id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
1035,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
1214,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
2541,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly smoked.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2649,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wood burned to make ashes added to tobacco.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
2885,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,157,Navajo,141,h56,151,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Herb mixed with tobacco.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151"
3186,221,Amorpha canescens Pursh,172,Oglala,17,g19,93,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
3246,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
3431,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,28,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28"
3620,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
3621,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Tiny, dried leaves used as an element of kinnikinnick.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
4189,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4223,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4360,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4378,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4429,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4431,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,183,Paiute,98,m53,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101"
4443,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4449,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
4468,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4496,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4505,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4522,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4523,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
4524,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4530,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,134,c73,74,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves and stems used to smoke.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74"
4531,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
4546,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
4547,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
4548,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
4554,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
4555,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
4559,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
4567,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,29,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
4570,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,23,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves powdered, dried, used as a substitute for tobacco or mixed with the tobacco and smoked.","Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
4571,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as an additive to or substitute for tobacco.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
4581,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as one of the elements in the tobacco mixture.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
4584,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,239,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
4585,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,64,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
4588,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4589,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
4590,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,108,Keresan,90,w45,559,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559"
4595,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,125,Lakota,108,r80,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as tobacco.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
4598,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4604,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
4610,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried or roasted and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4611,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,297,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves roasted, crushed and smoked.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297"
4612,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,167,Nootka,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4627,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"
4636,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
4639,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,183,Paiute,98,m53,100,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100"
4640,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4641,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4642,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
4645,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4647,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4654,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,62,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves roasted until dry, mashed and mixed with tobacco.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 62"
4655,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a tobacco substitute.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
4686,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
4687,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
4688,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
4731,357,Arenaria sp.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,61,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 61"
4977,387,Artemisia californica Less.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,42,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42"
5085,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,119,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119"
5412,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,238,Sioux,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used in smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
5584,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used as a tobacco quid additive.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
8021,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
8684,817,Ceanothus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,89,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89"
9597,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
9641,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,34,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 34"
9684,917,Chimaphila umbellata ssp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hult‚n,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
9869,942,Cicuta maculata L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10237,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,117,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Stem smoked by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
10787,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"32, 33",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Plant used for Indian tobacco, known as 'kinnikinnick.'","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33"
10788,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,138,Menominee,51,s23,80,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
10792,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used for kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
10794,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried inner bark used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
10795,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,61,Dakota,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10809,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,80,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
10810,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,331,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331"
10811,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10812,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10813,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,205,Ponca,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10814,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,205,Ponca,189,h65,47,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used as an additive to tobacco.,"Howard, James, 1965, The Ponca Tribe, SI-BAE Bulletin #195, page 47"
10815,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10841,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10858,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10898,1094,Cornus foemina P. Mill.,141,Micmac,103,s17,317,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
10907,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10915,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10919,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,81,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
10945,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,272,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Smoked at ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272"
10948,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used to make kinnikinnick for smoking.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
10949,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,399,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Peeled, toasted, shredded twig bark used in the kinnikinnick or native smoking tobacco.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399"
10950,1099,Cornus rugosa Lam.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10978,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10983,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10989,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves occasionally smoked as tobacco.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
10992,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 159"
10993,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,170,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shredded bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
11005,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
11006,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
11017,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with dried kinnikinnick leaves and used for pipe smoking.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
11018,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, pulverized under bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
11019,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
11029,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
11034,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried inner bark pulverized, mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
11038,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
11044,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark smoked as a tobacco.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
11045,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Winter bark used to make kinnikinnick.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
11069,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,125,Lakota,108,r80,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
11070,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,125,Lakota,156,k90,43,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
11083,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark dried and mixed with tobacco as a substitute for kinnikinnick.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
11115,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Inner bark dried, mixed with kinnikinnick or tobacco and smoked.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11117,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
11118,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
11123,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
11125,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Toasted, shredded bark used as kinnikinnick or smoking material.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
11135,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Scraped bark used with tobacco.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
11139,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
11140,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves occasionally smoked as tobacco.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
12147,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used to smoke.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12190,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,41,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
12326,1262,Dendromecon rigida Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,One or two leaves put into the liquid and used in the preparation of the tobacco plug.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 25"
13795,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used in the smoking tobacco or kinnikinnick mixture.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
14775,1619,Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.,95,Hopi,72,f96,20,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as a substitute for tobacco.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
