id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
57,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make a brush shelter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21"
120,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,346,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to line acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346"
206,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for covering lodges.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
207,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make temporary lodge flooring.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
327,8,Abies sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,70,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make shingles for roofs.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70"
373,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
388,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bushes dried, piled high and used as brush fences.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
425,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to hold down roof planks on houses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
446,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make the frame of a woman's sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
475,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
505,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,165,Nisqually,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to cover temporary housing.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
614,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
642,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
670,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
1491,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build ramadas and fences.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1511,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building material and fenceposts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1522,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as building material.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1626,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1735,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
3132,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,104,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems and foliage used to thatch inland houses.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 104"
3303,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3305,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3881,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used for thatch on houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4200,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lodge poles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4351,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4370,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4459,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
5411,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,200,Pomo,109,m66,282,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to thatch the sweat house.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 282"
5601,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5608,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Shoots laid across the rafters for roofing material or used in the construction of the walls.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
5631,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used for thatch.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
5670,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used between the poles of the sweathouse to prevent the sand from sifting through.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
5725,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5916,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used to make cane webbing, plastered with mud, supported with wood and used as a dwelling.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
6743,521,Aulacomnium sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
6781,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make fence posts and in brush house construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6792,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs and branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 46"
6809,537,Baccharis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, straight stems used for ramada roofs.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17"
6828,541,Baileya multiradiata Harvey & Gray ex Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant mixed with clay, used in making adobes and plant used in plaster.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7075,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
7085,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7092,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as poles for the wigwam or medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7110,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7131,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
7148,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant used to make houses, tents and shelters.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7163,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as coverings for dwellings.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7179,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7180,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make bath tubs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7181,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as poles to frame a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7218,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7221,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make house coverings.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7235,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for wigwam coverings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7236,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7237,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Sheets of bark sewn together, made into rolls and used as waterproof roofing for wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7268,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark furnished a waterproof cover for the top of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7276,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7277,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of some buildings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7305,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for walls and roofing.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7683,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,85,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make conical shaped houses for temporary use while camped to gather and process acorns.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85"
7684,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,85,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for permanent construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85"
7686,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make boards.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
7695,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,183,Paiute,98,m53,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used for fence posts.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
8154,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Ribs used for roofing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8155,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Slats joined with one or two rows of deer hide thong and used to make screen doors.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8156,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the roofing of houses.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
8238,758,Carpinus caroliniana Walt.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used for the main supporting posts for the ridgepole of the wigwam or tent.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
8404,772,Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant, mosses and lichens gathered for insulating houses against cold.","Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
8416,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber and fence rails.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8869,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
8951,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used to make the handle of the weaving distaff, dice and the sweathouse for ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
9068,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood made into planks and used to build sweathouses.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9069,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as the main post in house construction.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9093,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9568,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make house frames and granaries.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9801,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as a sand break to protect young corn and melons.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
9807,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,84,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as thatch to prevent the sand on top of the sweathouse from sifting through.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84"
9818,936,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ssp. viscidiflorus var. stenophyllus (Gray) Hall,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as a sand break to protect young corn and melons.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
10110,990,Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
10790,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Twigs used for thatching and various other purposes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
11108,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Large limbs used as frame poles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11361,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wooden withes used to repair barbed wire fences.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
12490,1297,Dicranum sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
13273,1417,Epilobium sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to line acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
13652,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Brush used to make wind breaks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13692,1457,Ericameria palmeri var. palmeri,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to build fences as a protection from cold winds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 75"
13700,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in rows in the sand to act as a sandbreak.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
13701,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in rows in the sand to act as a sandbreak.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
13705,1460,Ericameria parryi var. parryi,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in rows in the sand to act as a sandbreak.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
14663,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
14814,1629,Fouquieria sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to construct huts.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 22"
14815,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fences to prevent rodents from attacking cultivated crops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 74"
14821,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,11,c49,89,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house construction.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 89"
14822,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the warp of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
14823,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Withes used to bind together the house dome ribs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
14827,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,89,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stalks freed from thorns, bound together with rawhide or wire and used as shelves.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 89"
14829,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make sun and wind shelters.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
15243,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover wigwams.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
