id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44317,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used alone and in compound as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
43695,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43621,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,183,Paiute,12,tha41,148149,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a blood tonic and for colds.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 148149"
43474,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a 'fall tonic.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43454,4180,Vitis rupestris Scheele,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing vine used as a tonic by frail women and increases fertility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26"
43430,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a 'fall tonic.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43353,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
43344,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a 'fall tonic.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43332,4149,Viola ?pedata L. (pro sp.),32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43311,4165,Viola sororia Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43300,4162,Viola rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43286,4160,Viola pubescens Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43271,4156,Viola cucullata Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43258,4151,Viola bicolor Pursh,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43174,4136,Viburnum prunifolium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43123,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43013,4128,Viburnum acerifolium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
42977,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
42866,4108,Verbena hastata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a general or breast complaint tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
41854,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,28,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41844,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,146,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root taken as a blood tonic and for general debility.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 146"
41840,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,221,Samish,25,g73,28,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41714,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Young shoots chewed and swallowed as a tonic to prevent sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
40478,3974,Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze,96,Houma,49,speck41,59,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic and 'rejuvenator.',"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 59"
40313,3957,Tiarella cordifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,344,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots and leaves taken as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 344"
40139,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Weak infusion of boughs taken as a sweathouse tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40138,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Decoction of boughs and three plants taken as a sweathouse tonic. The three plants were Douglas fir boughs, rose branches and often a small quantity of stinging nettle.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
39767,3930,Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,145146,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of stems taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 145146"
39641,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,95,Hopi,37,w39,98,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 98"
39393,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,121,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121"
39388,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,54,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a bitter tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 54"
39379,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,149,Mohegan,62,cw45,121,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121"
39378,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of root taken as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
39377,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction or infusion of plants taken as a spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
39345,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 80",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used to make a 'laxative-tonic.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 80"
39295,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
39167,3866,Symphyotrichum frondosum (Nutt.) Nesom,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"48, 49",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of dried stems taken as a general blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 48, 49"
38992,3840,Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (Michx.) Reveal,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic medicine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
38990,3840,Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (Michx.) Reveal,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic medicine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
38973,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
38935,3831,Stephanomeria spinosa (Nutt.) S. Tomb,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,102103,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 102103"
38841,3818,Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,142,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic for general debility after an illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 142"
38819,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of pounded roots used as a spring tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
38759,3787,Spiraea ?pyramidata Greene (pro sp.)  [betulifolia ? douglasii],259,Thompson,33,steed28,471,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471"
38566,3761,Sorbus scopulina Greene,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
38530,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,177,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of inner bark and sweet flag used as a tonic.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 177"
38483,3746,Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula Torr. & Gray,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root and stalk taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
38457,3742,Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. nana (Gray) Ringius,259,Thompson,33,steed28,468,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a tonic to restore appetite.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 468"
38452,3740,Solidago odora Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
38433,3738,Solidago multiradiata Ait.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
38330,3727,Solanum sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a general tonic.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
38240,3715,Smilax tamnoides L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,23,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of stems taken as a general tonic.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 23"
38208,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark astringent and slightly tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
38166,3707,Smilax bona-nox L.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,8,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of stems taken as a general tonic.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 8"
38070,3689,Sinapis alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
38012,3686,Silphium laciniatum L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,132,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken for general debility.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
37917,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,472,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 472"
37916,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Berry jam taken as a tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37877,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,216,Salish,144,teit28,294,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of twigs taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
37736,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of gummy sap taken as a tonic.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
37270,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root taken as a spring tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
37260,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Root, leaves and bark mixed with other herbs to make a tonic.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
37259,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including sassafras root taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
37255,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,100,Iroquois,7,h77,334,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 334"
37238,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used in a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
37034,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,132,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Leaves used to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 132"
36954,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used in a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
36934,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,171,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Rhizomes used to make a medicinal tonic.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 171"
