id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
573,29,Acer negundo var. negundo,238,Sioux,73,b05,16,1,Food,75,Staple,Sap boiled down in the spring and made into sugar.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
1121,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
1123,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used to make meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
1124,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used to make meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
1125,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used to make meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
1133,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1140,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
1146,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,183,Paiute,111,m90,32,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used for flour.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 32"
1147,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,75,Staple,Roasted and ground into flour.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
1151,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used as a staple food.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1153,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,291,Zuni,6,s15,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ground seeds used as a staple before the availability of corn. After the introduction of corn, the ground seeds were mixed with corn meal and made into steamed balls or pats.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67"
1624,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,75,Staple,Nuts ground into a fine meal and eaten.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
1697,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1698,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,48,Comanche,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1701,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,147,Mohave,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1708,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,183,Paiute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1709,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,188,Papago,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1711,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,272,Ute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1712,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,288,Yuma,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1727,89,Agave americana L.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1731,89,Agave americana L.,48,Comanche,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1732,89,Agave americana L.,147,Mohave,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1733,89,Agave americana L.,183,Paiute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1736,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1750,89,Agave americana L.,272,Ute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1751,89,Agave americana L.,288,Yuma,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1781,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Hearts pit roasted and used as a staple food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
1801,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1833,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,48,Comanche,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1834,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,147,Mohave,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1835,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,183,Paiute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1836,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,188,Papago,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1838,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,272,Ute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1839,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,288,Yuma,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1849,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,1,Food,75,Staple,Plant considered a main staple.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
2015,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
2016,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
2020,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
2121,141,Allium cernuum Roth,76,Flathead,30,h92,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs used as a staple food.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2133,141,Allium cernuum Roth,120,Kutenai,30,h92,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs used as a staple food.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2153,141,Allium cernuum Roth,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
2701,184,Amaranthus albus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,75,Staple,Threshed seeds ground into flour.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
2706,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,22,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2717,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,124,Laguna,19,c35,22,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2723,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2744,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,75,Staple,Threshed seeds ground into flour.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
2776,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2779,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,19,c35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
2789,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,189,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds parched and ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 189"
2813,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,346,1,Food,75,Staple,"Small, shiny black seeds used to make pinole.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 346"
2832,194,Amaranthus sp.,157,Navajo,19,c35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal and used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
2887,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,188,Papago,27,cu35,17,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17"
2921,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a staple food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
3016,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
3144,214,Amelanchier sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
4357,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make mush or cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4375,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make mush or cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4410,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,170,Numlaki,89,c02,375,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits eaten like pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4418,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe berries parched and used in pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
4465,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make mush or cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4635,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
4770,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
5729,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,243,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds roasted, ground into flour and eaten with water.","Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
5862,412,Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,135,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 135"
6173,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6462,466,Astragalus canadensis L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,75,Staple,Root considered a staple.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6732,517,Atriplex sp.,193,Pima,104,r08,73,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds dried, parched, ground and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 73"
6735,518,Atriplex torreyi (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,103,Kamia,180,g31,24,1,Food,75,Staple,Pulverized seeds made into a meal.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 24"
6760,528,Avena fatua L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,234,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a flour and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 234"
6761,528,Avena fatua L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,311,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and the flour eaten dry.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 311"
6762,528,Avena fatua L.,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
6771,530,Avena sp.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,85,1,Food,75,Staple,"Grain used in pinole, a very fine dry meal.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 85"
6772,530,Avena sp.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,75,Staple,Used to make pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