15265,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for firewood and lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15270,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used to construct the medicine lodge for the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
15271,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make Sundance lodges.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
15272,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make posts for the Sun Dance lodge.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15273,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used to make tent poles, pegs and tipi pins.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15281,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house and fence construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15296,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15304,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15327,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into cordage and tied in a loop to upper ends of poles to make a winterhouse smoke hole.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15996,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
16263,1784,Gutierrezia californica (DC.) Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,33,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant used as wall filler in the construction of the winter house. Built on a circular ground plan of vertical and horizontal poles, the house had matchweed packed in so tightly between the poles that one could not see through.  However, there was appartenly an outer covering usually of tule mats.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 33"
16404,1797,Halesia carolina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
16579,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,102,Jemez,28,c30,23,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Sunflower mixed with clay, to hold the particles together, and used for plaster.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
18125,2019,Isocoma acradenia var. acradenia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to build fences as a protection from cold winds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 75"
18177,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18233,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trees used to construct dome shaped lodges when away from home.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
18386,2048,Juncus sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used for thatch in building houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
18417,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as a house covering.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18554,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18555,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split strips or stakes used to make a pen to enclose graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18600,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18601,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split strips or stakes used to make a pen to enclose graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18626,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for construction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18643,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,102,Jemez,28,c30,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs and boughs placed across corrals or enclosures as shelters for livestock.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
18644,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,102,Jemez,28,c30,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Trunks used as uprights, beams and fence posts.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
18657,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used to make posts and lumber.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18675,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make a canopy to protect a new born child from the sparks of the fire.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18676,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts and hogan roofs.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18701,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as lining in sweat houses.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18702,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for the sides and roofs of shade houses or special hogans for the Enemyway ceremonial.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18703,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts and hogan poles.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18736,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for construction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18753,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to chink the walls and roofs of log houses built after the Navajo fashion.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
18810,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as a material for housing.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18847,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for thatching and as a floor covering.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
18848,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Small branches used as a floor covering.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
18849,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used in the construction of winter lodges.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
18853,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used on top of the brush covering of the winter houses to keep the dirt from falling through.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18854,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Logs and brush, covered with dirt, used to make winter houses.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18870,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,157,Navajo,37,w39,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green timber used to make corrals.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 62"
18987,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
19068,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for tipi poles.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19112,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of hogans.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19113,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19114,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make the summer shelters where the women weave.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19138,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
19172,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19173,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split strips or stakes used to make a pen to enclose graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19676,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,67,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Piled on top of saguaro ribs to strengthen house roofs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 67"
19677,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,67,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tops tied together and used to thatch menstruation huts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 67"
20085,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks used for roof thatching.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
20170,2172,Libocedrus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs placed on top of the acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
20484,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
21114,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,196,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Vines used with other plants as building materials. The vines were used with willow withes to reinforce suspension bridges across canyons and rivers.  The vines were also twisted with coyote willow to lash together the framing poles of underground pit houses and to make a pliable ladder on the outside of the pit house, running from the opening down to the ground.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196"
21266,2274,Lotus procumbens (Greene) Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as wall filler in the construction of the winter house.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 38"
21268,2275,Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,87,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as a material in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 87"
21270,2275,Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Foliage used for house thatching.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
21486,2320,Lycopodium annotinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
21799,2366,Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
21815,2368,Magnolia macrophylla Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
24006,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used as a thatching material for wickiup or ramada.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24011,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used for thatch.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
24040,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used to thatch dwellings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62"
24045,2592,Nolina sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,51,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for tying and thatching houses.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 51"
24355,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Posts of wood, forked at the top, used for the core of the house frame.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
25119,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as frames for dwellings.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
25271,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Ribs used for building and fence materials.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 37"
25560,2759,Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used on ramadas for shade.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
26579,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,95,Hopi,37,w39,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used for roofing, tubular pipes, pipe stems and weaving rods.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 66"
26856,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
26865,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
26874,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to thatch the roofs of lodges.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
26903,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing on buildings.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26921,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make cabins and caches.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
26951,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood split or ripsawed and used as lumber for house construction, caches and tent frames.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26952,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for the building log houses.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26967,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for hut roofing.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
27016,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as siding and roofing material for steambath houses and other structures.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27017,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fuel and building logs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27063,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Peeled, wood poles preferred for tipi framing because of their straightness and lack of taper.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27064,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Small trees & boughs used in the construction of shelters made of brush & shelters for storing moss.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27079,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make cabins and caches.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27098,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood split or ripsawed and used as lumber for house construction, caches and tent frames.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27099,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for the building log houses.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27100,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make poles for tent frames.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27136,2937,Picea rubens Sarg.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
