id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
17279,1898,Hippuris vulgaris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,135,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves piled on high ground and stored for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 135"
20248,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves and stalks stored in seal oil for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
25518,2752,Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,123,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves stored raw in seal oil for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 123"
28482,3002,Plantago maritima L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 45"
31437,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,51,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Young fiddlenecks canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 51"
34377,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit stored in large quantities for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
35212,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves cooked, chopped, mixed with other greens and stored in kegs or barrels for winter use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 55"
36025,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,61,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves mixed with seal oil and stored in barrels, kegs or seal pokes for winter use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 61"
41987,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41988,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42047,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42149,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42150,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42403,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42436,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for future use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
34379,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
42033,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
42250,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
11407,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
18232,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nut meats mixed with mesquite gravy or ground with roasted mescal and stored.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
23470,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
30978,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruits ground, pressed and saved for winter.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
32059,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns roasted slightly, pounded, mixed with dried meat and stored away in hide containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32156,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Ripe acorns roasted slightly, pounded and mixed with dried meat and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
33804,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pods cooked and stored.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
34360,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
22447,2419,Martynia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Seeds stored in pottery, gourd or water-basket receptacles.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
27541,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored in baskets or pottery jars.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27789,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored in baskets or pottery jars.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
1730,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Tubers pit baked and stored for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
37765,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
4440,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
20231,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Tender leaves soaked in water, cooked and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
43028,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with grease and other berries and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
2257,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs preserved for later use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2922,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Crushed berries mixed with flour for winter storage.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
4517,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for later use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
7851,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,24,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots kept dry and preserved for future use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24"
10057,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cut, peeled into strips and dried for winter use.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 55"
17286,1899,Hirschfeldia incana (L.) LagrŠze-Fossat,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves and seeds used as an important winter food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 47"
11261,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,31,Chehalis,25,g73,27,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts eaten during the winter.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
36497,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,31,Chehalis,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36859,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,31,Chehalis,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
20200,2176,Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britt.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,58,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves and stalks blanched, boiled in a can and stored for future use.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 58"
23491,2532,Morus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,48,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 48"
28822,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,252,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Rhizomes boiled and eaten especially during winter.,"Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 252"
28823,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Stems & leaves mixed with bean salad & wanegedum, blanched and boiled for three hours in a can.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 47"
33452,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,54,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 54"
33697,3392,Ribes rotundifolium Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,54,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 54"
34688,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,57,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 57"
34755,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,57,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 57"
34921,3469,Rubus sp.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,57,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 57"
35154,3478,Rudbeckia laciniata L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,34,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves and stems preserved by blanching, then boiling in the 'can' with or without salt.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 34"
38984,3840,Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (Michx.) Reveal,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,48,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves and stalks mixed with wanegedum (Angelico) and sweet salad and canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 48"
2935,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
7720,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,172,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried bulbs stored for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172"
11353,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Pulverized, dried berries saved for winter use.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
24745,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
25758,2784,Pediomelum hypogaeum var. hypogaeum,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,178,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Root dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 178"
26034,2832,Perideridia gairdneri ssp. gairdneri,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,182,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 182"
30233,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,177,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried plums stored for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 177"
30980,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,177,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pounded berries and pits made into flat cakes and sun dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 177"
33342,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,175,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Pounded, dried berries formed into cakes for winter use.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 175"
33675,3388,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. setosum (Lindl.) Sinnott,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,175,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried fruit formed into little cakes and used for winter food.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 175"
11188,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
2731,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2772,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
9347,886,Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,267,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 267"
10066,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,266,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ripe and green melons stored in pits and the green melons ripened in storage.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266"
12920,1366,Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,267,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 267"
25461,2739,Panicum hirticaule J. Presl,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,175,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored in ollas for future use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 175"
25469,2741,Panicum sonorum Beal,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,170,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Seeds harvested, winnowed and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 170"
26292,2868,Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Freeman,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,264,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in pots for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 264"
30032,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,267,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pods stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 267"
30097,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,267,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pods stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 267"
8304,765,Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,48,Comanche,147,cj40,531,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 531"
18261,2034,Juglans nigra L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,531,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 531"
