id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44677,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,52,Fruit,Drupes eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44676,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw and boiled.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
44674,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, black berries eaten raw.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44668,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,148,Mohave and Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits mashed into a concoction and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44666,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits mashed into a concoction and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44661,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,52,Fruit,Black berries beaten with sticks and eaten raw.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
44272,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten occasionally.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44263,4236,Yucca sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Boiled fruit used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44229,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44228,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44226,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44225,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44224,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits cooked, skins peeled off and pulp used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
44222,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44221,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 22"
44217,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,147,Mohave,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit peeled and eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44211,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44189,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44172,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44149,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit roasted in ashes and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44138,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or baked in ashes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44126,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44114,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44101,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44061,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44015,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44009,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
43986,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits pared and eaten raw or boiled and skinned.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43985,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten fresh or boiled, cooled and the skin peeled off with a knife.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43972,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked in coals and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43963,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits formerly eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
43951,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
43950,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43939,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
43937,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe fruits eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43935,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43933,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw and pit roasted.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
43913,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43879,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten ripe or cooked.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43878,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when picked or cooked.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43877,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43876,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or baked in hot coals.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43875,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit rolls soaked in hot water and eaten with corn mush.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43861,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43857,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,564,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 564"
43850,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43843,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43836,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43827,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Large fruits oven baked.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43826,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 51"
43825,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43824,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,1,Food,52,Fruit,Baked fruits used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43776,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43764,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,184,n43,18,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits pit baked with lambsquarter leaves and eaten with corn dumplings in salted water.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18"
43763,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit sometimes used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
43550,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43528,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43526,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,238,Sioux,73,b05,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43524,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43522,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43519,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43518,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
43507,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
43503,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
43501,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 61"
43500,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit considered an important food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43497,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43484,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43482,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,60,Crow,73,b05,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43480,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
43477,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh and never dried.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
43476,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43465,4183,Vitis vinifera L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,296,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 296"
43462,4182,Vitis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw from the vine.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 23"
43459,4182,Vitis sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruits used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
43445,4178,Vitis rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43442,4177,Vitis riparia Michx.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
43436,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43435,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43421,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,128,Luiseno,24,s08,231,1,Food,52,Fruit,Cooked fruit used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231"
43420,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 43"
43416,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,144,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh and cooked in stews.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 144"
43413,4174,Vitis cinerea var. baileyana (Munson) Comeaux,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43410,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43408,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43406,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43403,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43400,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Grapes gathered in large quantities and eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42"
43398,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43396,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,289,Yurok,70,b81,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
43395,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
43394,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
43393,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 51"
43389,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
43379,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43375,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
43372,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Grapes used for food.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
43371,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit considered an important part of the diet.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
43369,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
43368,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries eaten raw.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43365,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 50"
43364,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43350,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43349,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43217,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,1,Food,52,Fruit,Pea-like fruits roasted and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
43177,4136,Viburnum prunifolium L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
43168,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
43167,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
43163,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
43161,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43139,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43136,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
43131,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
43127,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used as a favorite autumn food.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
43117,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43115,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
43114,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43113,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43112,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43111,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43109,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh from the bush.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
43106,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
43103,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43096,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43083,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,201,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 201"
43078,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
43077,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with fat and used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 37"
43076,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43075,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43074,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43068,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
43067,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
43065,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
43058,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries gathered to eat with oil 'on the spot.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
43056,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,232,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 232"
43048,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43044,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
42478,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42477,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42476,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,92,Hesquiat,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42475,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,84,Haida,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42473,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
42472,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
42471,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten occasionally, but not considered an important food source.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
42467,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eaten.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42459,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42458,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
42457,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42456,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42455,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42443,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike), blubber and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42431,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42430,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
42429,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42425,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42423,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42421,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,249,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 249"
