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vines used to moor a boat and smaller vines twisted to make ropes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43386,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vines used to make withes to tie things when hunting or traveling.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
43387,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vines used to tie western service berry thatch in place on the winter house.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
43391,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,51,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vine made a very strong cord used to tie bundles and for lashing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 51"
43752,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43770,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,37,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make strings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 37"
43781,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43798,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make twine or rope.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43803,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and sections tied together by square knots to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43808,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make string.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43813,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaf fiber braided into ropes. The leaves contained a good fiber.  The terminal spine and a section of the back of the leaf were removed and pounded to free this fiber from the fleshy portion of the leaf.  The fiber was often braided into rope, three to six ply, from twelve to thirty feet long that were used for many purposes, including handling horses.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43833,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make rope.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43841,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43849,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers used to make ropes. Leaves were pounded between stones to separate the fibers which were used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43898,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber made into string or rope and used for temporary or emergency purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43911,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43922,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to make cords or ropes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43940,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves or fibers used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 39"
43962,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fleshy leaves boiled, chewed and the fibers twisted into cord and rope.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
43968,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to tie grass stems of mescal to make a brush.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
43979,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers made into cords used to tie prayer plume offerings together & for other ceremonial uses.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43980,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves boiled, chewed and made into a double-stranded cord.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43981,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves used in place of cords or rope.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
44005,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44029,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44068,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make 'moccasin strings' and cords.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44086,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44099,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44111,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Crushed leaf fibers twisted and used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44148,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber made into string to tie hoops, prayer sticks, chant arrows and other ceremonial equipment.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44153,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44160,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for tying up bundles of material.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44165,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44168,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44176,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves or fibers used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 39"
44188,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves split into narrow strips and used for tying material.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44193,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves soaked in water to soften them and made into rope by knotting them together. The fibers of the leaves were separated and lengthened for making a coarse cord.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
44205,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bowstrings, netting and strings for shell money.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44241,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to tie butt and tip of corn husks filled with dough.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44242,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Strands used to tie rolled skins into a rabbit skin blanket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"