36851,3568,Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn,183,Paiute,12,tha41,137138,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of blossoms given to children as a spring tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138"
36687,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Wine made from berries taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36512,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Wine made from berries taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36480,3562,Salvia officinalis L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,132,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Green or dried leaves used to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 132"
36347,3515,Salix ?pendulina Wenderoth [babylonica ? fragilis],32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
36266,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,133-136,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root bark taken as a spring tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 133-136"
36106,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,241,Skagit,25,g73,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of peeled bark taken as a tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36099,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,114,Klallam,25,g73,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of peeled bark taken as a tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36002,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
35883,3532,Salix humilis Marsh.,138,Menominee,176,d32,133,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of stalk taken as a general tonic.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133"
35877,3532,Salix humilis Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
35636,3517,Salix alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
35517,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,132133,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a blood purifier or tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 132133"
35510,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,183,Paiute,12,tha41,132133,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a blood purifier or tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 132133"
35433,3489,Rumex obtusifolius L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,313,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction taken as a blood medicine and tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 313"
35340,3485,Rumex crispus L.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,131132,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131132"
35324,3485,Rumex crispus L.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,317,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used for the tonic properties.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317"
35323,3485,Rumex crispus L.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,131132,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131132"
35297,3485,Rumex crispus L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
35281,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,312,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of roots taken by women as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 312"
35053,3471,Rubus trivialis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34923,3469,Rubus sp.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,29,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic to improve circulation.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29"
34897,3467,Rubus pubescens Raf.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
34896,3467,Rubus pubescens Raf.,259,Thompson,55,p52,41,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a stomach tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
34890,3467,Rubus pubescens Raf.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,41,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a stomach tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
34803,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots taken by thin people as a tonic.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
34749,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as a tonic for boils.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34682,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as a tonic for boils.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34573,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
34487,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,355,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 355"
34463,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as a tonic for boils.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34440,3452,Rubus hispidus L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Fermented decoction of berries taken for dysentery and as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 32"
34417,3448,Rubus flagellaris Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34353,3442,Rubus argutus Link,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34290,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34232,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,129-131,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of roots taken as a blood tonic and for general debility.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 129-131"
34225,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,129-131,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaves taken as a spring tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 129-131"
34017,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of stems taken for 'general indisposition' and as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
33940,3419,Rosa arkansana Porter,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
33667,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,259,Thompson,33,steed28,472,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 472"
33593,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves and twigs taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33582,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,469,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of wood taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 469"
32775,3325,Rhamnus alnifolia L'H‚r.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,381,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bark given to children as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 381"
32539,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32502,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32397,3285,Quercus rubra L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark and leaves taken as a beneficial beverage (bitters).,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
32358,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32320,3278,Quercus pagoda Raf.,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark and root taken as a tonic for 'run-down health.',"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
32171,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32047,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31890,3253,Quercus alba L.,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,"68, 82",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of bark taken as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68, 82"
31870,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31775,3239,Pyrola asarifolia ssp. asarifolia,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
31721,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaf taken as a blood tonic or general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
31720,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaf taken as a 'blood or general tonic.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
31703,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaf taken as a blood tonic or general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
31702,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaf taken as a 'blood or general tonic.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
31583,3221,Pteryxia terebinthina var. terebinthina,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Infusion of dried, pounded roots taken as a general tonic.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
31443,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
31315,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of needles taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31212,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,33,steed28,494,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of young twigs and leaves used for the tonic properties.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 494"
30965,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,477,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 477"
30911,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Inner bark used in a tonic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
30853,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"77, 78",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Berries used to make tonic drink and bark used in an eyewash.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 77, 78"
30844,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branches and red willow roots used as a general tonic for any type of sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
30668,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of fresh or dried bark taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
30660,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,310,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of berries taken as a 'fine bitter tonic.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 310"
30647,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including wild cherry bark taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
30638,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Fruit used as a tonic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
