id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
450,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make teepee pegs.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
1501,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,205,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used to secure stone points to arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"
2714,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,26,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used to make a glue.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 26"
2952,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,60,Crow,30,h92,9,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used for tipi stakes and closure pins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
3766,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3775,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
6256,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Inner bark used for binding or tying.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
6300,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Milky juice used to mount precious stones into necklaces, earrings, collars, and bracelets.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 51"
7049,569,Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch,96,Houma,49,speck41,57,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Stems used to fasten dugout canoes to the shore and for general fastening purposes.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57"
7388,595,Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
9025,852,Chaenactis stevioides Hook. & Arn.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,46,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Juice used as glue to mend broken ceremonial items.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46"
9083,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wooden pegs used to hold together bent boxes of red cedar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9714,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,19,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bulbs boiled into liquid starch & applied to twined seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 19"
9727,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bulbs roasted and the juice used as a substitute for glue in attaching feathers to arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9753,924,Chlorogalum sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,352,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bulbs made into glue and used to fasten sinew on the backs of the sinew backed bows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 352"
11035,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Branches used to make tipi stakes and pins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11327,1119,Coursetia glandulosa Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,21,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Transparent, yellowish-brown gum mixed with adobe and used to make jars of syrup air tight.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 21"
12467,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
12595,1317,Dirca palustris L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Tough, pliant bark used for tying and binding.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
12623,1317,Dirca palustris L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,240,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for withes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 240"
13097,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,'Gum' used to fasten arrow points to the slit ends of arrow twigs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
13537,1431,Equisetum telmateia var. braunii (Milde) Milde,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Plant used as binding to fasten feathers onto the coat of a wale-pu.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 58"
14664,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make buttons.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
14760,1616,Ficus aurea Nutt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,481,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Plant used to make house lashings and cane mill lashings.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481"
14761,1616,Ficus aurea Nutt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,95,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Root bark twisted and used to bind together the pole frame of the medical training school house.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"
15332,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,447,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark used to bind bundles of fine brush for acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 447"
16260,1782,Grindelia stricta var. stricta,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,55,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Sticky sap used like glue.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 55"
17340,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make teepee pins.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17944,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,272,Ute,111,m90,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Whole plant boiled for glue.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"
19308,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,101,Isleta,76,j31,33,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Straw mixed with adobe to give strength and adhesion.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
20108,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Blades used to tie Pacific silverweed roots together before steaming.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
20116,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Tough, sharply pointed leaves used as 'needle-and-thread' for sewing and tying material.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
24222,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,133,Makah,3,g83,264,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Inner bark strips used to bind harpoons.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 264"
24665,2659,Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,194,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Mucilaginous material from cut stems used for glue by some people, but not considered very good.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194"
24763,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,157,Navajo,74,e44,65,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Juice used to adhere buckskin cuttings and trimmings to the buckskin war shirt.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 65"
24784,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,194,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Mucilaginous material from cut stems used for glue by some people, but not considered very good.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194"
26912,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood pegs used to fasten the tabs on the bottom & top pieces to the basket body during construction.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26959,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Roots skinned and used to lash birchbark baskets.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27032,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Warmed pitch used as glue to patch birchbark canoes and to attach feathers to arrows.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27104,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Roots skinned and used to lash birchbark baskets.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27180,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Branches and roots made into pegs, dipped in pitch and used as nails to hold together bent boxes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27193,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Rendered pitch used as a glue for arrows and harpoons before they were tied.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27219,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Roots burned, dried, split and used as strings to tie nets, hooks and harpoons together.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27231,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,3,g83,234,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as glue to repair items such as harpoons.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
27238,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Roots used for binding gaff implement joints.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
27394,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and used as a glue for headdresses and bows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27395,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Sticks notched to act as fasteners on designated food storage bags.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27425,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Pitch used on joints of implements, arrows and harpoons, before bound with twine.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
27455,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,70,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to fasten arrowheads onto shafts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 70"
27571,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27572,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27585,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,35,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch spread on the palms of the hand to make gripping rope easier.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35"
27586,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,35,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to glue arrows and cradleboards.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35"
27634,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Resin used to cement turquoise in jewelry.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
27684,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27708,2960,Pinus elliottii Engelm.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Plant used to make arrow point glue.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
27756,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
27799,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27823,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27914,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to fasten arrowheads onto shafts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
