id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
17,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,1,Food,85,Candy,Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
168,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,1,Food,85,Candy,Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
193,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,1,Food,85,Candy,"Gum from inside the bark, next to the trunk, chewed.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
236,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
237,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
238,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
239,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
542,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sap boiled, added to animal hide shavings and eaten as a relished candy.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
543,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,1,Food,85,Candy,Sap mixed with shavings from inner sides of animal hides and eaten as candy.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
709,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,92,1,Food,85,Candy,Children made taffy by cooling the maple sap in the snow.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92"
1777,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,1,Food,85,Candy,"Heads baked, sliced, dried and eaten like candy.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1779,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant dried and used as sweets.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
1790,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1817,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1818,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1896,102,Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,1,Food,85,Candy,Root juice used for chewing gum.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
1906,105,Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,493,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky juice chewed as gum.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493"
1910,106,Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,1,Food,85,Candy,Latex dried and used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
1912,106,Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,167,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky latex used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 167"
3066,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,85,Candy,"Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried and eaten as candy.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
3619,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed by children for the flavor.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
3802,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,22,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum mixed with clean clay and used for chewing gum.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
3803,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,101,Isleta,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Gummy latex mixed with clean clay and used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
3807,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,1,Food,85,Candy,"Milky latex used as chewing gum. After the latex was squeezed from the plant, it was allowed to stand over night, whereupon it hardened into a 'white gum.'  Two kinds of gum were recognized; that which was left overnight, and that which was chewed only a few hours after it had been extracted from the plant.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
3919,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,262,1,Food,85,Candy,Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262"
5337,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed as a confection.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
5749,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,53,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum chewed as gum.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
6074,424,Asclepias asperula ssp. capricornu (Woods.) Woods.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,85,Candy,Latex used as a chewing gum.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6080,425,Asclepias californica Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves roasted under hot ashes and chewed.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
6081,425,Asclepias californica Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky juice boiled until thick and chewed like chewing gum.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
6082,426,Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson,105,Karok,70,b81,19,1,Food,85,Candy,"Latex boiled, condensed and chewed.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19"
6084,426,Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson,289,Yurok,70,b81,19,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried latex chewed by the older people at their leisure.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19"
6095,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,85,Candy,"Milk stirred, heated, mixed with salmon fat or deer grease and used for chewing gum.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
6099,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,196,1,Food,85,Candy,Stem sap boiled in water until coagulation and used as chewing gum.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 196"
6111,430,Asclepias erosa Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,75,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sap collected, set aside to solidify, heated over the fire and used as a chewing gum.","Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 75"
6112,430,Asclepias erosa Torr.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,19,1,Food,85,Candy,Juice roasted until congealed and used as chewing gum.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 19"
6179,441,Asclepias sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,212,1,Food,85,Candy,Juice used for chewing gum.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 212"
6196,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
6197,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
6200,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,184,1,Food,85,Candy,"Dried, hardened milk used for chewing gum.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184"
6201,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,66,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky juice allowed to harden and used as chewing gum.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66"
6202,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky juice hardened and chewed as gum.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
6218,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,30,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky juice used as chewing gum.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
6219,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
6239,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,105,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried sap chewed as gum.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 105"
6248,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,56,1,Food,85,Candy,Milk rolled in hand and used for gum.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"
6270,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,30,1,Food,85,Candy,Ripe seed silk mixed with grease and used as chewing gum.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
6479,468,Astragalus ceramicus Sheldon,95,Hopi,82,c74,291,1,Food,85,Candy,Sweet roots eaten by children.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 291"
6480,469,Astragalus ceramicus var. ceramicus,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots eaten as a sweet.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
6919,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,117,1,Food,85,Candy,Root pitch chewed as gum.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117"
7754,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,295,1,Food,85,Candy,Raw roots filled with sugar and eaten by children in early spring.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 295"
8186,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,17,1,Food,85,Candy,Used to make candy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 17"
8214,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruits used as sweets.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
8464,786,Castilleja hispida Benth.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,1,Food,85,Candy,Sweet nectar sucked by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8513,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,1,Food,85,Candy,Sweet nectar sucked by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
9249,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,291,Zuni,6,s15,67,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed for the pleasant taste.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67"
9464,897,Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,52,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky sap used to make gum.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52"
9695,919,Chloracantha spinosa (Benth.) Nesom,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,1,Food,85,Candy,Stems chewed for gum.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