6891,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,1,Food,75,Staple,Roasted seeds ground into a flour.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
6904,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
6905,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
6942,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,491,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded and flour mixed with other foods.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 491"
7385,593,Blennosperma nanum (Hook.) Blake,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used for food.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
7581,634,Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used for food.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
7591,639,Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,312,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds formerly used for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 312"
7646,661,Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds, in great quantities, used for pinole.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
7651,661,Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC.,170,Numlaki,89,c02,346,1,Food,75,Staple,"Tiny, jet-black seeds eaten as pinole.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 346"
7736,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
7869,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,14,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs formerly fire baked and used as a sweet and nutritious staple.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7903,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
7966,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,352,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352"
7982,724,Capsicum annuum L.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits used as a staple food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
8170,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,19,c35,19,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19"
8171,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds made into flour and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
8172,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
8208,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,193,Pima,104,r08,71,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds ground, put into water and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
8220,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits used as a staple food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
8257,761,Carum carvi L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,34,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 34"
8294,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8349,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8435,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8654,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,49,Concow,89,c02,368,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
9405,894,Chenopodium album L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour and made into bread.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
9409,894,Chenopodium album L.,157,Navajo,141,h56,149,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a nutrient.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 149"
9420,894,Chenopodium album L.,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
9465,897,Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,52,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched seeds ground into flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52"
9499,899,Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
9533,904,Chenopodium murale L.,193,Pima,19,c35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as a pinole in combination with other meal.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
9534,904,Chenopodium murale L.,193,Pima,104,r08,73,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 73"
9535,905,Chenopodium nevadense Standl.,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
9551,910,Chenopodium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
9558,910,Chenopodium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds of several species ground and used like corn.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
10024,973,Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
10071,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,95,Hopi,37,w39,92,1,Food,75,Staple,Eaten and considered to be almost a staple food.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 92"
10115,993,Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera (Dougl. ex Lindl.) H.F. & M.E. Lewis,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
10139,1002,Claytonia lanceolata var. sessilifolia (Torr.) A. Nels.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
10337,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,207,Pueblo,19,c35,24,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important food plants.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24"
10493,1051,Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds or nuts used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
10980,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
11211,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
11423,1130,Crataegus rivularis Nutt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
11734,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, sun dried, stored, ground into flour and used as a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
11798,1178,Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make flour.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11806,1178,Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.,291,Zuni,6,s15,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Tiny seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and made into steamed cakes.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67"
11984,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,2,Acoma,19,c35,33,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots dried and ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
11988,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,58,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried roots ground into flour.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
11993,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,124,Laguna,19,c35,33,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots dried and ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
11997,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,222,San Felipe,19,c35,33,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots dried and ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
12348,1271,Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
12362,1271,Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds ground, parched and used to make pinole.","Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
12385,1273,Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata,193,Pima,104,r08,77,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground, mixed with water and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 77"
12399,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
12409,1275,Descurainia sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,220,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds parched and ground into a flour.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 220"
12473,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,183,Paiute,65,stew33,245,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots roasted and ground into flour.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245"
12515,1300,Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
12516,1300,Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
12517,1301,Digitaria cognata var. cognata,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
12866,1353,Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
12918,1365,Echinochloa colona (L.) Link,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and the flour eaten dry.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
12924,1366,Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds pounded, winnowed, parched and ground into a meal.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
12986,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
13043,1386,Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
13057,1391,Elymus sp.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,101,1,Food,75,Staple,Grain grounded into a fine powder and used in pinole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 101"
13266,1415,Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
13269,1415,Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven,200,Pomo,96,b52,86,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 86"
13546,1433,Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and the flour eaten dry.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