42415,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with sourdock and fermented.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42414,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with raw, fresh fish eggs and eaten with seal oil and sugar.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42413,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with potatoes, cabbage or lettuce and pickled.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42412,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with blubber and blackberries and eaten with or without sugar.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42411,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42407,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
42406,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
42405,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
42404,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
42401,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42395,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,52,Fruit,Bluish-black berries eaten in large quantities.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
42394,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42393,4087,Vaccinium sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
42379,4087,Vaccinium sp.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits of several different species eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
42375,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42369,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
42368,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,115,Klamath,66,c97,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
42362,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42360,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42355,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Bright red, acidic berries eaten in large quantities.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42353,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42352,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42351,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42350,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
42348,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,241,Skagit,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42346,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42344,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42340,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42339,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42338,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 61"
42337,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used extensively for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
42335,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 103"
42331,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
42327,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,308,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 308"
42326,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42324,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,129,Lummi,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42321,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,114,Klallam,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42320,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,337,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 337"
42319,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
42315,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42313,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42310,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,248,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten, sometimes at feasts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 248"
42309,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42308,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42304,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,221,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food. This fruit was not dried because it remained fresh for a long time and could be picked any time until winter.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 221"
42300,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42299,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42298,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42296,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42294,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
42293,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries sweetened with maple sugar and always used as an article of food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
42292,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 100"
42290,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,401,1,Food,52,Fruit,This was an important wild food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401"
42289,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42287,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly eaten in fall.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
42285,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,65,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries sweetened with maple sugar and eaten.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65"
42281,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,3,g83,307,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 307"
42280,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,25,g73,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
42279,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
42278,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,336,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 336"
42276,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42271,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Raw berries, without sugar, eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42262,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike), blubber and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42259,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten occasionally, but not considered an important food source.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
42255,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42254,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42253,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stewed and eaten with smoked fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42252,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stewed and eaten with smoked fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42249,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 134"
42248,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 105"
42247,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 103"
42246,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked and used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 103"
42245,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
42243,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,220,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 220"
42242,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,216,Salish,23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42241,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42238,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42236,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 60"
42232,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw or stone boiled berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
42231,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,200,Pomo,89,c02,377,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 377"
42229,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used extensively for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
42227,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
42226,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,306,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 306"
42221,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
42218,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42215,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42214,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
42211,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sweet berries eaten as a favorite food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42210,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42207,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
42206,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
42205,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42203,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42199,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42198,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42195,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42191,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 97"
42187,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
42186,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
42181,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,305,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 305"
42180,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,304,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 304"
42179,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42174,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42173,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,283,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 283"
42172,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,114,Klallam,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42170,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42169,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,334,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 334"
42164,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42162,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42161,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten with oil of whale, dogfish, hair seal or sea lion.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
42159,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,243,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 243"
42157,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,245,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 245"
42156,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42154,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42152,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42146,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42145,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42138,4081,Vaccinium myrtillus var. oreophilum (Rydb.) Dorn,259,Thompson,33,steed28,486,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Small, black berries eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486"
42133,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42132,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries and low sweet blueberry were important items of food and used fresh or canned.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
42127,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42121,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42117,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sun dried berries boiled or pounded into pemmican and eaten.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63"
42116,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63"
42099,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit gathered to eat and sell. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food in the study area.  They were locally abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of good blueberry fields travelled considerable distances in order to pick berries for themselves and to sell.  During the course of field studies members of the River Desert band travelled northwest of their area ninety miles and more.  Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the Obedjiwan band area.  They had travelled to this location by train in order to pick blueberries and meet with relatives.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 103"
42098,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
42097,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
42083,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sweet berries eaten as a favorite food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42082,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
42079,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
42078,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
42076,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
42074,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42069,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
42063,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
42062,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 63"
42058,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42052,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mashed and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
42051,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
42050,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
42048,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42045,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42040,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42037,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42034,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and used for food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
42032,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 134"