30311,3162,Prunus angustifolia Marsh.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,523,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Stored fruits used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 523"
2262,160,Allium sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs gathered in winter and used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
6568,497,Asyneuma prenanthoides (Dur.) McVaugh,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs eaten in winter and early spring.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
11265,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts eaten during the winter.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
36861,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
11241,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,37,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts collected in quantity to use at a later time.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 37"
42256,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries picked in the fall and stored outside in birch bark containers for winter use.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42257,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored outside during winter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42258,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored outside during winter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
30244,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,60,Crow,73,b05,19,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ripe plums dried for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
26672,2914,Physalis heterophylla Nees,61,Dakota,91,g13i,362,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried and stored for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 362"
30984,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,364,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pounded to a pulp, made into small cakes, dried in the sun and stored for winter use.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 364"
44376,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
3692,289,Apios americana Medik.,62,Delaware,97,t72,59,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Tuberous roots used as winter food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59"
36683,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use and boiled like raisins.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
13094,1394,Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) B”cher,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved in seal oil for use in fall and winter.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
20250,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cut, mixed with fish and boiled for winter use.","Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
34385,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored with seal oil in barrels or sealskin pokes for winter use.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
35215,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Boiled leaves mixed with seal oil and preserved for months.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
36032,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves soaked in seal oil and saved for future use.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
36033,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Young shoots and catkins stored in oil for winter use.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
37335,3594,Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves preserved in seal oil for later use.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
34332,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries added to stored salmonberries.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
4479,344,Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,109,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries and salmonberries stored in barrels for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 109"
4576,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,99,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries stored in seal oil, fish oil or rendered bear fat.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 99"
9282,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,23,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Violet stems, with dark purple leaves, preserved in seal oil.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 23"
13074,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,92,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with salmonberries and stored for winter use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 92"
13075,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,92,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries stored in seal oil, a seal skin poke or plastic bag for future use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 92"
13473,1426,Equisetum pratense Ehrh.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,121,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in oil for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 121"
14194,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,119,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in seal oil for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 119"
16504,1809,Hedysarum alpinum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,115,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in buried sacks for winter use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115"
16505,1809,Hedysarum alpinum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,115,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roots stored in seal oil, fish oil or bear fat for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115"
17391,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves and shoots boiled many times and stored in a large wooden barrel for winter use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 42"
25248,2719,Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,122,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in buried sacks for winter use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 122"
25249,2719,Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,122,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roots stored in seal oil, fish oil or bear fat for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 122"
28858,3051,Polygonum alpinum All.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Stalks boiled and stored in a barrel for winter use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 45"
34335,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with salmonberries and stored in a barrel for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 103"
34394,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,73,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries mixed with blackberries, preserved in a poke or barrel and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 73"
35222,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,35,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves chopped, cooked with blubber and stored in a 10 to 30 gallon wooden barrel for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 35"
36039,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,10,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves preserved in seal or fish oil or canned for winter use and eaten with meat or fish.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 10"
42268,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blueberries added and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42420,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled with water, mixed with blackberries and stored in a poke or barrel for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42449,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blueberries added and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
40961,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,150,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Inner bark used as a survival food in winter.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
7900,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,79,Gosiute,38,c11,364,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs formerly preserved for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364"
26036,2832,Perideridia gairdneri ssp. gairdneri,79,Gosiute,38,c11,365,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots preserved in quantity for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365"
7752,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs used for food during the winter.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
36509,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,81,Green River Group,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36862,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,81,Green River Group,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
40965,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,86,Haisla,166,g92,150,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Inner bark used as a survival food in winter.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
22217,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit boiled and stored in the cooking water or oil for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
36869,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries formerly an important winter food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
40967,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cambium dried, pounded, served with oolichan grease and Pacific crabapples and used as winter food.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
42269,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,247,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries boiled and stored in barrels of oolichan grease for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 247"
43057,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,232,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored with oolichan grease in barrels for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 232"
33378,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,253,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit cooked & stored underground in barrels with elderberries & cooked western dock for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 253"
35199,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,260,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant cooked & stored underground in barrels with stink currants & red elderberries for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 260"
14766,1617,Ficus carica L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,216,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fallen fruit ground, mixed with water into a thick paste, dried in sheets & eaten during the winter.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 216"
19303,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,209,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored in blankets or bags of skin in caves.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209"
26286,2867,Phaseolus acutifolius Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26314,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26340,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
44395,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds pit baked and stored for winter use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
