id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
128,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,38,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Twigs used for making pipe stems.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"
557,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Large trunk burls or knots used to make pipe stems.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
570,28,Acer negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,38,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Twigs used for making pipe stems.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"
3531,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Dried hollow stems formerly used as pipe stems.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
4361,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4379,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4469,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
7645,660,Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.,125,Lakota,108,r80,29,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Used for pipe cleaning.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"
8968,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,25,California Indian,111,m90,62,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Root used to make pipe bowls.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
8976,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,18,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood carved into a pipe head and used with a hollowed section of a honeysuckle twig as a pipe stem.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18"
11007,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems and tamps.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
12069,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stalks and leaf base tissues used to make cigarette papers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
14049,1512,Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Fr‚m.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,263,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,"Dried stem used as tobacco pipe if pottery pipe lacking, burned with tobacco.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263"
14050,1513,Eriogonum insigne S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used as a substitute for 'cane' as a pipe.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14093,1520,Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stems used as pipes for smoking.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14103,1522,Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stems used as pipes for smoking.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
15235,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,287,Yuki,89,c02,378,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Used to make tobacco pipes.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
15236,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make straight pipes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
15277,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15280,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15288,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,125,Lakota,108,r80,52,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52"
15300,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15303,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15308,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15315,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
16634,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,56,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Dried stalks made into fire-sticks and used to light cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
21131,2261,Lonicera dioica L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,43,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stem sections used as pipe stems for corn cob pipes and toy rose hip pipes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43"
21140,2262,Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used for clay elbow pipes.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
21142,2263,Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans (Benth.) Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,56,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stems used for pipe stems.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 56"
21143,2264,Lonicera interrupta Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,38,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollowed stem section used as a cigarette type pipe.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 38"
21585,2335,Lyonia fruticosa (Michx.) G.S. Torr.,228,Seminole,88,s54,466,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Plant used to make pipe bowls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 466"
25222,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
26377,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,"Twigs, with the pithy center removed, used to make tobacco pipes.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
26391,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26570,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Reeds used to make pipe stems.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26575,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
26578,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,209,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209"
26589,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,"Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboolike stems used in the making of pipes.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26598,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
26602,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,"Hard, hollow culms used for pipe stems.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
26615,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,188,Papago,27,cu35,27,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Six inch stems used as smoking tubes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27"
26637,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular stalk internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
28061,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Plant tops hollowed out with mock orange sticks and used to make the stems of smoking pipes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
30686,3178,Prunus sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
32307,3274,Quercus marilandica Muenchh.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32866,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
33470,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,'Canes' hollowed out and used for pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33591,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
34272,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used for pipe stems.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
34973,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Roots used to make pipe bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
35698,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35803,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
36508,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow twigs used for pipes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36529,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood section hollowed out and used as a tobacco container.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36779,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems hollowed out and used as pipe bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
37134,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Small sticks wrapped with buffalo hair and used as a tamper for tobacco pipes.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37540,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stems made into pipes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
38168,3707,Smilax bona-nox L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
39130,3853,Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
39487,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make tobacco pipes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39566,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,57,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipes.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"