42031,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 105"
42024,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42021,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42019,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42013,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42012,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries canned, fruit pemmican and pate.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42010,4073,Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,98,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 98"
42009,4073,Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42005,4072,Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,98,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 98"
42004,4072,Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
41997,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
41995,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
41993,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
41989,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
41984,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raws.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41983,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41974,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
41966,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
41962,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries boiled, seasoned, combined with moose fat and deer tallow and used for food.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
41957,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41956,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries canned, fruit pemmican and pate.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41951,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
41950,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
41949,4069,Vaccinium alpinum Bigel.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
41673,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41664,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit shelled, roasted and eaten.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41658,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ffleshy end of the husk eaten raw and the kernel roasted and eaten whole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
41616,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw or boiled.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41304,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Young, fruiting heads boiled or roasted and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41128,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, fruiting heads eaten 'like corn.'","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
39507,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,305,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Red, fleshy berries used for food.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
39483,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten one at a time.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39158,3862,Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Small fruits eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
39141,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,238,Sioux,73,b05,24,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
38979,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Bright-colored berries used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
38978,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,486,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten in large quantities.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486"
38969,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Bright-colored berries used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
38957,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 69"
38888,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 134"
38881,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 11"
38864,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
38590,3764,Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
38589,3764,Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis,259,Thompson,33,steed28,488,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten except by some of the Upper Thompsons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 488"
38588,3764,Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
38577,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,273,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten alone.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 273"
38552,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
38546,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
38531,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 90"
38370,3731,Solanum xanti Gray,144,Miwok,100,bg33,162,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 162"
38367,3730,Solanum umbelliferum Eschsch.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,253,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253"
38325,3724,Solanum nigrum L.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
38320,3724,Solanum nigrum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,387,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fully ripe berries used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 387"
38304,3723,Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,291,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291"
38276,3720,Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.,193,Pima,11,c49,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries powdered, placed in milk, a piece of rabbit or cow stomach added and liquid eaten as cheese.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 88"
38204,3710,Smilax herbacea L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for their pleasant taste.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
38201,3710,Smilax herbacea L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit of the carrion flower used as food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 262"
37924,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
37899,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries whipped with sugar until frothy.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
37898,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with sugar, fried and eaten.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
37892,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
37886,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with timber grass, dried, water added and beaten to a foam.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
37873,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,93,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries whipped, mixed with sugar and eaten.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 93"
37870,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
37858,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,53,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 53"
37851,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries whipped until white and frothy and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
37825,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
37817,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37805,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 106"
37803,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,272,Ute,142,c09,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
37801,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Scarlet, sour fruits eaten fresh.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
37800,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 106"
37798,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 106"
37793,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
37791,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
37790,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 106"
37787,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,156,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 156"
37781,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 57"
37780,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
37778,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
37777,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
37775,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
37774,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 106"
37752,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit and trunk used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37159,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,52,Fruit,'Seeds' (actually fruits) used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
36927,3570,Sambucus sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
36926,3570,Sambucus sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
36924,3570,Sambucus sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 52"
36921,3570,Sambucus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
36919,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36912,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 37"
36904,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,209,Quileute,77,r36,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69"
36899,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
36892,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
36887,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
36884,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
36881,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,94,Hoh,77,r36,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69"
36877,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with blueberries, Pacific crabapples and oolichan grease and eaten.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36863,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,86,Haisla,14,c93,229,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries used extensively, especially to mix with and extend other berries.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36857,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,10,Apache,19,c35,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 50"
36839,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
36838,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stewed or eaten fresh with salmon egg 'cheese.' The berries were said to taste like sulfur.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36830,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,209,Quileute,3,g83,318,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36826,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
36818,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36805,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,133,Makah,3,g83,318,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit mixed with sugar, steamed and eaten.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36804,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,133,Makah,3,g83,318,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36794,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked with sugar and eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36793,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36786,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used in season for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
36771,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
36758,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36755,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
36747,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36745,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,65,stew33,245,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245"
36742,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36727,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
36716,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
36715,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
36682,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
36668,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36663,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,142,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 142"
36656,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
36640,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36624,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36621,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
36606,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
36605,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
36602,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh in large quantities.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
36601,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36593,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,243,Skokomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36592,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 37"
36589,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
36588,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
36578,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Tart berries eaten fresh in small quantities, canned or cooked for pie filling.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
36575,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
36574,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
36568,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
36560,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or cooked.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36544,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly eaten raw.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36536,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