14776,1619,Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.,95,Hopi,37,w39,"86, 87",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as a substitute for tobacco.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86, 87"
15588,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
15653,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,25,g73,43,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pulverized and smoked with kinnikinnick.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
18553,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried fruits added to flavor tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
20208,2177,Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,60,Crow,30,h92,24,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Root shavings added to tobacco and kinnikinnick and smoked.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24"
20219,2177,Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,64,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Roots mixed with tobacco or rolled in cigarettes to give the smoke a pleasant menthol taste.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
20730,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,105,Karok,70,b81,37,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Root chewed and smoked in the pipe.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
20800,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,129,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Roots smoked for pleasure.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129"
20845,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried root chips and Bull Durham used as a friendly smoke.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
22874,2447,Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,335,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as substitute for tobacco.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 335"
22925,2458,Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,95,Hopi,37,w39,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as a substitute for tobacco.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 85"
23047,2488,Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,54,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 54"
23067,2490,Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as tobacco.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
23451,2525,Morella cerifera (L.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as a tobacco substitute.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
23743,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,52,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 52"
23744,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,74,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves pounded, mixed with water, chewed and used as a smoking material.","Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 74"
23745,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,375,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375"
23746,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,240,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked for pleasure.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 240"
23749,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23750,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,166,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used very much.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 166"
23752,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pulverized, powdered, mixed with liquid, formed into cakes and smoked in hollow stems.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23753,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,115,Klamath,66,c97,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104"
23754,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,356,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 356"
23755,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,142,Midoo,109,m66,319,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 319"
23764,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as substitute for commercial tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
23765,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
23766,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, greased, mixed with leaves of other plants and smoked.","Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
23788,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,319,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, ground, moistened and made into balls for preservation.","Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 319"
23789,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,183,Paiute,98,m53,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves and small twigs used for smoking.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 108"
23790,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,188,Papago,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23791,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,193,Pima,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23804,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,69,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Mixed with kinnikinnick and red willow and smoked at ceremonies.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 69"
23810,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,103104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked in pipes and cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 103104"
23812,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves considered the most important source of tobacco.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
23813,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, greased, mixed with leaves of other plants and smoked.","Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
23814,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,263,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried stems and leaves used for smoking.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263"
23817,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,95,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked ceremonially.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95"
23827,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23837,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23838,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,27,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 27"
23854,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23855,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,240,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked for pleasure.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 240"
23856,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,105,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105"
23858,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,95,Hopi,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23859,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,97,Hualapai,127,w82,54,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used to smoke in ceremonials.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 54"
23860,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,147,Mohave,125,cb51,120,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wild tobacco smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120"
23861,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,188,Papago,27,cu35,27,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27"
23862,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,188,Papago,27,cu35,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves half or fully dried and smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36"
23863,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,188,Papago,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23864,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,193,Pima,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23865,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,288,Yuma,125,cb51,120,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wild tobacco smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120"
23867,2582,Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves sun dried, finely cut and smoked.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
23870,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist.  This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership.  He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner.  This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward.  Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly.  The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated.  If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it.  The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership.  Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear.  A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony.  This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners.  They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe.  The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes.  Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23871,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,61,Dakota,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23872,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used in compound for smoking and the delicate tobacco from flower was never chewed.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
23873,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,177,Omaha,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23874,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,331,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant preferred for smoking because of the mild quality.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331"
23875,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,190,Pawnee,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23876,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,205,Ponca,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23877,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,350,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350"
23878,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,280,Winnebago,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23884,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, powdered and smoked.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
23904,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pulverized, powdered, mixed with liquid, formed into cakes and smoked in hollow stems.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23905,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,386,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Light green leaves used for smoking.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 386"
23906,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,140,Mewuk,109,m66,356,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 356"
23907,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,142,Midoo,109,m66,319,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 319"
23908,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,115,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 115"
23909,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,266,Tolowa,70,b81,41,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked for leisure.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
23911,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,16,Apalachee,197,hann86,97,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant smoked in the pre-ballgame rituals.,"Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 97"
23931,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
23937,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,4,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking purposes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 4"
23938,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,30,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used to smoke and if the smoke blew in a streak to one side, it would rain in 24 hours.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 30"
23939,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,57,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Smashed roots used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 57"
23940,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,111,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 111"
23943,2586,Nicotiana sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant chewed rather than smoked.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
23949,2586,Nicotiana sp.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant formerly used as tobacco.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
23952,2586,Nicotiana sp.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,91,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves crushed, stuffed into pipes and smoked.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 91"
23970,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
