id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
155,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Boughs used by wolf dancers as decorative clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
482,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make crude dresses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
536,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fibers used to make women's skirts.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1512,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stripped bark used as a fibrous material for women's skirts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1756,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pounded leaves dried and made into shoes, sandals and women's skirts.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1846,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cut, split leaves used to make sandals.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1960,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
3788,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to weave grave cloth material.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3811,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3812,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used to make aprons.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201"
3822,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark formerly used to make garments.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3845,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3860,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3861,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3882,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark strips braided and worn as a belt.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4232,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark sewn together to make an 'every day dress.',"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4276,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used for head covering.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
5641,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Pounded bark used as a lining or wrapper inside winter shoes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5726,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark frayed and stuffed into moccasins for added warmth.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5727,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make cloth and sandals.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5804,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used in weaving bags and clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
6096,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used to make aprons.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201"
6097,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6109,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fibers shredded to make a woman's skirt.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6241,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fibers shredded to make a woman's skirt.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6254,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed pappus formerly used for infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6272,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pods gathered when two thirds ripe and the cotton used for weaving clothing. The cotton was used for weaving beautiful white dance kilts, women's belts and other articles of clothing.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
6338,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used to make belts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
7279,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7631,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves dried, softened and used as insoles in moccasins.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7636,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Grass, rubbed and softened, sometimes mixed with sagebrush bark, used to make socks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
8056,736,Carex atherodes Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8082,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven hats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8087,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8100,752,Carex sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass used in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
8128,752,Carex sp.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,315,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to weave hats.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315"
8789,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,188,Papago,27,cu35,49,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make sandals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 49"
9074,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for weaving capes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
9077,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,86,Haisla,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark fiber used to make clothing for the nobility.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
9080,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into capes and loincloths.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9087,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving capes and other clothing of head chiefs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9088,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Wood used for making ornamental dishes and headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9095,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark pounded and used to make fine quality clothing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9096,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make hats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9114,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
9120,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark finely shredded and used to make face towels.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9121,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark pounded and spun to make baby clothing, skirts, capes and hats.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9128,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make robes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9267,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,41,Clallam,99,f80,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Puffs mixed with dog hair and used for weaving cloth.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201"
9569,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make shirts and breechclouts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9921,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,97,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Down spun with yellow cedar inner bark and used for baby clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97"
10267,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed fluff used in infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
11328,1120,Cowania sp.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make coiled sandals.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 30"
12074,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make headbands and headrings.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 55"
12979,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark twisted to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12993,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12994,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark stripped off, shredded and the fiber used to make clothing.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
13870,1488,Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven into skirts and aprons.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253"
14197,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"'Female' stems dried, split and inserted into boot welts to seal them.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14203,1541,Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stems used in summer for boot insoles.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
14650,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for making clothing.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
16130,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cotton used to make ceremonial garments.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
16137,1768,Gossypium sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cotton used to make belts, sashes and red bands for the hair.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
16149,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Blades rubbed until soft, peat moss and squirrels' nest material placed in a cradle for a diaper.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16150,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as baby diapers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
18383,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems and leaves used as raw textile material.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
18388,2048,Juncus sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make breech cloths.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
18658,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed fine and used to make baby clothes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18704,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used in the winter as a lining for moccasins to absorb moisture.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18811,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark rolled into rope, coiled and sewn with sinew to form sandal soles.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18812,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed between hands until soft and fibers woven into clothing.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
19115,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into garments and used to make sandals.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19116,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dry bark mixed with mud and worn as clothing during hard times.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
20111,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
21492,2321,Lycopodium clavatum L.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,157,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used as a belt for the blankets that were worn.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 157"
23538,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Long grass made into coiled, conical baskets and used as hats.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
25447,2736,Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make hats.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41"
25472,2742,Panicum sp.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used for padding inside of moccasins.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
25894,2808,Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,139,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Mashed leaves placed inside moccasins for insoles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139"
27213,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make hats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27214,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Roots used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27255,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Roots used for rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
28669,3032,Poa sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fine leaves and stems used in the past to line skin boots.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
28670,3032,Poa sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried leaves used for boot insoles.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
29103,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Long, straight fronds worn as head decoration when visiting another place and bringing gifts.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
29129,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,56,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves used to make a 'hula hula skirt' as part of the costume of some male, tsaika dancers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56"
29210,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used in the manufacture of cloth.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
29522,3105,Populus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,68,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Rotten wood used to wrap babies in at night as a diaper.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 68"
29622,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
30011,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pounded, rubbed & pulled bark used as a soft fiber for weaving skirts and making diapers for babies.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
31367,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,366,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant tops used to make garlands worn like hats in hot weather.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366"
31368,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,61,Dakota,17,g19,93,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant tops used to make garlands worn on the head as protection from the sun on very hot days.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
31625,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark crushed, rubbed into softness and stuffed into over shoes for warmth.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
31626,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Soft bark used as an absorbent diaper for children.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
31633,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,97,Hualapai,127,w82,31,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark used for diapers, clothing and sandals.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 31"
31647,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,82,c74,304,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark spun and woven into kilts worn by the snake priests.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 304"