36533,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,115,Klamath,66,c97,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104"
36531,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
36517,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,1,Food,52,Fruit,Mashed berries used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36504,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36494,3564,Sambucus nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
35123,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,289,Yurok,70,b81,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 52"
35121,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
35120,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Black, juicy berries eaten fresh.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
35117,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
35114,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,105,Karok,70,b81,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 52"
35113,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
35112,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
35108,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
35104,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
35103,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
35100,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,241,Skagit,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35096,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35095,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35094,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,209,Quileute,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35089,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,125,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
35087,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35086,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35085,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,282,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 282"
35084,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35081,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
35074,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries eaten whole or mashed with bread.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 22"
35069,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,133,Makah,3,g83,278,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 278"
35065,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,75,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten and well liked.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
35062,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 39"
35059,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
35057,3471,Rubus trivialis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
35045,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,289,Yurok,70,b81,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
35043,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
35040,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Yellow fruits used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
35039,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,486,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486"
35038,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,272,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 272"
35035,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35033,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,251,Squaxin,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35031,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
35029,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh in summer.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
35027,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35017,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35016,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35015,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35013,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 102"
35012,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
35011,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,82,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten ripe and fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 82"
35005,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,113,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
35003,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Yellow fruits used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
35000,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,124,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
34993,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,275,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 275"
34992,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,133,Makah,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34987,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34984,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34978,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,347,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 347"
34975,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34974,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34965,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34961,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,81,Green River Group,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34959,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34958,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
34956,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34954,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34953,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,27,Carrier,134,c73,77,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 77"
34951,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34947,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 101"
34946,3469,Rubus sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
34945,3469,Rubus sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
34944,3469,Rubus sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw or dried.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
34939,3469,Rubus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
34932,3469,Rubus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,95,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 95"
34926,3469,Rubus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mashed and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
34925,3469,Rubus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
34901,3468,Rubus pubescens var. pubescens,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34898,3468,Rubus pubescens var. pubescens,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Delicate, delicious fruit used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133"
34886,3467,Rubus pubescens Raf.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,92,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 92"
34885,3467,Rubus pubescens Raf.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 57"
34884,3466,Rubus procumbens,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
34882,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,272,1,Food,52,Fruit,Small fruits rarely eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 272"
34881,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,346,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 346"
34880,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten in small quantities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
34877,3464,Rubus parviflorus var. velutinus (Hook. & Arn.) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,354,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354"
34876,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
34875,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
34873,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,346,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 346"
34870,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,270,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten fresh, often with fish.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 270"
34866,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34865,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with blackberries and eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34863,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34861,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
34859,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,241,Skagit,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34856,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
34855,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
34853,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34851,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34846,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34843,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34842,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34841,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,209,Quileute,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34839,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,113,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 113"
34837,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
34836,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten ripe and fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
34833,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,112,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 112"
34830,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,132,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132"
34825,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,124,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
34818,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,273,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273"
34816,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
34814,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34804,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
34800,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,25,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries grown in the mountains, considered a strawberry and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
34798,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34797,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34794,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34790,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
34788,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34786,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
34785,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,34,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34783,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
34779,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe fruit used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 105"
34774,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 97"
34771,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34757,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133"
34752,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34751,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 57"
34738,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,92,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 92"
34736,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34733,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34730,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
34721,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2224,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2224"
34719,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 264"
34717,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten fresh, not important as a fresh fruit.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
34715,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
34708,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34696,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34693,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133"
34685,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34684,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 57"
34667,3460,Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34666,3460,Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34664,3460,Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34663,3460,Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34659,3458,Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,112,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 112"
34658,3458,Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,348,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 348"
34657,3458,Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,275,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 275"
34656,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,289,Yurok,70,b81,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
34655,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
34651,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,52,Fruit,Reddish-purple berries eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
34650,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,269,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269"
34646,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
34645,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
34643,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
34641,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34638,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34637,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34636,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,208,Puyallup,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34634,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96"
