id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
213,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs used by young girls to scrub the face & clothes so that they would not be bothered by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
247,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,58,Protection,Needle smudge used for safety's sake during severe thunderstorms.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
939,38,Achillea millefolium L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Seed heads placed on a pan of live coals to produce smoke to keep the witches away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
1213,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,58,Protection,"Root tied to a child's necklet, dress or blanket to keep away the night spirits.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
1227,55,Acorus calamus L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of roots used as a charm to 'rattle snakes away.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
1680,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as a charm for protection.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
3145,214,Amelanchier sp.,197,Pit River,109,m66,222,3,Other,58,Protection,Wood made into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor and used for fighting.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 222"
3254,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,187,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried flowers carried or chewed and rubbed on the body as protection from danger before battle.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
3276,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried tops placed on a pan of live coals to hurt the eyes of the evil spirits and keep them away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
3445,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,401,3,Other,58,Protection,Infusion of smashed roots used as wash to remove ghosts from the house.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 401"
3450,260,Angelica breweri Gray,144,Miwok,100,bg33,166,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed, rubbed on body or decoction taken to ward off snakes.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 166"
3591,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,20,3,Other,58,Protection,Root carried and/or hung in homes for protection.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20"
3734,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Root chewed to counteract evil charms.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
4102,319,Aralia racemosa L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
4685,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in moccasins or shoes after the death of a husband or wife for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
5259,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,3,Other,58,Protection,Fresh leaves in nostrils and mouth as protection when 'working over the dead.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
5355,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to cleanse a person afraid of a ghost.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5386,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,46,3,Other,58,Protection,Smudged on the body and home to ward off evil spirits.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
5422,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plant used as incense to protect one against evil influences. If one had to go into a large crowd, he could smoke himself with this plant to protect himself against strangers who might bring him harm.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
6587,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to cover berry baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
7257,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,58,Protection,"Ojibwe claim that birch was never struck by lightning, hence offered a safe harbor in thunderstorms.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7297,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7518,619,Brassica oleracea L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,25,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves worn under the hat to protect from a strong sun.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 25"
8668,815,Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,40,3,Other,58,Protection,Trees used for protection from lightning.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 40"
9502,900,Chenopodium graveolens Willd.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,36,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to protect people from lightning during thunder showers.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
9504,900,Chenopodium graveolens Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,3,Other,58,Protection,Cold infusion taken to give protection in warfare.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
9573,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,58,Protection,"Tree usually comfortable to camp under, providing some shade for the desert dweller.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9922,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,97,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves or roots dried and placed around the house for protection from evil influences.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97"
9924,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,3,Other,58,Protection,"Sharp leaves placed in bathwater for protection from evil spirits, particularly before feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
9976,964,Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,58,3,Other,58,Protection,Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
9977,964,Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,58,3,Other,58,Protection,Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
10272,1020,Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,58,Protection,Flowers worn by children in their hair at night to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
11447,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,3,Other,58,Protection,Infusion of bark taken or bathed in by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
11709,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,266,3,Other,58,Protection,Oily kernels rubbed on hands as protection against cold.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266"
11807,1178,Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.,291,Zuni,6,s15,84,3,Other,58,Protection,"Blossoms chewed and rubbed all over the hands for protection. This medicine belonged to the grandmother of the Gods of War.  She gave it to the people with the instructions that, when near the enemy, they should chew the blossoms, eject the mass into their hand rubbing their hands well together.  As soon as the Gods of War had done this, a peculiar yellow light spread all over the world, preventing the enemy from seeing how to aim their arrows.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 84"
12007,1220,Dalea flavescens (S. Wats.) Welsh,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,29,3,Other,58,Protection,Infusion of plant taken when lightning strikes near a hogan.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
12051,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered leaves or infusion rubbed over body to protect hands from hot soup during Contrary dance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
12858,1350,Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,238,Sioux,30,h92,38,3,Other,58,Protection,Juice used by 'jugglers' for protection in handling hot meat.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38"
13026,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,58,Protection,Rushes fastened to the head of a baby's board to form a shade for the face.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13602,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to make wind breaks and other shelters for melon plants and young peach trees.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
13621,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to make wind breaks and other shelters for melon plants and young peach trees.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
14218,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried plant powder mixed with watermelon seeds during storage & planting stops watermelon disease.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
14785,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14786,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14793,1623,Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw. ex Fr.) Karst.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,56,3,Other,58,Protection,Used for protection against people with ill feelings and wishes toward others.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