27928,2967,Pinus muricata D. Don,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,92,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used like glue.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 92"
27943,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,60,Crow,30,h92,50,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as glue.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
27973,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,307,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used for the adhesive qualities.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
27996,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,50,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as glue.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
28014,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to cement feathers onto arrow shafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
28026,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as glue in arrow making and other manufactures.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
28089,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28141,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,200,Pomo,89,c02,307,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch exudations used to fasten feathers on arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
28158,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,287,Yuki,89,c02,307,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Formerly used like a glue to hold feathers on the body in times of war.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
28578,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make buttons.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
29294,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,105,Karok,109,m66,209,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Leaf buds, in spring, used as glue to stick feathers to arrows.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209"
29318,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bud scale resin used to glue arrowhead onto shafts and in making spears, fish hooks and canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29323,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Buds used as a binding agent to glue duck feathers to red cedar hoops used for festive applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
29972,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to attach arrow points to shafts.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
30022,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used as an adhesive for arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30023,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used to secure foreshafts to arrows and baskets to mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30115,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,57,Fasteners,'Gum' used to fasten handles to gourds.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
30345,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to wrap the joints of implements such as harpoons, where the head is fixed to the shaft. First some pitch was smeared over the joint, then the cherry bark was wrapped around and bound tightly with twine or sinew.  Finally more pitch was plastered over to make the joint completely watertight.  Cherry bark is both strong and flexible and is decorative as well.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
30382,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,120,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Smooth, tough bark used for binding and wrapping joints of fishing and hunting implements.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
30395,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,37,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark used to tie the prongs of fish spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
30426,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark used to bind bows in the middle and ends for strength.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
30776,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,60,Crow,30,h92,42,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Sap mixed with the neck portion of certain animals and used to make a glue.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
30777,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,60,Crow,30,h92,42,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make tipi stakes and pins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
30897,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used to fasten foreshafts to the end of arrows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
31153,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,179,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used for bindings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179"
31186,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,49,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used like glue.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 49"
31949,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31974,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32011,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32152,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32198,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32251,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32321,3279,Quercus palustris Muenchh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pins or small pegs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
32605,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
33801,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pegs for log cabins.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33822,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pegs for log cabins.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
35665,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35682,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35769,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35809,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,33,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Peeled bark used for tying together sweatlodge poles.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
35827,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35903,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35916,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Slender and tough stems used as withes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
36070,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36074,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,68,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Tough, bark strips poked through the roots of dog tooth violet, to hang them for drying.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"
36134,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make tipi pegs and pins.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36219,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pins and pegs for tipis.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36303,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Stems used to fasten spruce poles into a fence for capturing caribou.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36332,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction. The branches were used for tying and binding, especially in constructing the underground winter pit houses and in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36333,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Long shoots made into ropes and used for lashing together fish drying racks and fish weir stakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36334,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Softened stems twisted to make rope and used to lash together fish drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
37410,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37411,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37456,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37457,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
38623,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Root sap rubbed on the skin and used as glue for feathers and cotton during dances.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71"
39547,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pegs dipped in boiling pitch and driven into holes in the corners of a box to seal it.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39999,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Withes used with pitch to fasten arrow heads to the shafts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40340,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40978,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41162,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41163,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41346,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41347,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41779,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
42323,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Twigs used to fasten skunk cabbage leaves onto berry baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
43390,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,179,b08,139,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Sap wood used as a binding material for brush fences, rafters, stringers and posts of earth lodges.","Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"
43754,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves used to tie or repair holes in sacking.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43906,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaf juice mixed with pottery paste.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44049,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,28,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves tied to make a fastening loop for sandals.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 28"
44120,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves used as strings to tie chili peppers.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44161,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used to tie saguaro needles together.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44162,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used to bind women's hair over their foreheads while racing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44371,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Husks turned back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"