34629,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
34626,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,132,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried berries eaten with dried meat or fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132"
34623,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,123,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh and raw.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123"
34622,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,165,Nisqually,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34621,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit was highly esteemed.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
34619,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
34615,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,133,Makah,3,g83,273,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 273"
34614,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
34610,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
34609,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,114,Klallam,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34607,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,105,Karok,70,b81,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
34606,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
34604,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34603,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34602,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34601,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,81,Green River Group,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34600,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
34599,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
34597,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
34596,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mashed and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
34595,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
34594,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
34590,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34587,3456,Rubus lasiococcus Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34586,3456,Rubus lasiococcus Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34584,3456,Rubus lasiococcus Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34583,3456,Rubus lasiococcus Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
34581,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34580,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34577,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,133,Makah,3,g83,272,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 272"
34575,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34574,3455,Rubus laciniatus Willd.,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34570,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
34568,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34567,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34565,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries, a favorite article of food, eaten fresh.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 109"
34563,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,205,Ponca,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34560,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,190,Pawnee,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34557,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,111,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 111"
34556,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,177,Omaha,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34548,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,This was a favorite fresh fruit.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
34547,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,235,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235"
34546,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2223,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2223"
34541,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit was highly esteemed.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
34539,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
34538,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,345,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 345"
34536,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34532,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34531,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34530,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,274,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 274"
34528,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,61,Dakota,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
34525,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,132,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 132"
34524,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
34517,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,177,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries always eaten fresh.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 177"
34512,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,269,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269"
34505,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
34504,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34503,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34502,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34499,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34491,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
34471,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten with dried fish flesh and fish oil.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 57"
34465,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34451,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34450,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,130,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130"
34447,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,92,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 92"
34443,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34442,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,169,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 169"
34425,3449,Rubus frondosus Bigelow,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
34421,3448,Rubus flagellaris Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34409,3447,Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees,133,Makah,3,g83,272,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 272"
34408,3447,Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,348,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 348"
34407,3447,Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
34402,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34401,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34400,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34395,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
34392,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,73,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with blueberries and eaten fresh.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 73"
34391,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,73,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 73"
34388,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or mixed with oil or fat.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
34384,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,66,Eskimo,192,t90,233,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Turner, Lucien M., 1890, Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory, SI-BAE Annual Report #11:159-350, page 233"
34383,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,56,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 56"
34375,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw with sugar, seal oil or both.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34371,3444,Rubus canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2223,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2223"
34368,3444,Rubus canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34362,3444,Rubus canadensis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133"
34361,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
34359,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34357,3442,Rubus argutus Link,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34344,3441,Rubus arcticus ssp. acaulis (Michx.) Focke,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,56,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 56"
34340,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34339,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34338,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34336,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
34334,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 103"
34331,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries sometimes used for food, but not considered a significant food source.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
34327,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Blackberries only used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 108"
34319,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 264"
34313,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
34299,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133"
34295,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34281,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,272,Ute,142,c09,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
34279,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
34278,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
34273,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
34270,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
34268,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
34267,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,177,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries not to be eaten too freely.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 177"
34265,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
34263,3435,Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana (S. Wats.) Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit, a 'fleshy hip,' eaten ripe.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 60"
34261,3435,Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana (S. Wats.) Jepson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally eaten by children.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
34205,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
34204,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
34191,3432,Rosa sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
34187,3432,Rosa sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,81,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 81"
34166,3432,Rosa sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
34149,3432,Rosa sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh or roasted.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
34148,3432,Rosa sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Crushed rose hips used to make pemmican.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 105"
34121,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34117,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
34106,3428,Rosa nutkana var. hispida Fern.,276,Washo,111,m90,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22"
34104,3428,Rosa nutkana var. hispida Fern.,213,Rocky Boy,111,m90,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22"
34102,3428,Rosa nutkana var. hispida Fern.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22"
34101,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,276,Washo,111,m90,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22"
34071,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,215,Saanich,23,tb71,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Hips eaten raw in fall.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34069,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,213,Rocky Boy,111,m90,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22"
34052,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,123,1,Food,52,Fruit,Hips eaten raw in fall.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123"
34050,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit and hips used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
34045,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Outside of the fruit, or hip, eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34040,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Hips eaten raw in fall.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34034,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22"
34033,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits used for food in late fall.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34023,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,488,1,Food,52,Fruit,Small fruits occasionally eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 488"
34022,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten, but not in large quantities.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
34012,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 99"
33993,3422,Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 99"
33987,3422,Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit, a 'fleshy hip,' eaten ripe.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 60"