27190,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood sometimes used as lumber.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27196,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27199,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,317,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used by hunters as shelter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
27253,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27283,2939,Picea sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to support buildings and to build the framework for sod-covered buildings.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
27390,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make travois and tipi poles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27405,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,6,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used for tipi poles.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 6"
27406,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for tipi poles.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
27433,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,52,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to make the foundations for tipis.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 52"
27477,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,102,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Delimbed trunks used as framework poles for traditional sleeping platforms.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 102"
27498,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,318,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used by hunters as shelter to discourage and repel animals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
27500,2955,Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,18,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make tipi frames.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18"
27502,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,61,Dakota,17,g19,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used for tipi poles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
27508,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,18,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Smaller trees stripped of the bark and used for lodge poles and extensively for lumber.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
27511,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,41,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Barkless trunks used as tipi poles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 41"
27512,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunk used as a favorite for building.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
27517,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
27549,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27608,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27609,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used to make hogans for ordinary and ceremonial purposes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27654,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to cover a sweathouse.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27655,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Rot and wood-eating beetle resistant logs used as the chief building material for hogans.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27656,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts and corral construction.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27657,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make summer shade houses.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27705,2960,Pinus elliottii Engelm.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
27746,2963,Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make shelters for those gathering acorns in the mountains.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 29"
27750,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building sweathouses.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
27793,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27809,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27945,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make shelters for those gathering acorns in the mountains.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 29"
27953,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for large roof timbers.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27957,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,101,Isleta,76,j31,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to furnish the beams of 'vega poles' of the houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
27961,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,51,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Needles used as an outer covering for the winterhouse.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51"
27972,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,307,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lodge poles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
27975,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,140,Mewuk,109,m66,346,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches with tips down used to hang from the top of acorn caches to keep out the rain in winter.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346"
27977,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,18,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Most important lumber tree in the state.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
27988,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches often used to cover a sweathouse.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
27989,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for hogans, fence posts and corral construction.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
28005,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Needles used as insulation for underground storage pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
28021,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make houses.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
28053,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Needles used as insulation on the roofs of pit houses.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28076,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as timbers for roofs.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
28077,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for logs.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
28078,2971,Pinus pungens Lamb.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28083,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28098,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Resin boiled twice, added to tallow and used for mending roof rolls of birch bark.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
28104,2974,Pinus rigida P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28117,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Needles used as an outer covering for the winterhouse.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
28133,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,149,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for house coverings.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 149"
28134,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,149,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Needles used for thatch.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 149"
28152,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,273,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make planks for houses.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 273"
28163,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as a covering for summer shelters.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28176,2977,Pinus strobus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28264,2978,Pinus taeda L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28577,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
28597,3018,Platanus racemosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs and branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
28629,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, slender, pliable stems with leaves interwoven with stronger materials into walls of houses.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
28630,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, slender, pliable stems with leaves used as a roofing material.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
28631,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used in the construction of ramadas, windbreaks, fences and granaries.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
28635,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,249,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used for thatch in building houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 249"
28639,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,97,Hualapai,127,w82,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Shafts used to make thatch for houses.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 27"
28642,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant formerly used to roof houses.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
29171,3094,Populus angustifolia James,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29214,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29274,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used as framework for Sundance lodges.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29329,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for house coverings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
29337,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,251,Squaxin,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Young shoots used to make sweat lodges.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
29361,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used as framework for Sundance lodges.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29362,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used to construct the medicine lodge for the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
29375,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make poles for the ceremonial tepee.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
29384,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29414,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29440,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Smaller limbs and leaves used for thatching houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
29450,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for firewood, fenceposts, vigas (heavy rafters) yand tinder boxes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29472,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts and in the construction of shades and houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
29486,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,109,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make fence posts.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 109"
29510,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to complete the building of the lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
29511,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make the centerpoles of the ceremonial lodges.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
29541,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used as beams in construction of houses.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29557,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make the circular or oval summer shelter.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29584,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used to make Sundance lodges.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 37"
29585,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used to build the Sun Dance Lodge.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
29586,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used to construct the medicine lodge for the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
29595,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles placed upon the birch bark cover of a tipi to secure it.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29596,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to frame a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29602,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,60,Crow,30,h92,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used to make Sundance lodges.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 37"