30603,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,"68, 82",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of bark taken as a tonic for general debility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68, 82"
30601,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"27, 78",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing bark taken as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 27, 78"
30598,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark combined with other roots and used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
30378,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,133,Makah,3,g83,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
30308,3161,Prunus andersonii Gray,183,Paiute,12,tha41,123,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of dried bark strips taken as a winter tonic to ward off influenza.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 123"
30220,3159,Prunella vulgaris L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,471,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Hot or cold infusion of plant taken as a tonic for general indisposition.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471"
29835,3127,Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of whole plant taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
29834,3127,Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,469,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a tonic for 'general out-of-sorts feeling.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 469"
29830,3127,Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of whole plant taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
29230,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,121122,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of bark taken as a blood tonic and for general debility.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 121122"
29162,3093,Populus alba L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,293,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of inner bark taken as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 293"
28905,3058,Polygonum bistorta L.,5,Aleut,193,ven40,263,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Veniamenov, I., 1840, Notes on the Islands in the Unalaska District, St. Petersburg -- Translated by HRAF, page 263"
28815,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a mild tonic for 'general debility.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
28791,3046,Polygala senega L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,336,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root or dried root alone taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336"
28691,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 78",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used to make a spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 78"
28688,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used to make a spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 38"
28387,3000,Plantago macrocarpa Cham. & Schlecht.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,428,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 428"
27852,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,117118,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of resin taken as a tonic after childbirth and for general debility.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 117118"
27419,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
27347,2945,Pimpinella anisum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,28,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a stomach tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28"
27044,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
26983,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of twigs taken 'for generally beneficial effects.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
26939,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
26486,2890,Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,112,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic after childbirth.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112"
25632,2768,Pedicularis attollens Gray,276,Washo,12,tha41,112,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112"
25408,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,318,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a general tonic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 318"
25394,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used alone or in combination to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
25393,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including ginseng root taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
25384,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,24,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant acted as a tonic and strengthened mental powers.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 24"
25379,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,396,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 396"
25358,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"27, 76",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root and other plant parts taken as a general tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 27, 76"
25355,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots and other plant parts used as a general tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
25346,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
25121,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,82,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing root used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 82"
25083,2700,Osmunda cinnamomea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Cooked fronds eaten as 'spring tonic.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
25070,2699,Osmorhiza sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,398,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots taken as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 398"
25046,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,109110,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic to protect against illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
24893,2676,Orbexilum pedunculatum var. psoralioides (Walt.) Isely,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
24560,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24547,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of crushed stems taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
24546,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,459,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of stems taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 459"
24524,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,85,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of inner bark from young spring growth used as a tonic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 85"
24516,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of crushed stems taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
24459,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24443,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
23690,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,25,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Weak infusion of plant given to children as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 25"
23648,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"31, 76",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Leaves prepared with peach pit and given as a pediatric tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 76"
23644,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaf used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
23629,2571,Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,39,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of small branches reduced to syrup and taken as a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 39"
23377,2513,Monardella odoratissima Benth.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,105106,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branches taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 105106"
22946,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used as a powerful ingredient in a tonic.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
22853,2442,Mentha ?piperita L. (pro sp.) [aquatica ? spicata],63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,76,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing leaves used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 76"
22676,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,64,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as a tonic.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 64"
22645,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,76,Flathead,30,h92,64,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion taken as a tonic.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 64"
22572,2437,Melissa officinalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
22471,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,426,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used to make a tonic.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 426"
22258,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,268,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic to 'repair the damage done by the elder' during puberty rites.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
22257,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,268,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and roots used as a tonic for young men in training.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
22248,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
22247,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,121,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bark used as a tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22178,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,276,Washo,12,tha41,139140,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 139140"