13828,1486,Eriochloa aristata Vasey,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and the flour eaten dry.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
13975,1498,Eriogonum baileyi S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,29,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29"
13989,1502,Eriogonum davidsonii Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,29,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29"
14047,1512,Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,29,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29"
14112,1526,Eriogonum pusillum Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14119,1528,Eriogonum roseum Dur. & Hilg.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14188,1536,Eriogonum wrightii Torr. ex Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14208,1544,Eriophyllum confertiflorum (DC.) Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,72,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched seeds ground into flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 72"
14347,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
14682,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
14727,1607,Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
14750,1611,Ferula dissoluta,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
14753,1614,Festuca sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
14947,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
15340,1666,Fritillaria affinis var. affinis,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
15357,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,119,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs pounded into a flour.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 119"
15379,1669,Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
16560,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make flour.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
16561,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,76,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried seeds ground and mixed with flour from other seeds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 76"
16569,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,82,Gros Ventre,73,b05,12,1,Food,75,Staple,Powdered seed meal boiled or made into cakes with grease.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
16573,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
16582,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,34,1,Food,75,Staple,"Roasted seeds pounded, ground into a meal and eaten dry.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34"
16588,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,135,Mandan,73,b05,12,1,Food,75,Staple,Powdered seed meal boiled or made into cakes with grease.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
16590,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds winnowed, parched, ground and eaten as pinole.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
16613,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
16615,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
16622,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,103,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal and used as food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"
16628,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,212,Ree,73,b05,12,1,Food,75,Staple,Powdered seed meal boiled or made into cakes with grease.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
16663,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
16733,1843,Hemizonia congesta ssp. clevelandii (Greene) Babcock & Hall,200,Pomo,96,b52,86,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 86"
16734,1844,Hemizonia congesta ssp. luzulifolia (DC.) Babcock & Hall,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,394,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used as an important source of pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 394"
16735,1844,Hemizonia congesta ssp. luzulifolia (DC.) Babcock & Hall,200,Pomo,96,b52,86,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 86"
16736,1845,Hemizonia corymbosa (DC.) Torr. & Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
16740,1848,Hemizonia sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,274,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 274"
16888,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Growing stalks used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
17401,1910,Hordeum murinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,313,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 313"
17404,1911,Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
17537,1934,Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Wats.) Gray,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
17685,1969,Hypericum scouleri ssp. scouleri,144,Miwok,100,bg33,158,1,Food,75,Staple,"Eaten fresh, dried or ground into flour and used like acorn meal.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 158"
18212,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18293,2034,Juglans nigra L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,75,Staple,Nut meats crushed and added to hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18421,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Berries seeded, pounded into a meal and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18581,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ground berries made into a meal, water added and used as a beverage.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
18929,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ground berries made into a meal, water added and used as a beverage.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
19306,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,101,Isleta,76,j31,33,1,Food,75,Staple,Considered a very important source of food before the introduction of wheat.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
19307,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,101,Isleta,76,j31,33,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make flour for bread and mush.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
19743,2119,Layia platyglossa (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
19744,2119,Layia platyglossa (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,393,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 393"
19924,2136,Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
20040,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
20122,2163,Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,312,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 312"
20270,2184,Lilium columbianum hort. ex Baker,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
20498,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make a meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20501,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20507,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns considered the main staple. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20508,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns used to make flour. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20515,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,168,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns form one of the principal foods.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 168"
20535,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20537,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered the main staple.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20544,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered the main staple.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20545,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns leached and ground into flour.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20546,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,168,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns form one of the principal foods.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 168"
20717,2229,Lolium temulentum L.,200,Pomo,89,c02,314,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds formerly used for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"
20718,2229,Lolium temulentum L.,287,Yuki,89,c02,314,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds formerly used for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"
20719,2230,Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,15,1,Food,75,Staple,Spring roots reduced to flour.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
20759,2234,Lomatium cous (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,15,1,Food,75,Staple,Spring roots eaten or reduced to flour.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
20760,2234,Lomatium cous (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,15,1,Food,75,Staple,Spring roots reduced to flour.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
20956,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