9798,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,364,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots used as chewing gum.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364"
9812,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots used as chewing gum.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
11435,1131,Crataegus sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,1,Food,85,Candy,Inner bark chewed as gum.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
12012,1222,Dalea lanata Spreng.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,1,Food,85,Candy,Scraped roots eaten as a sweet.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
12015,1224,Dalea lasiathera Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,69,1,Food,85,Candy,"Root chewed, especially by children, and greatly enjoyed.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 69"
12022,1226,Dalea purpurea var. purpurea,48,Comanche,147,cj40,523,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots chewed for sweet flavor.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 523"
12023,1226,Dalea purpurea var. purpurea,125,Lakota,108,r80,47,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots chewed as a gum.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47"
12030,1226,Dalea purpurea var. purpurea,205,Ponca,17,g19,94,1,Food,85,Candy,Root chewed for the pleasant taste.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
12898,1363,Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,27,1,Food,85,Candy,Pulp baked with sugar and used to make candy.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
12899,1363,Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.,101,Isleta,19,c35,26,1,Food,85,Candy,Pulp baked with sugar to make candy.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26"
12911,1364,Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus,101,Isleta,19,c35,26,1,Food,85,Candy,Pulp baked with sugar to make candy.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26"
12967,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,85,Candy,"Peeled berries mixed with grease, stored in a cool place and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
13096,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,28,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum secretions chewed by children.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28"
13100,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,174,h08,265,1,Food,85,Candy,Amber colored gum used for chewing gum.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265"
13101,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,102,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin used as a primitive chewing gum.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 102"
13599,1449,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. consimilis var. oreophila (A. Nels.) Nesom & Baird,183,Paiute,153,k32,104,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots chewed until gummy as a 'chewing gum.',"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 104"
13667,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots used as chewing gum.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
13669,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,53,1,Food,85,Candy,Root bark chewed like gum.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
13930,1492,Eriodictyon trichocalyx var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,21,1,Food,85,Candy,Decoction of leaves and honey boiled down into a syrup or candy and used by children.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 21"
14215,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,95,Hopi,82,c74,313,1,Food,85,Candy,"Roots chewed by children, sometimes as gum.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 313"
14351,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,1,Food,85,Candy,Small root ends of corms eaten as candy by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
14375,1567,Eschscholzia californica Cham.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,1,Food,85,Candy,Flowers chewed with chewing gum.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
14398,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,103,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit eaten as a confection.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
14606,1591,Euphorbia marginata Pursh,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,36,1,Food,85,Candy,Used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36"
14607,1591,Euphorbia marginata Pursh,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,36,1,Food,85,Candy,Used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36"
14608,1591,Euphorbia marginata Pursh,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,36,1,Food,85,Candy,Used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36"
14732,1608,Ferocactus cylindraceus var. lecontei (Engelm.) H. Bravo,193,Pima,11,c49,55,1,Food,85,Candy,Used to make cactus candy.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 55"
14743,1610,Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,193,Pima,11,c49,55,1,Food,85,Candy,Used to make cactus candy.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 55"
14757,1616,Ficus aurea Nutt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,481,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant used for chewing gum.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481"
15406,1674,Funastrum cynanchoides ssp. heterophyllum (Vail) Kartesz,188,Papago,27,cu35,28,1,Food,85,Candy,Gumlike secretions heated over coals and chewed by children.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28"
15407,1674,Funastrum cynanchoides ssp. heterophyllum (Vail) Kartesz,193,Pima,11,c49,82,1,Food,85,Candy,"Milk extracted from main stem, baked or boiled and used as chewing gum.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 82"
15771,1716,Gentiana douglasiana Bong.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,252,1,Food,85,Candy,Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 252"
16620,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,103,1,Food,85,Candy,Inner pulp of stalks used as chewing gum.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"
16621,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,103,1,Food,85,Candy,Petals used by children as chewing gum.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"
16675,1833,Helianthus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,184,1,Food,85,Candy,Seeds parched and ground with mescal to taste like candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184"
17569,1942,Hymenopappus filifolius Hook.,291,Zuni,6,s15,68,1,Food,85,Candy,Root used as chewing gum.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 68"
17601,1951,Hymenoxys hoopesii (Gray) Bierner,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots used as a chewing gum.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
17602,1952,Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell,157,Navajo,74,e44,80,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant used as a chewing gum.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 80"
17606,1953,Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker,101,Isleta,76,j31,32,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots used as chewing gum.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
17608,1953,Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,1,Food,85,Candy,Root used as chewing gum.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
17610,1953,Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker,249,Spanish American,19,c35,30,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots chewed as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 30"
17611,1953,Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,56,1,Food,85,Candy,Root skins pounded and the gummy material chewed as gum.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
18336,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sugar, formed along tops of plants, gathered and eaten as candy.","Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
19396,2088,Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,85,Candy,Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
19398,2088,Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung,157,Navajo,45,r29,158,1,Food,85,Candy,Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
19401,2088,Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung,291,Zuni,6,s15,68,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried root gum used as chewing gum.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 68"
19402,2088,Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung,291,Zuni,45,r29,158,1,Food,85,Candy,Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
19535,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,22,1,Food,85,Candy,Solidified pitch chewed as gum.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 22"
19554,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,25,1,Food,85,Candy,Sap hardened and eaten like candy.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
19558,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,43,1,Food,85,Candy,Syrup or 'dark sugar' gathered as a confection.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 43"
19577,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum from trunk and branches chewed for pleasure.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