31648,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark spun and woven into kilts worn by the snake priests.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
31664,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded bark used for bedding or diaper for cradleboard.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
31680,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used for diapers.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
31706,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,183,Paiute,98,m53,82,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make moccasins.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 82"
32626,3298,Ramalina Menziesii,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,123,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers and other sanitary purposes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 123"
33218,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Small stems used to make sun shades or hats.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
35678,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35822,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36066,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36247,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36323,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
37355,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass rubbed into softness and used as fur like insulation in moccasins during the winter.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
37379,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used for hats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
37399,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps and the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
37400,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
37401,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37414,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,200,Pomo,96,b52,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92"
37425,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make capes, bags and Indian doctor headdresses.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37432,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Rushes used in weaving hats.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
37438,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
37447,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps and the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
37448,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
37449,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37470,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,96,b52,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92"
38692,3783,Sphagnum sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,87,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Whole plant used as a diaper for small children.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 87"
38694,3783,Sphagnum sp.,36,Chinook,25,g73,50,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used by women for sanitary napkins.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
38698,3783,Sphagnum sp.,86,Haisla,14,c93,148,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used for diapering infants.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 148"
38701,3783,Sphagnum sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,59,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
39939,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make capes and shaman collars.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39945,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark coarsely shredded and plaited into skirts, capes and dresses for women.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
39952,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark used for clothing, sanitary napkins and towels.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39981,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats of various types.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39982,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into hip length leggings to wear through deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39983,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make rain capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40012,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave capes, skirts and aprons.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40013,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded inner bark used for diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40028,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40029,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40030,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40048,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make clothing.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40059,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40060,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40061,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Roots and bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40062,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Roots washed, scorched over a fire, skinned, split in two, scraped and used to make hats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40063,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded bark used for diapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40083,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark pounded until soft and made into clothes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40084,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make the lining and head bands of rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40097,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into cloth.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40117,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark used to make waterproof hats, capes and other articles of clothing.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40152,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark and stems used to make clothing.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40166,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous tissue used to make napkins and clothing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40167,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make dance costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40168,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark used to make women's aprons, conical rain capes and napkins.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40169,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Wood used to make hoops worn by dancers as part of their costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40194,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40195,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40196,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40197,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make the lining and head bands of rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40212,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make the lining and head bands of rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40222,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for covering drummers' hands in winter dances.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40223,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make hats, diapers, work aprons and clothing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40262,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark and stems used to make clothing.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40263,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make rain cloaks, aprons and capes.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40278,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make diapers for infants and rain proof capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40356,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make belts.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40367,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark two-ply cord used to make shoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41138,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves twined as weft rows for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
41139,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
41140,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41183,4049,Typha latifolia L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Down used as diapers.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 19"
41192,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41210,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41241,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41249,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fluffy tops used as padding for baby diapers.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
41256,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41285,4049,Typha latifolia L.,163,Nimpkish,63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41288,4049,Typha latifolia L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make skirts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
41302,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony fluff used as diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41303,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony fruiting heads used as 'insoles' for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41322,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves twined as weft rows for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
41323,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
41324,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41354,4049,Typha latifolia L.,200,Pomo,96,b52,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92"
41366,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41381,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41386,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41391,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Downy seed fluff used as diapers for infants.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41403,4049,Typha latifolia L.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,59,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven together to make raincoats.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41418,4049,Typha latifolia L.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven together to make raincoats.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41765,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41815,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41822,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41862,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41891,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41917,4063,Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
41927,4064,Usnea sp.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,211,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to diaper babies and for women's sanitary napkins.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211"
43703,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,211,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make basket hats for men and women.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 211"
43732,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,282,Yana,181,ss43,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass wrapped around the ties of the women's belts.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 253"
43733,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Small leaves used to make dresses. Plants were burned every year.  Leaves were harvested in the spring when they first began to grow out from their charred rhizome.  Prior to use, the leaves were soaked in water to make them pliable, but if left too long they turned green.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43807,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves reduced to fiber and made into cloth.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43832,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used to make shoes.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43977,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaf fibers used in weaving fabrics. The leaves were folded about four inches in length and tied with a fragment of the leaf.  These folds were boiled with a small quantity of cedar ashes.  When sufficiently cooked, the leaves were placed in a bowl or basket and cooled.  When the leaves were cooled, youths and young women peeled off the epidermis, and chewed the leaves starting at one end and progressing to the other.  After chewing the leaves, the fibers were separated, straightened out, tied with fiber strings and hung in an inner room to dry.  When required for weaving, the fibers were soaked in water to soften them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43978,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves boiled, chewed and fiber woven into skirts and kilts.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
44004,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44014,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,43,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Made into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 43"
44187,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make bandoleers and neckties for clowns and dancers.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44208,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44209,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Strong fibers used to make shoes and sandals.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44218,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,43,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Made into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 43"
44237,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make knitted leggings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44238,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make leggings and shoes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44239,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make moccasin uppers and dresses.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44240,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Yucca fiber and grass fiber used to make the earliest costume.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"