22109,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including spikenard root taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
22073,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing root used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
21986,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root bark used as a tonic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
21975,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,105,Karok,70,b81,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used in a tonic.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
21873,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,187,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Fruit eaten as a 'tonic.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 187"
21866,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,30,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21849,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,30,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21720,2346,Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,49,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49"
21557,2333,Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,67,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plant used as a general tonic for children.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
21346,2301,Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.,216,Salish,144,teit28,293,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plants used as a tonic.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 293"
21112,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,471,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of peeled stems taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471"
21102,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,241,Skagit,25,g73,48,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves applied to the body as a strengthening tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 48"
20840,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots taken as a tonic.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
20824,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,182,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of pulverized stems and leaves used as a tonic.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 182"
20823,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,182,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Infusion of dried, powdered roots taken as a tonic.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 182"
20816,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used to make a drink taken as a tonic for 'people in a weakened condition.',"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
20351,2198,Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used for 'white swellings' and infusion taken as a spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
20155,2169,Liatris scariosa var. scariosa,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
19996,2154,Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,121,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121"
19994,2154,Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"72, 128",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Flowers used to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 72, 128"
19993,2154,Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.,149,Mohegan,62,cw45,121,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121"
19992,2154,Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction or infusion of plants taken as a spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
19908,2131,Leonurus cardiaca L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including motherwort taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
19903,2131,Leonurus cardiaca L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,98,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of dried plant taken as a tonic.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 98"
19891,2128,Leiophyllum buxifolium (Berg.) Ell.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,"58, 84",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Berries used to make spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 58, 84"
19847,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,216,Salish,144,teit28,294,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plants taken as a tonic.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
19822,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,141,Micmac,103,s17,316,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaves taken for a 'beneficial effect on the system.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 316"
19763,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,214,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plant used as a tonic.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 214"
19734,2116,Lathyrus venosus Muhl. ex Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
19641,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,83,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of stems and leaves mixed with honey and used as a general health tonic before breakfast.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 83"
19248,2070,Kalmia angustifolia L.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of twigs with leaves and flowers taken as a tonic.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
19088,2063,Juniperus sp.,59,Creek,128,swan28,657,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Plant used as a spring tonic, to thin the blood.","Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 657"
19082,2063,Juniperus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,83,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots used as a general tonic.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83"
19039,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,21,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaves taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
18919,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of young twigs taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18897,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,183,Paiute,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of young twigs or berries taken as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18839,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of young twigs taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18806,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of young twigs taken as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18805,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of berries taken as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18566,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"91, 92",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branches taken as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 91, 92"
18563,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"91, 92",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Seeds from dried fruit eaten as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 91, 92"
18535,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,474,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of twigs taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 474"
18534,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of small branches used as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
18533,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branches taken as a tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
18504,2054,Juniperus communis L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of small branches used as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
18498,2054,Juniperus communis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bark and needles taken as a tonic before entering the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
18493,2054,Juniperus communis L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,57,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Stems used in a tonic and bark used for tuberculosis.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57"
18488,2054,Juniperus communis L.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,252,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of boughs used as a tonic.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 252"
18482,2054,Juniperus communis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of boughs used as a tonic.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
18467,2054,Juniperus communis L.,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,"68, 82",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of bark taken as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68, 82"
18226,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"60, 61",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of inner bark taken as a tonic and bark used as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 60, 61"
18150,2023,Ivesia gordonii (Hook.) Torr. & Gray,17,Arapaho,111,m90,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root used as a tonic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 40"
18149,2023,Ivesia gordonii (Hook.) Torr. & Gray,17,Arapaho,139,n66,48,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of resinous roots used as a general tonic.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
18009,2004,Ipomopsis polycladon (Torr.) V. Grant,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38"
17942,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"76, 77",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Simple or compound decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76, 77"
17808,1984,Inula helenium L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"31, 76",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used in tonic taken for 'strengthening digestive organs.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 76"