33706,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34118,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits eaten in winter.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34533,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34576,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34585,3456,Rubus lasiococcus Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34605,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34665,3460,Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34799,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34976,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35088,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
36883,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,94,Hoh,77,r36,69,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69"
42023,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42123,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42166,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42220,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42317,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
1851,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant stored for winter use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
2264,160,Allium sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,19,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs stored for winter use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 19"
16687,1833,Helianthus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,2,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 2"
2129,141,Allium cernuum Roth,101,Isleta,76,j31,20,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs stored for future use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
27591,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,37,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts gathered and stored for winter use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
29053,3082,Polyporus harlowii,101,Isleta,19,c35,33,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fungi stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
29774,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants dried in ovens, stored and used as greens in the winter.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
39775,3933,Thelesperma longipes Gray,101,Isleta,76,j31,43,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plants stored well for future use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
43845,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried fruit used for winter storage.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44103,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried fruit stored for winter use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44433,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Corn meal used to make mush, dried and stored for winter use.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
9763,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
11307,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
20509,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorn flour stored in large storage baskets. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20510,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
27754,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts roasted and stored for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
27755,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,105,Karok,70,b81,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted seeds stored for winter use. The cones were placed in a trench and covered with dirt.  A fire was built on top.  After roasting, the cones were broken open to release the seeds.  Some were stored over winter.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
41629,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts hulled and stored in big baskets for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
42222,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored in baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
12353,1271,Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pounded or raw seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 26"
12388,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pounded or raw seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 26"
22865,2446,Mentzelia affinis Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
22876,2447,Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
22887,2448,Mentzelia congesta Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
22889,2449,Mentzelia dispersa S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
22937,2460,Mentzelia veatchiana Kellogg,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for future use.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
27833,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,50,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Unhulled seeds strung on cord, dried and stored in sacks for winter use.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
31948,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31972,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32010,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32151,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32197,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32250,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32604,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
2767,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant used as winter food by boiling and drying for winter storage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2810,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant boiled and dried for winter storage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
24614,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Ground, dried tunas mixed in equal proportions with corn meal and made into a mush for winter food.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 56"
24697,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Young, dried joints stored for winter food.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
24752,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,57,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Joints singed in hot coals, boiled with dried sweetcorn and used as a winter food.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
30535,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Peaches dried for winter use.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
30991,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43852,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44119,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44442,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roasted corn ears dried and stored for winter use.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
27601,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,108,Keresan,90,w45,562,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Nuts gathered in large quantities, roasted and eaten during the winter.","White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562"
30265,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,29,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit gathered in great quantities, dried and stored for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29"
30432,3169,Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried fruit stored for winter use, eaten uncooked or pounded and made into cakes.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
30905,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried in large quantities for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
30995,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried in large quantities for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
30996,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit eaten fresh and dried in large quantities for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
41528,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried, stored inner bark used to brew a 'tea' during the winter.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
22228,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,342,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit stored in water and topped with mammal or fish grease or oil.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 342"
37849,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,331,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
43059,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,329,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 329"
36532,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,114,Klallam,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36885,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,114,Klallam,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
2977,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried berries stored for winter use.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
42059,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried berries stored for winter use.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
4332,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored in grease or oil and eaten with fish or meat.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
4592,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored in grease or oil and eaten with fish or meat.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
33383,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruits boiled, mixed with powdered skunk cabbage leaves, dried and eaten with oil in winter.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
43064,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Green berries steamed, covered with water and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
31850,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly gathered for storage in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31954,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32017,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32036,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32203,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly gathered for storage in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32587,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
36538,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,129,Lummi,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
34997,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,275,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 275"
34998,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,275,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sprouts eaten with fermented salmon eggs collected during the previous autumn.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 275"
36806,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,133,Makah,3,g83,318,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berry clusters placed in alder bark cones and submerged in cold creeks for storage.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36807,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,133,Makah,3,g83,318,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36889,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,133,Makah,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
37856,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,288,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Purchased berries dried or canned for storage.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 288"