33985,3422,Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33932,3418,Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H. Lewis,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33931,3418,Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H. Lewis,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
33904,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
33903,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips eaten raw or cooked with grease and sugar.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
33884,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit and hips used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33883,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
33777,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33775,3401,Ribes viscosissimum Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33773,3400,Ribes velutinum var. velutinum,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33771,3399,Ribes velutinum Greene,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33768,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
33764,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,"In the winter, a favorite dish was wild currants cooked with sweet corn.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33763,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33759,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
33755,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw or cooked.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 105"
33752,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
33747,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used raw .,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 87"
33746,3396,Ribes sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
33745,3396,Ribes sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
33744,3396,Ribes sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh or dried berries sweetened with service berries in water and whipped to a froth.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103"
33743,3396,Ribes sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw. Only currants found south of the Columbia were eaten raw without ill results.  Those found on the north side were eaten only if mixed with other foods.  Otherwise illness resulted.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103"
33742,3396,Ribes sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,79,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 79"
33730,3396,Ribes sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
33729,3396,Ribes sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
33720,3395,Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum (Benth.) Loud.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
33719,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,262,"Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band)",33,steed28,487,1,Food,52,Fruit,Grayish-black berries eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
33717,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,229,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 229"
33715,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,251,Squaxin,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33714,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
33711,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
33710,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
33709,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 78"
33708,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
33707,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
33705,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits stewed and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
33704,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 62"
33703,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33702,3393,Ribes rubrum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
33699,3393,Ribes rubrum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh or dried fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131"
33693,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,289,Yurok,70,b81,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
33692,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,144,Miwok,100,bg33,162,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Pulverized, raw berries used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 162"
33690,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33688,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,105,Karok,70,b81,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
33687,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
33686,3390,Ribes quercetorum Greene,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
33684,3390,Ribes quercetorum Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33680,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
33676,3388,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. setosum (Lindl.) Sinnott,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33674,3388,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. setosum (Lindl.) Sinnott,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,175,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or cooked.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 175"
33670,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mainly eaten fresh.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
33669,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33665,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
33662,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten green.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33658,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
33657,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries often cooked with sweet corn.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33656,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries gathered for fresh food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33653,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33651,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 55"
33647,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
33645,3384,Ribes nevadense Kellogg,144,Miwok,100,bg33,162,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 162"
33643,3383,Ribes montigenum McClatchie,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 133"
33642,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
33641,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
33639,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
33638,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
33636,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
33633,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
33632,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
33631,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131"
33630,3381,Ribes mescalerium Coville,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33629,3380,Ribes malvaceum var. viridifolium Abrams,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 133"
33627,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,266,Tolowa,70,b81,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruits used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
33619,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,52,Fruit,Green berries occasionally eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33614,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
33609,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,102,Jemez,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33608,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
33607,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,101,Isleta,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33606,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33604,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
33602,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
33600,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33598,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 105"
33596,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,260,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 260"
33595,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,133,Makah,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33594,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33592,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33590,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw or cooked berries eaten with oil or sugar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
33589,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,255,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 255"
33588,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33576,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
33572,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
33559,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33557,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,254,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 254"
33556,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33551,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,175,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 175"
33548,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33544,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33542,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33541,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten during the winter.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
33540,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33539,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,10,Apache,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33537,3372,Ribes hudsonianum var. petiolare (Dougl.) Jancz.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33535,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33534,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
33533,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten sparingly by some.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
33522,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Currants mixed with moose grease and dried whitefish eggs and eaten.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
33519,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
33517,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
33512,3370,Ribes hirtellum Michx.,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
33510,3369,Ribes glandulosum Grauer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries eaten in considerable quantity.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 54"
33505,3369,Ribes glandulosum Grauer,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 88"
33503,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33501,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33497,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh and never stored.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
33488,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 104"
33487,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 258"
33486,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,114,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 114"
33485,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,353,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Black, juicy berries used for food.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 353"
33484,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,133,Makah,3,g83,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 258"
33481,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
33480,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Raw, fresh berries eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
33479,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,254,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 254"
33478,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33476,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Green berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33471,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
33468,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, black berries used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33463,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 109"
33459,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries relished when ripe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33454,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used in favorite aboriginal Menomini dish.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
33453,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131"
33450,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 87"
33449,3366,Ribes cruentum var. cruentum,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
33448,3365,Ribes cruentum Greene,105,Karok,70,b81,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruits used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
33445,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Highly relished berries used for food.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 70"
33443,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 48"
33440,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
33433,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
33431,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,124,Laguna,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33429,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
33427,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,95,Hopi,184,n43,18,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with fresh piki bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18"