14795,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14796,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15224,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in sandals as a snake repellent.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
15542,1694,Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) Pat.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,56,3,Other,58,Protection,Used for protection against people with ill feelings and wishes toward others.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
15544,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15545,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15716,1706,Gaura mollis James,157,Navajo,74,e44,66,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to keep the dancers from burning themselves during the Fire Dance at the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 66"
15906,1735,Geum macrophyllum Willd.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves eaten before seeing a dying person for protection from germs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
16000,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,58,Protection,Compound infusion of bark used by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
16159,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,58,Protection,Used for bedding and insulation in foot gear.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16864,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,81,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plant smudged to drive away the evil spirit, whose special mission was to steal one's hunting luck.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
17225,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,28,3,Other,58,Protection,Burned for protection from lightning and thunder.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17373,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,261,3,Other,58,Protection,Extremely hard wood used to make cuirasses and other types of armor.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 261"
18106,2017,Iris versicolor L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,430,3,Other,58,Protection,"Used as a charm against snakes. When blueberry picking, everyone carries a piece of this plant in his clothes and will handle it every little while to perpetuate the scent.  They believe that snakes will shun them while so protected.  They say that the Arizona Indians use it when they hold their snake dances and are never struck as long as their clothes are fumigated with it.  They also chew it to get the odor into their mouths, preparatory to taking rattlesnakes into their teeth.  The rattlesnake never offers to bite them so long as the scent of the blue flag persists.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 430"
18501,2054,Juniperus communis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of branches used as a wash for the body to protect a person from evil influences.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
18966,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,36,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant burned and smoke used for protection from thunder and lightning.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
19013,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,58,Protection,"Boughs considered an extremely powerful medicine for combating evil spirits associated with death. When a person died, his family used the boughs to fumigate the house.  All the doors and windows were closed and the boughs were burned and the smoke allowed to fill all the rooms.  This treatment was made even more effective by adding rose branches to the juniper.  After the smoke treatment, rose and juniper branches were boiled together and the water used to wash the entire house--lights, windows, floors, walls and ceilings.  This wash water was then taken outside and splashed all around the house and along the trails leading to the outbuildings to prevent the spirit of the dead person from coming back to the house.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19065,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,3,Other,58,Protection,"Boughs used as protection against illnesses and death. One informant said that, formerly, when a person died the branches were broken and laid in the coffin to keep the germs away and to keep the spirit or 'ghost' of the deceased person from harming or scaring the living.  The informant also said that the branches could be placed on the stove in a little dish and the scent allowed to permeate the room.  The branches could also be placed around the edges of the family's bedrooms as a disinfectant.  They were left there until they lost their strong, pungent odor.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19066,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,3,Other,58,Protection,Hunters rubbed the boughs on themselves as protection against grizzlies.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19154,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19188,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19193,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19198,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19234,2065,Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba,228,Seminole,88,s54,404,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves kept with eagle tail feathers to prevent the feathers from causing sickness.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 404"
19682,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,37,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches stuck in the ground to shade tobacco plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
19735,2116,Lathyrus venosus Muhl. ex Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots carried as a charm to insure successful outcomes of difficulties.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
20234,2180,Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,44,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots used to ward off rattlesnakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 44"
20628,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,192,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as a charm to stop a thunderstorm.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 192"
20745,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,44,3,Other,58,Protection,Poultice of roots applied to neck to ward off sickness and rattlesnakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 44"
21463,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,291,Zuni,6,s15,94,3,Other,58,Protection,"Ground leaves, twigs and flowers given to warriors for protection during war. A pinch of the mixture was given to each warrior.  The warriors placed it in their mouths, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed in on their faces, arms and bodies so that the enemy's arrows could not harm them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 94"
21684,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,259,Thompson,10,tta90,113,3,Other,58,Protection,Charcoal used as protection against 'witchcraft.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 113"
23751,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from bothering you.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23826,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23836,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23853,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23903,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from bothering you.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
24009,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,58,Protection,Grass used as wrapping material for foods to be transported or stored.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24311,2620,Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner,183,Paiute,111,m90,50,3,Other,58,Protection,Root rubbed on hunter's moccasins and body to repel snakes.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
24409,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Spiny stems used as protective charms against supernatural powers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
24476,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,58,Protection,Bark made into face paint and used by shamans to repel enemy spirits from the shaman's patient.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24477,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to cleanse areas where people had died.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24494,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,3,Other,58,Protection,Stem used as a protective charm.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