29629,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29651,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Young trees used for tent and tipi poles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
29683,3090,Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides],125,Lakota,156,k90,33,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for posts and other building materials.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
29685,3090,Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for hogan construction.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
30009,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Large limbs used as corner posts for houses, as rafters and granary posts.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30010,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used for roofing houses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30057,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Large limbs used in construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30079,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,11,c49,96,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96"
30104,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Posts of wood, forked at the top, used for the core of the house frame.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
30139,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30327,3164,Prunus cerasus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
30417,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,263,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into twine and used for reinforcement of old suspension bridges.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263"
30483,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
30580,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
30740,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
31177,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used extensively for lumber.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 20"
31214,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs considered important for construction.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31215,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Young, second growth boughs used to make early summer lodges.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31236,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to cover the floor of the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
31237,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make teepee poles and spear shafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
31268,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to make shakes and clapboards for houses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
31272,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make planks.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
31301,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to make shakes and clapboards for houses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
31319,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make camp shelters.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
31632,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,97,Hualapai,127,w82,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Inner bark used for huts and the lining of sweathouses.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 31"
31873,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31915,3253,Quercus alba L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used in making wigwams and for several other things.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
31945,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31969,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32007,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32050,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32088,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Whole trees used for shade house construction.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32148,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32174,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32194,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32247,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32337,3282,Quercus prinus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make railroad ties.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32361,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32414,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for poles in dome shaped lodges and as tipi stakes.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32430,3289,Quercus sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used for fence posts.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32506,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32542,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32601,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
33800,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts and sills for houses.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33820,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts and sills for houses.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
35542,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
35644,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build sweat lodges.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35685,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,214,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts and as fuel for fires.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214"
35692,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35693,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35788,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,30,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make the framework of the sweat lodges.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 30"
35794,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Straight branches used for the inside roofs.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
35798,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35799,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35808,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,33,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used for building sweatlodges.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
35835,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Large branches used as the framework for thatched summer homes, sudatories and other construction.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
35922,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split withes used as tipi and wickiup thatching.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35930,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems formerly used for filling between the house rafters.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
35946,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as thatching to provide shade around houses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35972,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for hogan construction.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36124,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make sweatlodge frames.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36125,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Branches used to construct the many different sweat lodges. The Horn Society sweat lodge was constructed of fourteen willows.  The Holy Woman's sweat lodge in the Sun Dance was made of one hundred willows, which had been gathered by members of the Pigeon Society.  The Motokiks Society (a woman's society) constructed its lodge with twelve willows.  Medicine Pipes had fourteen.  The used frame of a sweat lodge was left on the prairie.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
36126,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Sticks used as lodgepoles for small hunting tipis.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36127,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
36147,3551,Salix sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood made into poles used as basic element of house construction.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
36168,3551,Salix sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36186,3551,Salix sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,72,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in roof construction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 72"
36190,3551,Salix sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make shelters.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 29"
36196,3551,Salix sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,42,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches and leaves used for thatching houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
36201,3551,Salix sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in construction of summer shelters.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
36251,3551,Salix sp.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Young poles used for the framework of the vapor bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
36269,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Willow used to construct house and sweathouse frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36270,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Willow used to make sheds for wind drying fish.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36278,3551,Salix sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36291,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems and branches used as the siding on a smoke house.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36292,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used in the construction of various shelters.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36293,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used to make the semispherical frame of the traditional style sweathouse.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36319,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction. The branches were used for tying and binding, especially in constructing the underground winter pit houses and in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36320,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split withes heated and twisted to make cabling for suspension bridges in 'the old days.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36336,3551,Salix sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36393,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to cover dwellings.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 54"
37136,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Strong wood used in general construction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
37137,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37393,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stems dried, sewn into large mats and used to make 'teepees,' temporary shelters, doors & windows.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37398,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to build houses.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
37419,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used for weaving entrance covers, curtains, windbreaks and for drying salmon.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
37424,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems laid in an overlapping fashion and used for roofing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37468,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used as foundation material.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37469,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used for thatch.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37491,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stems sewn with cord, made into mats and used as interior and exterior walls in house construction.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37492,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used as wall filler in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37500,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bleached, dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering & side walls of medicine lodges.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37501,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bleached, sun dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering and side walls of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37529,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks used for roofing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37537,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used as thatch.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