21051,2252,Lomatium simplex var. simplex,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,15,1,Food,75,Staple,Spring roots reduced to flour.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
21064,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,15,1,Food,75,Staple,Spring roots reduced to flour.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
21369,2306,Lupinus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
21531,2330,Lycopus uniflorus Michx.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
21764,2360,Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl.,98,Hupa,71,sg52,390,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds parched and pounded into a flour.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 390"
21765,2360,Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,338,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds roasted with hot coals, pounded or rolled into flour and eaten dry.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 338"
21766,2360,Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,154,1,Food,75,Staple,Pulverized seeds eaten as a dry meal.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 154"
21767,2360,Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl.,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
21768,2360,Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,112,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 112"
21770,2361,Madia elegans ssp. densifolia (Greene) Keck,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
21779,2363,Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,395,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 395"
21780,2363,Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate,144,Miwok,100,bg33,154,1,Food,75,Staple,"Parched, pulverized seeds made into oily meal and readily picked up in lumps.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 154"
21781,2363,Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
21785,2364,Madia sativa Molina,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
21786,2364,Madia sativa Molina,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
21788,2364,Madia sativa Molina,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,111,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 111"
21791,2365,Madia sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used for food.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
21792,2365,Madia sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,274,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 274"
22030,2377,Mahonia sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
22872,2447,Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,95,Hopi,72,f96,20,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground into a fine, sweet meal and eaten in pinches.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
22882,2447,Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
22919,2455,Mentzelia multiflora var. multiflora,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched with hot coals in an old basket, ground lightly with a special rock.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
22931,2459,Mentzelia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,52,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds considered an important staple.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 52"
23415,2519,Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene,193,Pima,104,r08,70,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds boiled, partially dried, parched, ground and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70"
24023,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make flour.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
24103,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,115,Klamath,111,m90,29,1,Food,75,Staple,"Dried, roasted seeds used as cereal.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 29"
24104,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,115,Klamath,186,c04,728,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food in primitive times.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1904, Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians., Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum., page 728"
24349,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,94,1,Food,75,Staple,Roasted pods and seeds ground into flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94"
24358,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans parched, sun dried, stored, ground into flour and used as a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
24366,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans formerly pit roasted, ground, mixed with water and eaten as pinole.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
24374,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,284,Yavapai,201,g32,211,1,Food,75,Staple,"Dried, mashed, parched seeds ground into a meal and used to make greasy cakes.","Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252, page 211"
24567,2643,Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24572,2643,Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Flowers pit roasted and eaten as a staple.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
24590,2647,Opuntia bigelovii Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24592,2648,Opuntia californica var. parkeri (Coult.) Pinkava,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24605,2652,Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,1,Food,75,Staple,Buds and joints used as a staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
24606,2652,Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow,188,Papago,160,cb42,59,1,Food,75,Staple,"Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 59"
24623,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,188,Papago,160,cb42,60,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits and joints used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60"
24633,2654,Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24649,2658,Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) P. Mill.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24666,2660,Opuntia fulgida Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,59,1,Food,75,Staple,"Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 59"
24733,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,157,Navajo,121,l86,14,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried seeds ground into flour.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14"
24791,2669,Opuntia ramosissima Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24799,2670,Opuntia sp.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and flour eaten with drafts of water.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
24834,2670,Opuntia sp.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,230,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 230"
24845,2670,Opuntia sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
24866,2671,Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Toumey,188,Papago,160,cb42,60,1,Food,75,Staple,"Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60"
24869,2673,Opuntia versicolor Engelm. ex Coult.,188,Papago,160,cb42,60,1,Food,75,Staple,"Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60"
24928,2691,Oryza sativa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
25452,2738,Panicum capillare L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and mixed with corn meal.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
25462,2739,Panicum hirticaule J. Presl,288,Yuma,125,cb51,190,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, winnowed and ground into flour.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 190"
25471,2741,Panicum sonorum Beal,275,Warihio,125,cb51,170,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour and seasoned with salt and sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 170"
25501,2747,Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans parched, sun dried, stored, ground into flour and used as a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
26006,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,103,1,Food,75,Staple,Root considered a staple.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
26024,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,43,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots ground into flour.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
26045,2832,Perideridia gairdneri ssp. gairdneri,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
26046,2832,Perideridia gairdneri ssp. gairdneri,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,75,Staple,"Tubers eaten raw, cooked or used for pinole.","Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
26054,2833,Perideridia kelloggii (Gray) Mathias,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,372,1,Food,75,Staple,Tubers and semifleshy roots eaten as pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 372"
26059,2833,Perideridia kelloggii (Gray) Mathias,200,Pomo,96,b52,86,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 86"