42182,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,304,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 304"
42183,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,305,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 305"
42284,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,3,g83,307,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 307"
42328,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,308,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 308"
42391,4087,Vaccinium sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,310,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 310"
4401,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ripe berries stored as a winter use food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
34620,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits dried or canned for winter use.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
2295,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,138,Menominee,51,s23,69,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Large, wild onion dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69"
3117,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3121,211,Amelanchier laevis Wieg.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3133,213,Amelanchier sanguinea var. sanguinea,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3696,289,Apios americana Medik.,138,Menominee,51,s23,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Peeled, parboiled, sliced roots dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68"
6140,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cut, dried heads stored for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
11216,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Nuts, in the milk stage, dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
11748,1165,Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.,138,Menominee,51,s23,65,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Squash cut into strips or rings and dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65"
14687,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beechnuts stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
33288,3355,Rhus typhina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
33456,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
34315,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
35563,3508,Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon,138,Menominee,51,s23,61,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Boiled, sliced potatoes strung on a string for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 61"
41970,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried berries and dried sweet corn sweetened with maple sugar and stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44453,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ears parboiled and the kernels sun dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
2067,138,Allium canadense L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,262,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried bulb used for winter cookery.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 262"
3698,289,Apios americana Medik.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Root stocks peeled, parboiled, sliced and dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
6308,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried buds stored away in paper bags for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
8353,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
11220,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
11724,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Squash sliced into rings, sun dried, pressed and stored for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
18221,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
22295,2393,Malus ioensis var. ioensis,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,263,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263"
23605,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,262,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Terminal shoots cut crosswise, strung on string and dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 262"
34322,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,264,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries sun dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 264"
34720,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,264,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries sun dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 264"
35592,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,254,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Boiled, sliced potatoes strung on a piece of basswood string and hung for winter supply.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 254"
44455,4244,Zea mays L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Boiled or parched corn stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
1616,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,148,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for long periods and resorted to only when the acorn crop failed.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 148"
4211,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4407,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4502,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4699,348,Arctostaphylos viscida Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
8536,797,Castilleja sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,153,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried seeds stored for winter use then parched, pounded and eaten dry.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153"
9733,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,144,Miwok,100,bg33,157,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Stored, dried bulbs used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 157"
21322,2292,Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,159,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Steamed leaves and flowers dried and stored for winter use.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159"
31984,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Whole acorns stored for winter use.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32215,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Whole acorns stored for winter use.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32260,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Whole acorns stored for winter use.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32594,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Whole acorns stored for winter use.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
40658,4015,Trifolium willdenowii Spreng.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Steamed, dried leaves soaked in water or boiled before eating in winter.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
2734,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored for future use.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2735,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2775,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
16591,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored in gourds or ollas.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
3000,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Large quantities of berries gathered and dried for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
7902,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs baked in the ground by hot stones and dried for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
11393,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit mixed with choke cherries and service berries pressed into cakes and dried for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
14876,1635,Fragaria sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
21186,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,15,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried and stored for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
25740,2783,Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,20,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Peeled, sliced roots dried for winter use.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 20"
30919,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Crushed, dried fruit strips stored for winter use.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
37784,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
42067,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
2090,140,Allium cepa L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2146,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2202,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2822,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves boiled and canned.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
3168,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits dried and preserved for winter use.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
10328,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,157,Navajo,74,e44,50,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Young plants boiled, rolled into balls, dried and stored for the winter.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
12274,1246,Daucus pusillus Michx.,157,Navajo,74,e44,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots dried for winter use.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 67"
21450,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fresh berries soaked, boiled until tender, ground with clay and stored for winter use.","Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
43887,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes, roasted again and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43888,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit cut in half, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
44139,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit sliced and dried for winter use.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
2827,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
9415,894,Chenopodium album L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
9515,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
10084,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Watermelon sliced into strips, dried and stored for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 46"
11651,1162,Cucurbita maxima Duchesne,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Squash peeled, cut into strips, sun dried and stored in cellars or ground holes for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 46"
11729,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Pumpkin peeled, cut into strips, sun dried and stored in cellars or ground holes for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
11827,1182,Cymopterus bulbosus A. Nels.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Root dried for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
18576,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit stored for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
24717,2664,Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit harvested for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
26357,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans cultivated and stored for use during the winter.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