37541,3614,Scirpus sp.,51,Costanoan (Olhonean),109,m66,373,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 373"
37732,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,309,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Lumber used to construct houses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 309"
37739,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark leaned together, in a circle, to make a house.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
37742,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,55,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building materials.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
37744,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,289,Yurok,70,b81,55,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building materials.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
38284,3721,Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for thatching.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
38604,3769,Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link,177,Omaha,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to support earth coverings of lodges in permanent villages.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
38605,3769,Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link,205,Ponca,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as thatching to support the earth coverings of lodges in permanent villages.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
38776,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass bunches fastened together and used to construct shelters in or near the distant fields.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
39287,3890,Tamarix gallica L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,72,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant considered an important source of wood.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 72"
39420,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39950,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for house planks, posts and roof boards.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39961,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
39975,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for roofing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39976,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to partition long houses and make temporary shelters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39977,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house posts and planks in traditional house construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39978,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make dancing platforms.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40010,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood prized as a material for house construction: shakes, shingles and poles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40025,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to make wigwams, summer houses and hunting lodges.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40026,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house construction.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40046,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building homes.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40057,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, straight branches used to make nets for tying wall boards onto house frames.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40095,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for shingles, lumber, fence posts and for paving.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40108,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark formerly used to make lean-to shelters while camping.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40109,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover the roofs of semi-subterranean houses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40115,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for houseposts and wall and roofing houseboards.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40143,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make a covering for sweathouse frames and insulation for tule tipis.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40144,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make a raised storage cache.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40145,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used to make A-frame shelters and to cover the rafters of an underground house. The logs were burned into six meter lengths and boards split off with horn wedges.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40161,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40191,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to make wigwams, summer houses and hunting lodges.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40192,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house construction.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40220,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make houses.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40248,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,246,Snuqualmie,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs used to tie the poles of summer houses together.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40275,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing and tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40276,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40290,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40329,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40392,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40853,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40860,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used for wigwam coverings.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
40927,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40966,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41021,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs made into huts and used to house girls following their first menstruation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41022,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41031,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,3,g83,238,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41051,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41068,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used as shelters for hunters.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41120,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves woven into roofs.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41127,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks and leaves used in thatching houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
41131,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Long leaves used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41135,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house building materials.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41136,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make shingles for house exteriors.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41181,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Flags used for thatching the tipis and wickiups.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
41201,4049,Typha latifolia L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,124,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves used as mats for roofing wigwams. The leaves were laid parallel, with one overlapping another, and were then stitched together with basswood, dogbane or swamp milkweed fiber.  The leaves were said to be quite effective in shedding the rain.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 124"
41236,4049,Typha latifolia L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Cattails used to support the mud of thatched roofs.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
41265,4049,Typha latifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used to make rainproof and windproof mats for the side walls of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41301,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves woven into mats and used for door coverings, sweathouses and 'A-frame' type shelters.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41316,4049,Typha latifolia L.,183,Paiute,98,m53,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves and fruiting stalks sewn and woven into mats wrapped around willow frames to form houses.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 37"
41319,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house building materials.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41320,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make shingles for house exteriors.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41361,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves sewn together to make a wind-proof and waterproof side mat to be applied to the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
41390,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves & stems made into mats used as wall insulators and in constructing temporary summer houses. The mats were twined with fiber of Indian hemp or silverberry.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41429,4051,Ulmus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark peeled during raspberry ripening time and used in the winter for house roofing material.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
41432,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41455,4051,Ulmus americana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for posts and other building materials.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
41464,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41470,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41478,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41508,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41539,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used to make sides of the winter wigwam and rainproof roof.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
41550,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stripped bark used as a wigwam cover, for the sides of the wigwam.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41553,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41568,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41576,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41588,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make wigwam sides.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
41590,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41598,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41603,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41607,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41677,4057,Umbellularia sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,349,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make arbors or shades.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 349"
41680,4057,Umbellularia sp.,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make shelters and canopies.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
43360,4170,Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
43546,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Long fronds used to make ramadas.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43547,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Long fronds used to make the sides and roofs of waterproof and windproof houses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43910,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
44041,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 54"
44158,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for lashing house frames together and thatching.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44159,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Strips of fiber used to tie mesquite pole tips to other poles in forming house skeletons.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
44236,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Pith twisted with mountain grass and used for roofing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44291,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves made into strong cord used to bind the vertical & horizontal poles of the winterhouse.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44460,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks sometimes used for thatching.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"