26248,2850,Peucedanum sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Growing stalks used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
26291,2868,Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Freeman,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,264,1,Food,75,Staple,"Parched, ground, boiled beans and unparched maize made into a meal.","Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 264"
26295,2868,Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Freeman,188,Papago,27,cu35,32,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 32"
26353,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,69,1,Food,75,Staple,Berry used as a staple article of food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69"
26366,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,100,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 100"
26491,2892,Pholisma sonorae (Torr. ex Gray) Yatskievych,188,Papago,27,cu35,17,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple root crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17"
26710,2918,Physalis pubescens L.,157,Navajo,121,l86,17,1,Food,75,Staple,"Berries dried, ground into a flour and stored for winter use.","Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 17"
27447,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Cambium layer used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
27539,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,"Nuts eaten raw, roasted or ground into flour.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27540,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27589,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,37,1,Food,75,Staple,Nuts formerly used as a staple food.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
27617,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,19,c35,40,1,Food,75,Staple,"Nuts hulled, parched and ground with corn meal to make a flour.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40"
27787,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,"Nuts eaten raw, roasted or ground into flour.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27788,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27860,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,241,1,Food,75,Staple,Roasted nuts ground into flour.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 241"
28017,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Cambium layer used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
28018,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Nutlets or seeds used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
28143,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,92,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried nut eaten whole or pounded into a flour and mixed with pinole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 92"
28322,2985,Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,75,Staple,Roasted and ground into flour.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
28340,2991,Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (Greene) I.M. Johnston,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,382,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382"
28341,2991,Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (Greene) I.M. Johnston,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,382,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds winnowed, parched and flour eaten dry.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382"
28664,3029,Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
28717,3034,Pogogyne douglasii ssp. parviflora (Benth.) J.T. Howell,170,Numlaki,89,c02,384,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds used as a sweet, aromatic ingredient of wheat and barley pinole.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 384"
28718,3034,Pogogyne douglasii ssp. parviflora (Benth.) J.T. Howell,287,Yuki,89,c02,384,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds used as a sweet, aromatic ingredient of wheat and barley pinole.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 384"
28923,3064,Polygonum douglasii Greene,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,18,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched seeds made into meal.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
29947,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans ground into flour, mixed with other plant foods and eaten.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
29950,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,523,1,Food,75,Staple,Pods made into a meal and used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 523"
29964,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,75,Staple,Pods pulverized and made into a meal for transporting.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
29970,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,75,Staple,Fresh pods pounded into a flour.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29985,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,128,Luiseno,24,s08,231,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground beans made into a flour and used for food in some places.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231"
29995,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,188,Papago,160,cb42,60,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits and seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60"
30006,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,288,Yuma,125,cb51,181,1,Food,75,Staple,Pods crushed or ground into a meal.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 181"
30018,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,1,Food,75,Staple,Pods dried and ground into a meal.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30048,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,288,Yuma,125,cb51,181,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans dried thoroughly and pounded into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 181"
30062,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,1,Food,75,Staple,Pod meal and water used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30063,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,1,Food,75,Staple,Pods used as one of the important food staples.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30064,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe pods allowed to dry or picked after fully dried and ground into meal.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30084,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,104,r08,75,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans pit cooked, dried, pounded and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 75"
30085,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,19,c35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans pit roasted for several days, dried and ground into a pinole.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
30089,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans used to make flour.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
30090,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruit used as a staple food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
30110,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,25,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans ground into flour and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 25"
30111,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans pounded in mortars and used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
30147,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,104,r08,74,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans parched, ground and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 74"
30148,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,19,c35,44,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour and eaten as a pinole.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 44"
30165,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans used to make flour.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
30166,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruit used as a staple food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
30445,3170,Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,1,Food,75,Staple,Kernels ground into a flour and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
30721,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries considered a staple.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
30878,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,119,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground pit used as a meal.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 119"
