id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
22835,2445,Mentha spicata L.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used as body and garment perfume.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
23209,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,70,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves chewed and used as horse perfume.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 70"
23216,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,60,Crow,30,h92,70,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plants mixed with other plants and beaver castor oil and used as a hair, body or clothing perfume.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 70"
23221,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,363,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bunches of plants carried in bachelors' coats for the pleasant fragrance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363"
23222,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,363,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant used for perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363"
23236,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,70,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves placed on hot rocks in the sweathouse as incense.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 70"
23254,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as a perfume for hair oil.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
23262,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,51,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Flowers dried and used as a perfume.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 51"
23267,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,186,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves and pine needles burned over coal for a fragrance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186"
23313,2508,Monarda punctata L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,73,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant hung in the hogan for the pleasing odor.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 73"
23356,2513,Monardella odoratissima Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant put inside the hat for the nice smell when going on a journey.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
24279,2614,Oenothera biennis L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,52,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds aromatic.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52"
24996,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Infusion of roots used to sweetened diapers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
24997,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Root pieces kept in quivers and clothing as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
25630,2767,Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Chewed blossoms used as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret fraternities. The blossoms were chewed by both sexes, especially by women, ejected into the hands and rubbed on the neck, limbs and clothing as perfume.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
27636,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried gum, together with parts of different birds, used as an incense for ceremonial fumigation.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27744,2962,Pinus glabra Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles or gum used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
27801,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Wood, gave off a pleasant odor, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28060,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles inserted into the flesh under the arms by girls who wish their armpits to smell sweet.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
28091,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Wood, gave off a pleasant odor, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28292,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles or gum used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28825,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Root burned for the fragrance. When one burned it in a room before going to bed, it insured sound sleep and caused one to awaken refreshed, rested and feeling young, so it is said.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
28836,3049,Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Morong,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Root burned, especially in the house, for the pleasant fragrance.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
29057,3083,Polyporus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used as incense to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
29313,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a scent in deer fat skin cosmetics.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29517,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Sap rubbed on the bodies of horse thieves to disguise the human scent.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
32850,3337,Rhododendron albiflorum Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used as a scent.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
33134,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,356,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Roots used as perfume.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 356"
33948,3419,Rosa arkansana Porter,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Petals used as a perfume for hair oil.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
34192,3432,Rosa sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,48,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried petals used as a house perfume.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 48"
36135,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Gall pitch used for incense during the annual ceremonies of the Motokiks and Kaispa Societies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
37228,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
37677,3643,Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,69,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant parts used in bed for the good smell.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 69"
38441,3739,Solidago nemoralis Ait.,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant used as an incense.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
38980,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant tied to the body, clothes or hair and used as a scent.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
39689,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Mature fruits stored in bags for their agreeable odor and rubbed or scattered on clothing. The tops were broken off the mature fruits and stored in bags for their agreeable odor being rubbed and scattered on clothing at any time when the effect was desired.  Although the smell was not considered to be very fragrant by Europeans, the Indians treasured it because of its suggestion of the fresh outdoors.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
39690,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,17,g19,80,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Mature, lightly scented fruits stored or scattered over clothing for the pleasant odor.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39725,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Berries dried and placed in small buckskin bags for perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
39726,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits kept as a household and clothing deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39727,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,35,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds and leaves kept for the pleasant smell.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35"
39739,3927,Thalictrum sp.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
39741,3927,Thalictrum sp.,82,Gros Ventre,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
39861,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume for clothing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39915,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Pungent fragrance of leaves and wood always used as an acceptable incense to Winabojo.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
41086,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41107,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41618,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves hung in bunches to freshen air.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
42486,4092,Valeriana capitata Pallas ex Link,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
42541,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
43260,4152,Viola biflora L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Stems with blossoms placed among clothes.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
43274,4157,Viola epipsila Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
43741,4219,Xylorhiza tortifolia (Torr. & Gray) Greene,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,250,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Ground leaves carried in the clothes and used as perfume by men and women to counteract body odors.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 250"
44353,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits used by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
44354,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,17,g19,98,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits used by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"