20457,2210,Liquidambar styraciflua L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,1,Food,85,Candy,Hardened gum used for chewing gum.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
21099,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,99,1,Food,85,Candy,Tubes formerly sucked by children for sweet nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
21101,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,79,1,Food,85,Candy,Flower nectar sucked by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
21117,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,196,1,Food,85,Candy,Nectar sucked from flowers by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196"
21573,2333,Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots left in the sun until gum came out and hardened and used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
21584,2334,Lygodesmia sp.,276,Washo,111,m90,56,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant gum used for chewing gum.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"
22424,2417,Marrubium vulgare L.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,25,1,Food,85,Candy,Infusion of leaves mixed with honey and made into candy.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 25"
22494,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant tops chewed by children for the pleasant flavor.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
22800,2444,Mentha sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,48,1,Food,85,Candy,Fresh leaves frequently chewed.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 48"
24726,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,157,Navajo,121,l86,14,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pad strips peeled, parboiled, boiled and used as chewing gum.","Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14"
24727,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,157,Navajo,121,l86,14,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pads peeled, sliced, roasted, boiled in sugar water, dried and eaten like candy.","Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14"
24824,2670,Opuntia sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,45,1,Food,85,Candy,Ripe fruits gathered in large quantities and employed in making candy.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 45"
24995,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,103,1,Food,85,Candy,"Root chewed, especially during the winter, as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
26613,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,53,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sap crystallized, gathered and eaten like candy.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
26888,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,73,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin chewed like chewing gum.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 73"
26909,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum chewed as a confection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26910,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum chewed for pleasure.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26918,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,716,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin chewed for pleasure.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716"
26956,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed like gum.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27024,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,1,Food,85,Candy,Hard pitch used for chewing gum.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27054,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,27,Carrier,134,c73,69,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used to chew.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69"
27073,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum chewed for pleasure.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27178,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed like chewing gum.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27191,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cooled, rendered pitch chewed like gum.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27218,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,293,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293"
27227,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as gum for pleasure.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27228,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,3,g83,234,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
27250,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,68,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch boiled and used for chewing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68"
27263,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as gum for pleasure.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27303,2939,Picea sp.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum extensively chewed as a 'pastime.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
27392,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed like gum.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
27413,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,76,Flathead,30,h92,52,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitchy secretions chewed as gum.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 52"
27424,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed like gum.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
27480,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,102,1,Food,85,Candy,Young shoots of branches chewed for the honey.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 102"
27537,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27581,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,35,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as a gum.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35"
27612,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,1,Food,85,Candy,Sap used as a chewing gum.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27658,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27747,2963,Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,53,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sap crystallized, gathered and eaten like candy.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
27775,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,93,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed for gum.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 93"
27783,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,85,Candy,Sweet exudation chewed as gum.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
27785,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27866,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,53,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum chewed as gum.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
27936,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,50,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as a gum.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
28007,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,1,Food,85,Candy,Green buds chewed and the juice sucked by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
28008,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
28022,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried pitch used as chewing gum.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
28151,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,307,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum chewed by children for pleasure.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
29011,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,91,1,Food,85,Candy,"Rhizomes chewed for the pleasant, sweet, licorice flavor.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 91"
29015,3077,Polypodium hesperium Maxon,259,Thompson,10,tta90,91,1,Food,85,Candy,"Rhizomes chewed for the pleasant, sweet, licorice taste.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 91"
29018,3079,Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,1,Food,85,Candy,Children chewed the thick rhizomes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
29168,3094,Populus angustifolia James,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29177,3094,Populus angustifolia James,157,Navajo,45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29179,3094,Populus angustifolia James,291,Zuni,45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29401,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29415,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29425,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29431,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,1,Food,85,Candy,Cottony fruits used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29436,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
29437,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
29438,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29442,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit used by children for chewing gum.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
29446,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,62,1,Food,85,Candy,Cotton used by children for chewing gum.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