33423,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
33421,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33420,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,226,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Insipid, rubbery berries used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 226"
33419,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Insipid, bright orange-red fruits used for food.","Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
33414,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw. Only currants from the bushes growing along the Columbia River were eaten.  Berries from bushes growing in the hills were not eaten because it was thought that they caused headaches, nose bleeds and sore eyes.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
33413,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
33411,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Insipid, bright orange-red fruits used for food.","Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
33409,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33406,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33405,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
33404,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33403,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
33399,3362,Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Singed berries eaten whole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 51"
33398,3362,Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,353,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten directly from the bushes by children.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 353"
33396,3362,Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33388,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with salal berries, oolichan grease and sugar and eaten.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 103"
33385,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,133,Makah,3,g83,257,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 257"
33384,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,133,Makah,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33382,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw with large quantities of oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33381,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,338,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 338"
33379,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten with oil and could cause stomachache, if too many were eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 68"
33374,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33368,3360,Ribes aureum var. villosum DC.,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
33367,3360,Ribes aureum var. villosum DC.,125,Lakota,108,r80,58,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 58"
33365,3360,Ribes aureum var. villosum DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,29,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29"
33363,3360,Ribes aureum var. villosum DC.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
33362,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
33361,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,272,Ute,142,c09,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
33357,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
33355,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, crushed berries eaten with sugar.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 78"
33354,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,183,Paiute,65,stew33,245,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245"
33349,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
33346,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33345,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
33344,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33341,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
33337,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,"In the winter, a favorite dish was wild currants cooked with sweet corn.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33336,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
33335,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33331,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit highly esteemed as an article of diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33330,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Currants used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 264"
33327,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,125,Lakota,156,k90,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
33326,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,125,Lakota,108,r80,58,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 58"
33324,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
33314,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131"
33310,3357,Ribes amarum McClatchie,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
33266,3355,Rhus typhina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
33255,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,272,Ute,142,c09,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
33252,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with corn meal and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33251,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with corn meal and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33240,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sour berries gathered and used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
33237,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
33235,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten whole or ground.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
33220,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten raw, with sugar, sometimes ground and used with other foods, especially roasted corn.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33192,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits ground with sugar in a little water and eaten.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33191,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,19,c35,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33190,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten as they come off the bush.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33189,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with meat.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
33178,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
33175,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
33163,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with corn meal and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33162,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with corn meal and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33156,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,108,Keresan,90,w45,563,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563"
33152,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries eaten as an appetizer.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33144,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
33138,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 15"
33128,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by young people.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
33107,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33093,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
33086,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
33084,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries ground or chewed raw for the juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
33077,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33028,3350,Rhus ovata S. Wats.,284,Yavapai,201,g32,212,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Mashed, raw berries used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252, page 212"
33022,3350,Rhus ovata S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
33017,3349,Rhus microphylla Engelm. ex Gray,10,Apache,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33016,3348,Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Brewer & S. Wats.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
32937,3347,Rhus glabra L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
32927,3347,Rhus glabra L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten by children.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32914,3347,Rhus glabra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32887,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32874,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,142,Midoo,109,m66,312,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries pounded and eaten.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 312"
32782,3327,Rhamnus crocea Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
32241,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,289,Yurok,70,b81,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 49"
32236,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,266,Tolowa,70,b81,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 49"
32192,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,105,Karok,70,b81,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit soaked in mud for a year and used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 49"
32154,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32058,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32020,3258,Quercus dunnii Kellogg,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit formerly used for food.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
31943,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,105,Karok,70,b81,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit buried from one to four years to kill the bugs and worms and used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 49"
31833,3248,Pyrus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,94,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 94"
31832,3248,Pyrus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,94,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits boiled or baked and eaten.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 94"
31825,3247,Pyrus communis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
31821,3247,Pyrus communis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
31434,3213,Ptelea trifoliata ssp. trifoliata var. mollis Torr. & Gray,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits commonly eaten by children.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
31036,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,205,Ponca,17,g19,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31030,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,190,Pawnee,17,g19,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31025,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,177,Omaha,17,g19,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31020,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,61,Dakota,17,g19,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31015,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
31014,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
31012,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh or dried.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101"
31008,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
31006,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
31002,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
30998,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,124,Laguna,19,c35,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
30994,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
30993,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh and dried in large quantities for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
30990,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
30983,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,364,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 364"
30982,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
30979,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,177,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fresh or pounded, dried berries and pits used to make berry pemmican.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 177"
30976,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
30974,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
30972,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,289,Yurok,70,b81,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
30971,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries cooked and eaten.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
30970,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
30969,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
30963,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
30950,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,356,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
30945,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten ripe.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
30940,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,183,Paiute,153,k32,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 99"
30939,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,84,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Chokecherry cakes ground and boiled with flour, sugar and occasionally roasted deer liver.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84"
30924,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,235,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235"