17805,1984,Inula helenium L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used with black snakeroot and stone root as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
17507,1928,Hydrastis canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic and wash for local inflammations.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
17443,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plant taken as a 'tonic-stimulant.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26"
17325,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,133,Makah,25,g73,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark taken as a tonic by convalescents and athletes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17175,1891,Hieracium scouleri Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,84,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaves and roots taken as a general tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84"
17170,1887,Hieracium cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,84,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaves and roots taken as a general tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84"
17125,1878,Heuchera rubescens Torr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"87, 88",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic for general debility.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 87, 88"
17034,1865,Heuchera americana L.,59,Creek,138,c51,286287,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 286287"
17032,1865,Heuchera americana L.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,286287,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 286287"
17030,1865,Heuchera americana L.,35,Chickasaw,138,c51,286287,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 286287"
16942,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16941,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root used as a tonic and purgative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16887,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16851,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a spring tonic.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16556,1820,Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,76,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a 'strengthening' medicine.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 76"
16496,1807,Hedeoma sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,363,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plants taken as a tonic appetizer in diet of sick.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363"
16379,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
16088,1763,Goodyera oblongifolia Raf.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plants taken as a tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
16064,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,35,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots taken as a tonic.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 35"
16013,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,228229,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark taken by patient to help regain flesh and strength.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 228229"
16008,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,25,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing bark used as a general tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25"
15966,1742,Gilia leptomeria Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plant taken or plant smoked as a tonic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38"
15951,1738,Geum triflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
15934,1738,Geum triflorum Pursh,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Leaves dried, crushed, mixed with other medicines and used as a tonic.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 38"
15885,1732,Geum calthifolium Menzies ex Sm.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
15781,1719,Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. quinquefolia,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
15773,1717,Gentiana saponaria L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,109,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Simple or compound decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
15772,1717,Gentiana saponaria L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,109,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Simple or compound decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
15687,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,43,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of leaves taken as a convalescent tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15599,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"28, 76",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound containing entire plant taken as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 76"
15597,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Plants used with poke root, mullein leaves, wild cherry and black cohosh barks as a tonic.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
15591,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plants taken as spring and fall tonic to keep blood in good order.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
15480,1682,Galium aparine L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
15319,1661,Fraxinus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of inner bark taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
15289,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,376,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing inner bark used as a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 376"
15177,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,76,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic for any general weakness or illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76"
15154,1651,Frasera caroliniensis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
15121,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark soaked in cold water and used as an excellent tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
15074,1645,Frangula californica ssp. occidentalis (T.J. Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of berries taken as a tonic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
14774,1619,Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
14554,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"41, 42",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used for 'female problems' and infusion of root used as a tonic during pregnancy.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41, 42"
14545,1581,Eupatorium pilosum Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
14535,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,34,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Infusion of dried leaves, picked before flowers matured, taken as a tonic.","Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 34"
14533,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
14529,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including boneset taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
14484,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
14454,1579,Eupatorium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"41, 42",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root used as a tonic during pregnancy.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41, 42"
14420,1574,Euonymus americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
14323,1558,Erythrina herbacea L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,23,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a general tonic.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 23"
13688,1455,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. speciosa (Nutt.) Nesom & Baird,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,57,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of dried leaves and flowers taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 57"
13224,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,257,Tewa,82,c74,312,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 312"
13221,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,68-70,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion or decoction of twigs or branches taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68-70"
13205,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,183,Paiute,12,tha41,68-70,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion or decoction of twigs or branches taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68-70"
13184,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,95,Hopi,82,c74,312,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 312"
12943,1369,Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,367368,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root used as a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 367368"
12938,1369,Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray,138,Menominee,51,s23,"33, 34",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a bitter tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 33, 34"
12612,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,388,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of roots taken as a blood medicine or tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 388"
11767,1168,Cunila origanoides (L.) Britt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
11621,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
10981,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bitter bark used as a tonic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10976,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bitter bark used as a tonic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10913,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bitter bark used as a tonic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10905,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bitter bark used as a tonic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10894,1093,Cornus florida L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of dried bark from roots used as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 33"