27661,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts gathered and stored for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27662,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted, ground nuts made into sun dried cakes and stored for winter.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
31003,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
38301,3722,Solanum jamesii Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Potato dug with a stick, halved, sun dried and stored in a pit for winter.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
38359,3729,Solanum tuberosum L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Potatoes cultivated, harvested and stored in a root cellar for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
44480,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted, dried corn on the cob stored for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
26044,2832,Perideridia gairdneri ssp. gairdneri,161,Nevada Indian,111,m90,16,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored for winter use.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 16"
6314,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,397,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried flowers, freshened in the winter time, made into soup.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397"
15007,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2220,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries used fresh or preserved.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2220"
33301,3355,Rhus typhina L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,397,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seed heads dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397"
34372,3444,Rubus canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2223,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries used preserved.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2223"
34722,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2224,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries used preserved.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2224"
41975,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42128,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
3012,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
10132,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,113,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Corms stored for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113"
14898,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15013,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
26018,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,71,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in pits for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
27358,2949,Pinus albicaulis Engelm.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,27,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds gathered and stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27"
28012,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
30847,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
31239,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"White, crystalline sugar exuded from branches and stored for future use.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
33663,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
34500,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
41994,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
42070,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
42531,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,142,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in underground pits for about a year.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 142"
20007,2157,Lewisia columbiana (T.J. Howell ex Gray) B.L. Robins.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Steamed or boiled and used as a winter food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
20042,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,176,Okanagon,55,p52,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Steamed or boiled and used as a winter food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
3221,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,124,ff11,341,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots gathered from the storehouses of field mice and stored in skin bags during the winter.,"Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341"
44490,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
12958,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant and herring eggs salted and stored for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 44"
21759,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant and herring eggs preserved in brine for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 45"
23729,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant and herring eggs salted for storage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 46"
35008,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,113,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
37874,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,93,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 93"
42192,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,97,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 97"
42193,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,99,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 99"
42333,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,101,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42427,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,99,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 99"
3069,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried for winter use, boiled and eaten.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
6923,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,117,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and stored for winter use.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117"
7882,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,183,Paiute,98,m53,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Bulbs prepared, preserved in numerous ways and stored for winter use.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 56"
11274,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nut meat stored for future use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
16614,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,183,Paiute,98,m53,117,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and stored for winter use.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117"
18814,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored without drying in a grass-lined hole in the ground for winter use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
20048,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots peeled and dried for winter use and boiled and eaten with salmon.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 70"
21081,2256,Lomatium watsonii (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,183,Paiute,98,m53,94,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Peeled roots dried for winter use, ground and boiled into a mush or used to flavor dried crickets.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 94"
26021,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,183,Paiute,98,m53,97,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots mixed with dirt and buried for winter use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 97"
27864,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,241,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts gathered in great quantity and stored for future use.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 241"
30941,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,84,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Chokecherries made into cakes for winter use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84"
32022,3258,Quercus dunnii Kellogg,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32220,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
41996,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries sometimes canned.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
1152,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
12335,1268,Descurainia incana ssp. incana,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
12359,1271,Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
12402,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
27748,2963,Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,53,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Sap crystallized, gathered and stored for winter use.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
30947,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
37455,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds parched and stored for later use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 74"
43628,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
44499,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
38087,3692,Sisymbrium irio L.,193,Pima,11,c49,84,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored and used as a winter food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 84"
30167,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,4,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pods stored in great quantities in large arrowweed baskets or bins.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 4"
6765,528,Avena fatua L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
21787,2364,Madia sativa Molina,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Raw seeds stored for later use, parched and pounded when used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
29720,3111,Porphyra perforata J. Agardh,200,Pomo,80,g67,10,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plant made into a cake, cooked in earth oven and stored for winter consumption.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 10"
34630,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries cooked, bottled and stored for later use.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
4219,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries parched and stored for the winter.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
9770,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,34,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored in their shell for winter.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 34"
23735,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,124,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Stalks cut into lengthwise strips and dried for winter use.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 124"
27778,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,93,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Nuts, inside the cone, dried for winter use.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 93"
27927,2967,Pinus muricata D. Don,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,92,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts dried for winter use.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 92"
28145,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,92,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts dried for winter use.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 92"
34635,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,96,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96"
41660,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Pounded kernel meal used to make sun dried, flat cakes and stored for winter use.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