30918,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,1,Food,75,Staple,"Fruit used as an important ingredient in the preparation of 'pemmican.' Pemmican was made by the Sioux and other tribes by mixing certain berries, such as the buffalo berry, the choke cherry and the sarvice berry with the fat of the buffalo, pounding up the whole which was then packed away in skins.  Sometimes jerked buffalo was put into an oven to render it brittle, beaten up on a skin with these berries, some marrow fat being added to give consistency, and finally packed in skin bags.  This was a regular article of commerce and highly prized by the old trappers and hunters for its portability as a condensed food and for its keeping qualities.  Later the flesh and tallow of the ox was substituted for that of the buffalo and is still used to some extent.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
30926,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
31444,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,41,Clallam,99,f80,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Rhizomes roasted, pounded into a flour and eaten.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194"
31498,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,235,Sierra,89,c02,304,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a staple food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304"
31507,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,259,Thompson,10,tta90,90,1,Food,75,Staple,"Cooked, inner rhizome pounded into a flour and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90"
31848,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns eaten as a staple food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
31849,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31900,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted, cooked in soup stock to flavor and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
31947,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31952,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31961,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31971,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31990,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried acorns ground into flour.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
32009,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32015,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Stored acorns pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32034,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Stored acorns pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32056,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32063,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32076,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns formerly used as a staple food.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
32079,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32090,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns eaten raw, boiled, roasted in ashes or dried, ground and cooked like corn meal.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32097,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32101,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32103,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32109,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into flour.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32111,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32115,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32146,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32150,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32196,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32201,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns eaten as a staple food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32202,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32217,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the principal vegetable food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
32221,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,52,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns ground into flour, leached and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
32235,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32249,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32259,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32309,3276,Quercus nigra L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,8,1,Food,75,Staple,Pounded acorns boiled and made into a meal.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 8"
32310,3276,Quercus nigra L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,8,1,Food,75,Staple,Pounded acorns used as cornmeal.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 8"
32316,3277,Quercus oblongifolia Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,78,1,Food,75,Staple,"Hulls removed, acorns parched, ground into meal and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
32325,3280,Quercus peninsularis Trel.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns pounded, sun dried, ground and leached.","Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
32384,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns leached with lye and used as of the most important starchy foods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
32459,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried acorns ground into flour.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32552,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,125,Lakota,108,r80,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make flour.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49"
32585,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,"Stored acorns pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32603,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32666,3303,Ranunculus californicus Benth.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used for food.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
32693,3312,Ranunculus occidentalis var. occidentalis,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,347,1,Food,75,Staple,"Smooth, flat and orbicular seeds used alone or mixed with other seeds to make pinole.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 347"
32694,3312,Ranunculus occidentalis var. occidentalis,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
32695,3312,Ranunculus occidentalis var. occidentalis,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
32831,3336,Rhodiola rosea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,54,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots stored buried in the sand and grass and used in hard times when short of food.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 54"
33078,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,48,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33196,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,121,l86,26,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries ground into a flour.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 26"
33197,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits ground into a meal and eaten.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33412,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
33562,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
33741,3396,Ribes sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
34183,3432,Rosa sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
34627,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
34938,3469,Rubus sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
35253,3485,Rumex crispus L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
35522,3499,Ruppia sp.,229,Seri,29,d44,134,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds made into a meal.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 134"
35570,3508,Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,396,1,Food,75,Staple,"Corms, a most valued food, boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which the Indians have learned to recognize and appropriate.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 396"
36363,3555,Salvia apiana Jepson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched seeds ground into a flour and used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
36383,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make cakes or mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
36386,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,253,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used for pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253"
36396,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
36403,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,200,Pomo,111,m90,28,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used for pinole.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 28"
36404,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
36457,3561,Salvia mellifera Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched seeds ground into a meal.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
36925,3570,Sambucus sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
37387,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots made into flour and used to make bread.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