10888,1093,Cornus florida L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"26, 74",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing root used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 74"
10887,1093,Cornus florida L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
10884,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10856,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bitter bark used as a tonic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10839,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bitter bark used as a tonic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10765,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10528,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,138,Menominee,176,d32,133,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root taken as a mild tonic.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133"
10264,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,459,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Mild decoction of plant taken as a tonic or 'remedy for general disorder.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 459"
10263,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plants taken as a tonic for general or out-of-sorts feeling.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
10238,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plants taken as a tonic for general or out-of-sorts feeling.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
10228,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,47,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as tonic after deliverance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47"
10168,1007,Claytonia sibirica L.,241,Skagit,25,g73,29,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plants taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
9899,947,Cinchona calisaya,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used to make a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
9831,940,Cichorium intybus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root used as a tonic for nerves.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
9781,931,Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"28, 74",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root used as a tonic for 'sickly children.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 74"
9779,931,Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell.,62,Delaware,97,t72,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots used as a tonic for sickly children.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
9681,916,Chimaphila umbellata ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hult‚n,100,Iroquois,7,h77,408,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of roots and bark taken as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 408"
9664,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,477,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic for general indisposition.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 477"
9656,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of dried roots in brandy used as a tonic for feeling low.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
9452,895,Chenopodium ambrosioides L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,30,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Stewed seeds taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 30"
9438,895,Chenopodium ambrosioides L.,59,Creek,115,t40,22,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a spring tonic.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22"
9437,895,Chenopodium ambrosioides L.,59,Creek,128,swan28,657,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as 'a sort of spring tonic.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 657"
9224,877,Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. ex Parish,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,74,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Infusion of plant taken as a tonic 'for any general, indisposed feeling.'","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 74"
9158,865,Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & Gray) Small,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"73, 74",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a tonic for general debility.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 73, 74"
9019,848,Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) Hook. & Arn.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,473,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Mild decoction taken as a tonic for the stomach and lassitude.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473"
8830,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark and bark used as a tonic.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
8573,806,Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,333,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Roots used as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 333"
8548,800,Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,53,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53"
8335,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,68,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of bark taken for 'general debility.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68"
8283,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,82,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of bark taken as a tonic for general debility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 82"
8240,758,Carpinus caroliniana Walt.,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,68,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of root or bark taken for 'general debility.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68"
8043,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,56,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
8040,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,134,Malecite,93,mech59,252,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots used as a tonic.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 252"
7658,662,Calla palustris L.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used in a spiritual spring tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
7488,618,Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
7474,617,Brassica napus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
7217,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,138,Menominee,176,d32,131,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branch tips used as a tonic.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131"
7109,576,Betula lenta L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"70, 128",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Inner bark used to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 70, 128"
7108,576,Betula lenta L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including black birch bark taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
7011,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
6489,472,Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
6350,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,138,Menominee,176,d32,132,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of pounded root taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132"
6253,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,470,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken for 'general out-of-sorts feeling and emaciation.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 470"
6062,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,460,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of rhizomes taken as a tonic for the stomach.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 460"
6055,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,241,Skagit,25,g73,28,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
6033,421,Asarum canadense L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used for cramps and as a stomachic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
6008,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root taken as a spring tonic by the old and works as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
6007,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion taken for fevers and as a general tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 311"
5907,416,Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) Hara,209,Quileute,25,g73,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of pounded roots taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
5861,411,Artemisia vulgaris var. kamtschatica Bess.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic, especially good 'for dying persons.'","Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
5815,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,276,Washo,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5784,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic, especially after childbirth.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5724,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Decoction of plant taken as a general tonic, especially after childbirth.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5579,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of plant taken daily as a tonic.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
5468,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root or entire plant taken as a tonic after childbirth.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5258,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion or decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
5163,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"39, 40",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a tonic after childbirth.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 39, 40"
