id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44682,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,5,Forage,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) eaten by Black Brants, Canada geese, Mallard ducks and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44520,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,5,Forage,"Husks, stalks and leaves used for stock winter forage.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44245,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds eaten by sheep.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44100,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43842,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43228,4145,Vicia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as common forage plants.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
42559,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
42517,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
42270,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by geese.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
41992,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by domestic sheep.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
41922,4064,Usnea sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
40645,4013,Trifolium sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,359,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten as forage by many kinds of animals.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 359"
40597,4002,Trifolium ciliolatum Benth.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,360,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by horses with impunity.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 360"
40539,3986,Tragopogon pratensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,85,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant eaten by deer, horses and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 85"
40453,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by yellowhammers and squirrels as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40452,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits and leaves eaten by hogs as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
39125,3851,Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,231,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 231"
39078,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by ruffed grouse and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
38970,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,79,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by frogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 79"
38968,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 86"
38967,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries and roots eaten by snakes.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
38960,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
38859,3820,Stellaria media (L.) Vill.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by chickens.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 86"
38820,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by wounded deer.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
38787,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,157,Navajo,141,h56,163,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as forage by animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 163"
38735,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,274,1,Food,5,Forage,Dried flower spikes eaten by grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 274"
38699,3783,Sphagnum sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,148,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by grizzly bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 148"
38603,3768,Spartina alterniflora Loisel.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,106,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as forage.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 106"
38582,3763,Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi (Wenzig) C.L. Hitchc.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,116,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered a food for black bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
38545,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
38523,3756,Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner,157,Navajo,74,e44,58,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by sheep for forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 58"
38146,3703,Sium suave Walt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,5,Forage,Rootstocks or rhizomes eaten by cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
38095,3693,Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.,157,Navajo,74,e44,50,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by horses for forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
37923,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37769,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,48,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by buffalo.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48"
37371,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,1,Food,5,Forage,Cows were said to eat it.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37172,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,71,1,Food,5,Forage,"Succulent, young leaves and branches eaten by cattle and sheep.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 71"
37158,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as forage by sheep and eaten for the salt.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37155,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,68,1,Food,5,Forage,Shrub used as winter pasture for sheep.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 68"
36348,3554,Salsola tragus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,218,1,Food,5,Forage,Young plants eaten by horses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218"
36329,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant enjoyed by moose.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
35818,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves and bark used as food for both wild and domesticated animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
35591,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,254,1,Food,5,Forage,Muskrats gathered these corms for winter store of food and found to save the trouble of digging.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 254"
35569,3508,Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,396,1,Food,5,Forage,Recognized as a favorite food of ducks and geese.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 396"
34879,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by porcupines and groundhogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
34250,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by bears before hibernation.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34208,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34055,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34044,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34000,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33919,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by bears before hibernation.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
33887,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33826,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,359,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds eaten by chickens as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 359"
33824,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,359,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by horses as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 359"
33661,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33532,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,514,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 514"
33408,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by grouse and pheasant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33389,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,78,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten only by bears.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 78"
32719,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by cows and deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
32018,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,82,1,Food,5,Forage,"Acorns not used by people but eaten as a favorite food by deer, squirrels, chipmunks, quail & jays.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 82"
31691,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
31681,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered an important browse plant.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
31657,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,141,h56,159,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used for deer and livestock forage.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159"
31141,3197,Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as grazing grass for livestock and deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
30892,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
30083,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,11,c49,96,1,Food,5,Forage,Pods and foliage eaten by grazing animals.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96"
29920,3150,Prosartes smithii (Hook.) Utech,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by squirrels.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
29919,3149,Prosartes hookeri var. oregana (S. Wats.) Kartesz,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 86"
29818,3122,Potamogeton sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
29817,3122,Potamogeton sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Deer wade into the water and put their heads under the surface to eat this plant.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
29784,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,47,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as a good sheep forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47"
29678,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by beavers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
29402,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,1,Food,5,Forage,Branches used as forage for horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29382,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
29348,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves and twigs eaten by moose.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
28656,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,193,Pima,11,c49,105,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plants browsed by deer, horses and cattle.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 105"
28623,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as horse and sheep feed and able to withstand trampling and close grazing.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
27438,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,1,Food,5,Forage,Cambium layer eaten by grizzly bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
26630,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a forage plant only in absence of other foods.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