24828,2670,Opuntia sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,45,3,Other,58,Protection,Cut stem secretion applied to buckskin moccasins as a varnish.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 45"
24855,2670,Opuntia sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,37,3,Other,58,Protection,Used between fence posts to protect tobacco plants from marauding animals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
25386,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,80,3,Other,58,Protection,Root used in some war bundles and hunting bundles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
25489,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,52,3,Other,58,Protection,Trees large enough to shelter campers.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52"
25917,2810,Penstemon gracilis Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,59,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots used against snakebite.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 59"
26389,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,58,Protection,Wood used to make breast plate armor.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26476,2888,Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) Heller,95,Hopi,106,wh51,38,3,Other,58,Protection,"Infusion used to keep grasshoppers, rabbits and pack rats from eating corn.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38"
26478,2888,Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) Heller,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,38,3,Other,58,Protection,"Infusion used to keep grasshoppers, rabbits and pack rats from eating corn.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38"
26551,2898,Phoradendron sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,58,Protection,Twigs hung over the doorway of a hogan for protection from lightning.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
26963,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs taken home as talismans for protection.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26964,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,58,Protection,Trees nullified dangerous spiritual forces.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26965,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,3,Other,58,Protection,"Trees protected those who slept beneath them, especially from malevolent spirits.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27201,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,317,3,Other,58,Protection,Prickly leaves used to discourage and repel animals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
27272,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,100,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches rubbed on skin to protect one against evil or 'witchcraft.' The protective powers were attributed to the prickly needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"
27499,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,318,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches used by hunters as shelter to discourage and repel animals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
27573,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,3,Other,58,Protection,Gum put on forehead when going outside of house as protection against sorcery.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27686,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,3,Other,58,Protection,Gum put on forehead when going outside of house as protection against sorcery.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
28122,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,40,3,Other,58,Protection,Trees used for protection from lightning.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 40"
28415,3001,Plantago major L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered roots carried as protection against snakebites.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
28457,3001,Plantago major L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,431,3,Other,58,Protection,Ground root always carried in the pockets to ward off snakes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431"
28549,3012,Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindl.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,290,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of smashed, dried roots taken to frighten away ghosts.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 290"
29059,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29060,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29272,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,68,3,Other,58,Protection,Sap used to conceal human scent when stealing enemy horses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29355,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,68,3,Other,58,Protection,Sap used to conceal human scent when stealing enemy horses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29680,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of branches used as a protective bath against witches.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
30029,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,114,3,Other,58,Protection,"Trees used by women as shaded working areas, out of the direct rays of the sun, for grinding food.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 114"
30117,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,37,3,Other,58,Protection,Posts used to make a fence to protect tobacco plants from marauding animals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
31369,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,61,Dakota,17,g19,93,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant tops used to make garlands worn on the head as protection from the sun on very hot days.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
31450,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,3,Other,58,Protection,Fronds used as sunshades.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
31497,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to cover berry baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
32158,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,58,Protection,"Used to protect new or ceremonial hogans from lightning, ghosts and witches.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32620,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,58,Protection,"Used to protect new or ceremonial hogans from lightning, ghosts and witches.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
33140,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,15,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves used on a person's body as a snake repellent.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 15"
33549,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,3,Other,58,Protection,Used as a deterrent against snakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33789,3403,Ricinus communis L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used in an unknown manner as a protection from the spirit of the bear.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33894,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33895,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33896,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33927,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
33928,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in moccasins for athlete's foot and possibly for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34007,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34008,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34009,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34062,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34063,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34064,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34075,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches broken and left in the house after removal of corpse to keep the disease in the body.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
34099,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34100,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in moccasins for athlete's foot and possibly for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34139,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34140,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in moccasins for athlete's foot and possibly for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34174,3432,Rosa sp.,76,Flathead,30,h92,62,3,Other,58,Protection,Stems used for the howling dead.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 62"
34182,3432,Rosa sp.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,62,3,Other,58,Protection,Sprigs hung on cradleboards to keep ghosts from babies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 62"
34189,3432,Rosa sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,81,3,Other,58,Protection,Sprig of rose carried to keep the ghost away at a funeral.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 81"