37532,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots ground into flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37533,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten raw or ground into mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37871,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
38090,3692,Sisymbrium irio L.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds ground, parched and used to make pinole.","Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
38142,3703,Sium suave Walt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
38874,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,188,Papago,27,cu35,22,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds made into flour and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 22"
39008,3845,Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq.,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
39026,3847,Suaeda sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,141,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into flour and used to make mush and cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141"
40301,3956,Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,352,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used in pinole mixtures.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352"
40589,4001,Trifolium bifidum Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,360,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 360"
40601,4004,Trifolium dichotomum Hook. & Arn.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,361,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten as a pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 361"
40818,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,208,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 208"
40824,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,37,1,Food,75,Staple,"Grains trampled, winnowed, softened with water, pounded, dried and ground into flour.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
40829,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,75,Staple,"Corn and wheat, the most important foods, used for food.","White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
40959,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,150,1,Food,75,Staple,"Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40963,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,86,Haisla,166,g92,150,1,Food,75,Staple,"Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
41153,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds roasted, ground into a meal and eaten with a little water without boiling.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41188,4049,Typha latifolia L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,1,Food,75,Staple,Dried roots ground into a meal.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
41252,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,1,Food,75,Staple,Pollen used as flour.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
41296,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2226,1,Food,75,Staple,Pollen used for flour.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2226"
41337,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds roasted, ground into a meal and eaten with a little water without boiling.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
42071,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
42137,4080,Vaccinium myrtillus L.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
42868,4108,Verbena hastata L.,49,Concow,89,c02,383,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 383"
43591,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
43595,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
43596,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,111,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground to mix with pinole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 111"
43610,4203,Wyethia longicaulis Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,396,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used with parched wheat for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 396"
43612,4203,Wyethia longicaulis Gray,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
43624,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
43637,4207,Wyethia sp.,200,Pomo,109,m66,284,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284"
43639,4208,Xanthium sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,75,Staple,"Parched, ground seeds made into a meal and eaten dry or moistened and whole seeds stored.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43651,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
43837,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruit cooked and ground into a meal.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43915,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits used as an important staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43953,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds dried, stored in baskets and ground into meal when needed.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
44026,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,75,Staple,"Trunks pit cooked, pounded and made into flour.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44212,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits cooked and ground into a meal.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44262,4236,Yucca sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits dried and used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
44373,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44374,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44381,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as the staple vegetable food to provide nourishment for the soul and the body.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44393,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44400,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground into meal.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44430,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched corn eaten as a staple.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44440,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,75,Staple,Corn meal used as one of the main foods.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44450,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,75,Staple,"Roasted popcorn pounded into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar or wild rice or all three.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44467,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,75,Staple,"Green corn roasted, shelled, ground, dried and wrapped in corn husks, like tamales, for journeys.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44487,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44488,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44494,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,75,Staple,"Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and ground into meal.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44496,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44497,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44502,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44503,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44511,4244,Zea mays L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,75,Staple,"Corn and wheat, the most important foods, used for food.","White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
44521,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44532,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,75,Staple,Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread eaten as a staple on journeys.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44637,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,1,Food,75,Staple,Grain used as an important and prized food item.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
44638,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44639,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Rice cooked with deer broth, pork or butter and seasoned with maple sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 67"
44645,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,328,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used as a staple food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 328"
44646,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44647,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44650,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44652,4255,Zizania palustris L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,403,1,Food,75,Staple,"Formed an important staple in the diet, cooked with deer broth and maple sugar and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 403"
44655,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice valuable for cooking with wild fowl or game and maple sugar used to season the mixture.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44679,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,75,Staple,Leached nutlet of the drupe ground into a flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"