43597,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,111,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds dried for winter use.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 111"
44505,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
3154,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and canned for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
8369,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Hickory nuts gathered for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 103"
11315,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,97,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Mature or 'in the milk' nut gathered and used as a favorite food during the winter.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 97"
14903,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries sometimes dried and at other times preserved for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
18227,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Butternuts gathered for their edible quality and furnished a winter supply of food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 103"
23619,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,105,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roots gathered, cut and strung for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 105"
35601,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,95,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Boiled, sliced potatoes strung on a string and hung for storage and winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 95"
44506,4244,Zea mays L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Elm bark bags, filled with corn or beans and peas, buried in the ground to keep for the winter.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
33712,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34122,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits eaten in winter.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34569,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34582,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34588,3456,Rubus lasiococcus Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34639,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34668,3460,Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34844,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35019,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35097,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits canned and saved for future food use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
36831,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,209,Quileute,3,g83,318,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36906,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,209,Quileute,77,r36,69,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69"
36907,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,209,Quileute,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
42026,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42135,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42201,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42240,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42342,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
36586,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,210,Quinault,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36909,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,210,Quinault,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
24773,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Joints singed in hot coals, boiled and dried with sweet corn to make a winter use food.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 36"
16633,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,104,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Seeds parched until brown, pulverized and stored in salmon skins.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 104"
33233,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,440,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries kept in large quantities for future use.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 440"
14350,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots dried for winter use.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
30957,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
25751,2783,Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.,238,Sioux,111,m90,13,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant gathered and hung up for winter use.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 13"
36590,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,241,Skagit,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36910,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,241,Skagit,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
11288,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for winter use.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
32726,3319,Ranunculus sp.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,30,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots eaten as winter food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
36913,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,243,Skokomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36914,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,245,Snohomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36594,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,251,Squaxin,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36917,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,251,Squaxin,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36595,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,253,Swinomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36918,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,253,Swinomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
4663,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Raw berries mixed with grease, dried or fresh, raw whitefish eggs and stored for later use.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
13090,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
16509,1809,Hedysarum alpinum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,14,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roots stored, with or without grease, in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14"
16510,1809,Hedysarum alpinum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,14,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Used in the winter during times of food shortage. A large fire was set over an area where the Indians knew the roots to be abundant.  By thawing the ground this way, they were able to dig them out.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14"
16518,1811,Hedysarum boreale ssp. mackenziei (Richards.) Welsh,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fresh roots stored underground in brush lined caches for future use.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
33907,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves dried and saved for later use.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34343,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34405,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34508,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
42303,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42433,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with grease and preserved in caches.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42462,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42463,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved in caches.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
43081,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
3050,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3051,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits preserved for future use.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
10138,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,239,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Corms buried fresh in underground caches and stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 239"
16952,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
20010,2157,Lewisia columbiana (T.J. Howell ex Gray) B.L. Robins.,259,Thompson,55,p52,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Steamed or boiled and used as a winter food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
20062,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,259,Thompson,55,p52,36,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Steamed or boiled and used as a winter food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
21034,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,259,Thompson,10,tta90,156,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves frozen or canned for future use or dried and used to flavor stews and other dishes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 156"
24664,2659,Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Stems mixed with berry juice and canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194"
24783,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Stems mixed with berry juice and canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194"
27364,2949,Pinus albicaulis Engelm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,101,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, crushed seeds mixed with dried berries and preserved for winter use.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101"
27365,2949,Pinus albicaulis Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,492,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Seeds cooked, crushed, mixed with dried service berries and preserved for winter use.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492"
30867,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,264,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit, with the pit, canned for future use.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264"
37802,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Scarlet, sour fruits preserved for winter use.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
38580,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,273,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries usually buried and kept fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 273"
42001,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried loose like raisins or canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42030,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42373,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
41090,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,150,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Inner bark used as a survival food in winter.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
18244,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
32030,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
36615,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for winter use and cooked.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
2792,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored for future use.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
27697,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,291,Zuni,6,s15,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Nuts gathered in great quantities, toasted and stored for winter use.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 70"