5144,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots and yarrow roots taken as a general tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5031,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves used as a general tonic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
4919,377,Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
4896,374,Aristolochia serpentaria L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 74",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used alone or with wintergreen as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 74"
4895,374,Aristolochia serpentaria L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,39,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used singly or combined with wintergreen to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39"
4889,374,Aristolochia serpentaria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic for typhus fevers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
4673,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,458,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves and stems taken as a tonic for the kidneys and bladder.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 458"
4672,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves and stems taken as a tonic for kidneys and bladder.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
4631,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of leaves and stems taken as a tonic for kidneys and bladder.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
4306,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,49,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of root taken as a general tonic and blood purifier.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49"
4302,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,363,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root supposed to have tonic effect.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 363"
4174,321,Aralia spinosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"31, 32",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31, 32"
4161,319,Aralia racemosa L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
4125,319,Aralia racemosa L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,392,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of roots taken by women as a tonic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 392"
4095,319,Aralia racemosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of roots and berries taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
4081,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
4080,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,471,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471"
4071,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
4062,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
4058,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Wine made from berries taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
4056,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"70, 128",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound decoction of root taken as a spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 70, 128"
4055,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including sarsaparilla root taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
4029,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,74,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing root used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 74"
4002,317,Aralia hispida Vent.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 40"
3754,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,2,Drug,69,Tonic,"Root, poisonous in large doses, used as a tonic.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3644,282,Anthemis cotula L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
3522,265,Angelica lucida L.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Leaves used to make a tonic for colds.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
3466,260,Angelica breweri Gray,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"34, 35",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken in small doses as a tonic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 34, 35"
3412,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"33, 34",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic for general debility following colds.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 33, 34"
3258,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,74,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing root used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 74"
3151,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,76,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root bark used to make a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 76"
3092,208,Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion taken as a spring tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
3037,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,471,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of fresh bark taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471"
3005,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branches taken as a general tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
2676,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and other plants used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2571,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,79,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Sap used as a tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2501,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2292,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,281,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of plant taken as a spring tonic and 'cleans you out.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 281"
1985,126,Aletris farinosa L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
1980,126,Aletris farinosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Tonic used for child bed fever and to strengthen womb.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
1888,99,Ageratina altissima var. roanensis (Small) Clewell & Woot.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,288,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a 'warming stimulant and tonic.',"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288"
1876,98,Ageratina altissima var. altissima,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Root used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
1436,60,Actaea racemosa var. racemosa,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 74",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound containing root used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 74"
1435,60,Actaea racemosa var. racemosa,62,Delaware,97,t72,33,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used with elecampane and stone root to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
1434,60,Actaea racemosa var. racemosa,62,Delaware,97,t72,39,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Combined with elecampane and stone roots to make a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39"
1432,60,Actaea racemosa var. racemosa,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
1397,55,Acorus calamus L.,280,Winnebago,203,r23,265,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound injected via bird wing bone for general health.,"Radin, Paul, 1923, The Winnebago Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #37, page 265"
1385,55,Acorus calamus L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,29,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Chewed plant juice taken by older people as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 29"
1359,55,Acorus calamus L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,334,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Rootstock chewed as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 334"
1336,55,Acorus calamus L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Complex compound infusion including sweetflag root taken as spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
1026,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,157,Navajo,74,e44,79,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Plant used in a tonic.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79"
981,38,Achillea millefolium L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
980,38,Achillea millefolium L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,460,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a tonic 'for slight indisposition.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 460"
945,38,Achillea millefolium L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,49,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a general tonic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 49"
921,38,Achillea millefolium L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
600,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Compound infusion of plant taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
524,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Raw sap used as a tonic in the olden days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
344,8,Abies sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,462,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of shoots and bark taken as a tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 462"
318,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
268,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
164,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,268,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of bark taken as a tonic to stay young and strong.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268"
157,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Infusion of needles taken as a tonic.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
5,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and other plants used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"