23972,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,291,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for chewing and smoking.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291"
23977,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
23979,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,57,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Smashed roots used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 57"
23985,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves chewed and smoked.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 118"
23986,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves half or fully dried and smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36"
23987,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23988,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23989,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,110,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 110"
23996,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,350,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for chewing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350"
24261,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,95,Hopi,82,c74,336,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for tobacco.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 336"
24295,2618,Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz,95,Hopi,82,c74,337,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used as substitute for tobacco.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 337"
26176,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26179,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, burned plant ashes added to chewing tobacco.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
26186,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26569,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
27297,2939,Picea sp.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried roots used to make cigars and smoked.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 36"
28121,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Seeds put into the liquid used to moisten dry tobacco meal and shaped into plugs.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
28720,3035,Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis,101,Isleta,76,j31,38,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
29175,3094,Populus angustifolia James,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29209,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaf galls used with or as tobacco.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
29218,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29243,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29389,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29635,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29666,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and used for chewing tobacco.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
30948,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Berries mashed, made into little cakes, dried and used like chewing tobacco.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
31374,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,58,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked by the masker after the feast celebrating the completion of masks for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 58"
32314,3276,Quercus nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a substitute for paper in rolling cigarettes.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32518,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,22,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as cigarette wrappers for the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22"
32873,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,125,Lakota,108,r80,32,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 32"
32915,3347,Rhus glabra L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
32926,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
32928,3347,Rhus glabra L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves added to tobacco for smoking.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32932,3347,Rhus glabra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32933,3347,Rhus glabra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,"99, 100",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Red leaves dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"
32934,3347,Rhus glabra L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Scarlet leaves gathered in the fall and dried for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
32938,3347,Rhus glabra L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly used to smoke.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
32947,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
32948,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
32950,3347,Rhus glabra L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,33,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Red, autumn leaves used to smoke.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33"
32984,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,331,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, deveined, red leaves broken fine and used for smoking in the absence of kinnikinnick.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331"
32985,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32986,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,"99, 100",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Red leaves dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"
32989,3347,Rhus glabra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32990,3347,Rhus glabra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,"99, 100",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Red leaves dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"
32994,3347,Rhus glabra L.,198,Plains Indian,30,h92,55,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used to make a tobacco mixture.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
32995,3347,Rhus glabra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32996,3347,Rhus glabra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,"99, 100",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Red leaves dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"
33002,3347,Rhus glabra L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,47,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked as tobacco.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
33012,3347,Rhus glabra L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
33013,3347,Rhus glabra L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,"99, 100",3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Red leaves dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100"
33102,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
33103,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
33157,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,108,Keresan,90,w45,563,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with native tobacco and used for smoking.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563"
33164,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33165,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33253,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33254,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33307,3355,Rhus typhina L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco to cause it to smoke pleasantly.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
33950,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,61,Dakota,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33951,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,61,Dakota,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33954,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,177,Omaha,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33955,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,177,Omaha,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33958,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,190,Pawnee,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33959,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,190,Pawnee,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33961,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,205,Ponca,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33962,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,205,Ponca,17,g19,85,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
34010,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
34027,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted, powdered leaves and bark occasionally used for smoking.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
34028,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
35621,3516,Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Plant gathered in late summer, burned to ashes and added to chewing tobacco.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
35943,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,331,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Inner bark portions dried, powdered and used as substitutes for chewing tobacco.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35954,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried bark smoked as a substitute for tobacco.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
35957,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Peeled, toasted and flaked bark used for kinnikinnick or smoking mixture.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
36143,3551,Salix sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking and general utility.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
36175,3551,Salix sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,182,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves added to tobacco in place of shelf fungus.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182"
36211,3551,Salix sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as tobacco.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
37606,3631,Sedum debile S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly used to smoke.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
37988,3680,Silene menziesii Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves powdered and formerly used to smoke as a tobacco.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
38398,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Roots smoked with other tobaccos.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
39453,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Needles mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
39495,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39552,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39558,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
40295,3952,Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
40746,4026,Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,272,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Smoked at ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272"
41990,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,384,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly dried and used as a tobacco.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384"
42190,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42212,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42213,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42357,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42397,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves of several species smoked as 'kinnikinnick.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42474,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a tobacco additive or substitute.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
42536,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
42540,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42560,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42814,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
42818,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,53,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaf gathered and smoked as an Indian tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53"
42848,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,287,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaf used for smoking. It was cautioned that too much smoking of this plant was poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 287"
43024,4129,Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark furnished one of the ingredients of kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
43211,4141,Vicia faba L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 59"
44447,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shucks used for cigarette wrappings and used in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44475,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Husks used for cigarette papers.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44483,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44525,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Husks made into cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"