29449,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,124,Laguna,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
29452,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29453,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sap or catkins, alone or mixed with animal fat, used for chewing gum.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29459,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,193,Pima,174,h08,265,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used for chewing gum in early spring.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265"
29461,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,291,Zuni,45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29473,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,1,Food,85,Candy,'Berries' eaten or chewed like gum.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
29487,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,109,1,Food,85,Candy,"Young, green pods chewed as gum.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 109"
29534,3105,Populus sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,361,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit seeds used by children as chewing gum.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361"
29542,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,1,Food,85,Candy,"'Berries' chewed as gum, particularly with chili.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29543,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,1,Food,85,Candy,Berries chewed as gum with chili.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29953,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,101,Isleta,19,c35,43,1,Food,85,Candy,Beans toasted and eaten as a confection by sucking out the juice.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
29954,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,1,Food,85,Candy,Roasted beans eaten as a confection.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
29963,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,193,Pima,19,c35,45,1,Food,85,Candy,White resinous secretions used to make candy.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
29967,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried beans pounded into flour and eaten as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29976,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,228,1,Food,85,Candy,Pods eaten raw like a stick of candy.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 228"
30082,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,11,c49,96,1,Food,85,Candy,"Fresh, sugary pods chewed by children.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96"
30106,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,28,1,Food,85,Candy,Gumlike secretions found on branches and chewed.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28"
30107,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,28,1,Food,85,Candy,"Gumlike secretions found on branches, dried, ground, boiled in gruel, cooled and eaten like candy.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28"
30144,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum formerly eaten raw as a sweet.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30145,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,104,r08,74,1,Food,85,Candy,White gum used to make candy.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 74"
30431,3169,Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried fruit used as an ingredient in making candy.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
31130,3194,Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,29,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed for 'fun.',"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 29"
31145,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
31150,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,79,Gosiute,38,c11,378,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum used for chewing gum.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 378"
31230,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,289,Yurok,70,b81,48,1,Food,85,Candy,Young sprouts used to chew.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
31245,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
31262,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as a gum.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31279,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,114,Klallam,25,g73,19,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as a gum.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31303,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed as a gum.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
32026,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,47,1,Food,85,Candy,Acorns chewed as a confection.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47"
32031,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,85,Candy,"Bark gum pounded, washed and chewed like chewing gum.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32343,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum used for chewing gum.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
35414,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,174,h08,265,1,Food,85,Candy,Roots used for chewing gum by school girls.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265"
35695,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy and honey.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35800,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy and honey.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
37684,3646,Senecio sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,1,Food,85,Candy,Latex used as a chewing gum.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
37692,3648,Senecio spartioides var. multicapitatus (Greenm. ex Rydb.) Welsh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,1,Food,85,Candy,Root bark used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
37922,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,1,Food,85,Candy,Berries made into juice and used to make a frothy confection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37961,3668,Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,46,1,Food,85,Candy,Outer bark yields a mucilaginous substance used as chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 46"
37962,3669,Sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. lanuginosum,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,46,1,Food,85,Candy,Outer bark yields a mucilaginous substance used as chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 46"
38006,3686,Silphium laciniatum L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,132,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
38011,3686,Silphium laciniatum L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,132,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
38014,3686,Silphium laciniatum L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,132,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
38017,3686,Silphium laciniatum L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,132,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
38019,3686,Silphium laciniatum L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,132,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
38880,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,17,1,Food,85,Candy,Used to make candy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 17"
38911,3828,Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,65,1,Food,85,Candy,Thick liquid used as chewing gum.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 65"
38913,3828,Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,1,Food,85,Candy,Used as chewing gum.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
38917,3828,Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,1,Food,85,Candy,Root used for chewing gum.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
40069,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,293,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293"
40445,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,70,b81,58,1,Food,85,Candy,"Plant chewed like tobacco, 'just to raise heck.'","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
40542,3987,Tragopogon sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,185,1,Food,85,Candy,"Milky latex chewed for pleasure and later swallowed. The stems were broken, the sap squeezed out, allowed to harden and then chewed for pleasure.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 185"
40995,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pitch, from the outside of a crevice, chewed like gum.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
41115,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,64,1,Food,85,Candy,Mature heads chewed with tallow as gum.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64"
42942,4120,Vernonia missurica Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,62,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pressed blossoms made into small wads for a short, sweet chew.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62"
43932,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant dried and used as sweets.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
44428,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,85,Candy,Parched corn eaten as a confection.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"