34215,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34216,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34217,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34258,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34259,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in moccasins for athlete's foot and possibly for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34773,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,48,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed inside the shoes of forest runners to protect the feet.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 48"
34780,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Berries applied to quivers to strengthen them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
35689,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,58,Protection,Used as a protective charm by those ferrying turbulent waters.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
35948,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,331,3,Other,58,Protection,Trees planted in circles and used to protect the dancers from the sun and wind.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
36096,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,58,Protection,Branch tied to the bow of a boat as a charm against danger when crossing the river in high water.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36202,3551,Salix sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,3,Other,58,Protection,Leafy stems used to make wreathes worn by the women and children as sunshades during long walks.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
36306,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,58,Protection,Leafless branches waved in the air to scare wolves away.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36307,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,58,Protection,Leafless stems waved in the air to scare wolves away. Wolves were said to dislike the noise this made and would leave the area.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36410,3558,Salvia dorrii (Kellogg) Abrams,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant thrown on the fire at night to keep away the spirits and ghosts.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
38232,3713,Smilax rotundifolia L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to block the path of pursuers because of its sharp thorns and its scandent nature.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
38527,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,143,j68,3,3,Other,58,Protection,Seeds carried by medicine men as protection against contamination from menstrual blood.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 3"
38640,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,125,Lakota,156,k90,32,3,Other,58,Protection,Root juices used by medicine men for protection of hands from fire or boiling water.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
38641,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,125,Lakota,108,r80,51,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots chewed and hands rubbed with the roots by heyoka men to protect their hands in scalding water.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 51"
39065,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,59,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches looped around cradleboards to protect babies from ghosts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
39067,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark soaked, rubbed in water and used as a skin wash for protection and truthfulness.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
39656,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,58,Protection,Burning leaf smoke used by undertakers after a burial to prevent the ghost from following.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39657,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,58,Protection,Cold infusion of plant used as a bath by undertakers to prevent the ghost from following.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39762,3930,Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,67,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered plant kept on one's person to keep snakes away.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 67"
39896,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,81,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves used as moth balls and clothes stored away with layers of leaf sprays to keep out the moths.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
39925,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39971,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,58,Protection,Inner bark dyed and tied to pets to protect them from the dog eater.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40521,3983,Tragia nepetifolia Cav.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant sprinkled on hogan during rain storm for protection from lightning.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
40973,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41023,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,3,Other,58,Protection,Four rings of boughs used to negate the effects of evil spirits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41059,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,58,Protection,Four rings of boughs and ritual bathing used to negate the effects of evil spirits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41284,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,58,Protection,"Leaves used to make mats hung up in the hogan to protect it, the people & the sheep from lightning.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41308,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves wrapped around the sweathouse entrance frame to prevent from getting burned on the wood.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41662,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,3,Other,58,Protection,"Small, leafy branches hung in homes for protection against any harm that might come into the homes.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
41711,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to rub seal hunters bodies to protect themselves from the weather.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41726,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,58,Protection,Boiled plant used as a bath to combat witchcraft and a jinx by an evil person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
42604,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,127,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots tied on the ankle or calf to drive away rattlesnakes.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 127"
42645,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,3,Other,58,Protection,Outer roots hung in homes or boiled for protection from supernatural powers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
42679,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plants presence believed to repel ghosts, illness and evil.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42692,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of plant and devil's club used as a wash for areas occupied by corpse to kill poison.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42693,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42700,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,323,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots and rhizomes burned and smoke used as protection from ghosts and 'demons.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 323"
42718,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,3,Other,58,Protection,Root used as a charm for protection against all evils.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42905,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,58,Protection,Flowers hung in the hogan or worn in a hat band as protection from lightning.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
44254,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,58,Protection,"Leaf juice mixed with powders and applied to shields. Yucca leaves were heated over a fire and the juice wrung out of them into an earthen vessel.  The juice was then mixed with powders and applied to the shield with a pointed stick to make it live in the power of the sun, the serpent, the bear, the lightning and the rainbow.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44491,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed seeds scattered around the corn fields to protect the harvest from blackbirds. When the corn was approaching maturity, blackbirds attacked the fields for food.  To prevent further damage, men chewed some grains and scattered them around the corn fields to deter the birds from the fields.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"