26205,2842,Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by elk.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
25943,2821,Penstemon sp.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
25908,2808,Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene,259,Thompson,10,tta90,286,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant frequented by bees and hummingbirds for the nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286"
25666,2772,Pedicularis densiflora Benth. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower nectar used by yellowhammer birds.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
25606,2765,Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,5,Forage,"Long, narrow leaves eaten by cattle when other foods scarce.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
25598,2765,Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by deer as a good winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
25570,2762,Paspalum setaceum Michx.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a valuable pasture plant.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
25566,2760,Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. L”ve,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,1,Food,5,Forage,"Most valuable forage grass and cultivated for hay, good keeping qualities & high nutritional value.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
25564,2760,Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. L”ve,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,1,Food,5,Forage,Heads eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
25467,2740,Panicum obtusum Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Good forage.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
25262,2723,Oxytropis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,57,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant used by sheep, in the spring, for forage.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57"
25242,2718,Oxytropis lambertii Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,47,1,Food,5,Forage,Whole plant and roots eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47"
25236,2716,Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a common forage plant.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
25182,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,98,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant much esteemed by buffalo.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
24212,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by ground squirrels.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
24109,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,347,1,Food,5,Forage,Fleshy roots eaten as a favorite food by deer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 347"
23684,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,110,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by skunks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110"
23631,2572,Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by the cows.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23524,2542,Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
22947,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,5,Forage,"Deer put their heads under the surface of the water to get at the long, green rhizomes.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
22563,2435,Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant very nutritious food for horses.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
22535,2427,Medicago polymorpha L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds and leaves used as a forage plant.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
22534,2427,Medicago polymorpha L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,1,Food,5,Forage,Dried seed pods eaten by sheep in summer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
22344,2399,Malva parviflora L.,193,Pima,11,c49,79,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds eaten by hogs.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 79"
22260,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22135,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,259,Thompson,10,tta90,127,1,Food,5,Forage,Rhizomes eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 127"
22056,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,78,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by frogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 78"
21658,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by bears in spring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21651,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,76,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by bears after emerging from hibernation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76"
21649,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,35,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower stalks sucked by grizzly and black bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
21612,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by bears in spring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21610,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by deer and bear.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21604,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,1,Food,5,Forage,"Roots eaten by black and grizzly bears after hibernation, to cleanse and strengthen their stomachs.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21392,2310,Lupinus wyethii S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered the marmot's favorite food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21387,2308,Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered the marmot's favorite food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21377,2306,Lupinus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants used for horse and cattle food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 86"
21359,2305,Lupinus sericeus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered the marmot's favorite food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21328,2294,Lupinus luteolus Kellogg,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,1,Food,5,Forage,Succulent tops eaten sparingly by horses in early summer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
21278,2279,Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene,101,Isleta,76,j31,34,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered an excellent grazing plant for sheep.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
21214,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,197,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by grizzly bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 197"
21196,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
21168,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
21153,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
21118,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower nectar eaten by bees and humming birds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
21100,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,93,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower nectar sucked by hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 93"
20527,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,5,Forage,Acorns collected by woodpeckers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
20187,2173,Licania michauxii Prance,228,Seminole,88,s54,434,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by gophers.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 434"
20119,2163,Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by cows.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
20068,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,1,Food,5,Forage,Used for grazing during the winter.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
19728,2115,Lathyrus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,81,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by cows and horses.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 81"
19711,2111,Lathyrus nevadensis ssp. lanceolatus var. nuttallii (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a general forage for animals.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
19555,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,25,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds eaten by blue grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
19343,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as winter forage for the sheep.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
19339,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,44,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered a good forage plant.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
19301,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,209,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant grazed by livestock.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209"
19275,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,52,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by deer.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 52"
19118,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by sheep during droughts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
18363,2042,Juncus effusus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,318,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by cows and horses in early spring.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
17946,1997,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. attenuata (Gray) V.& A. Grant,157,Navajo,141,h56,160,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a browse plant.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 160"
17538,1934,Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Wats.) Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,480,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480"
17535,1933,Hydrophyllum fendleri var. albifrons (Heller) J.F. Macbr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,5,Forage,Thick roots eaten by cattle.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
17533,1933,Hydrophyllum fendleri var. albifrons (Heller) J.F. Macbr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,5,Forage,Thick roots eaten by cattle.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
16946,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,5,Forage,Stalks used as a common food for cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
16830,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,1,Food,5,Forage,Young shoots eaten by cattle.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
16778,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Whole plant eaten by cows.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
16511,1810,Hedysarum boreale Nutt.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",205,p37,1,1,Food,5,Forage,"Roots eaten by the brown bears, meadow mice and lemmings.","Porsild, A.E., 1937, Edible Roots and Berries of Northern Canada, Canada Department of Mines and Resources, National Museum of Canada, page 1"
16500,1809,Hedysarum alpinum L.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,30,1,Food,5,Forage,Root tubers eaten by brown and black bears and meadow mice.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 30"
16391,1793,Hackelia diffusa (Lehm.) I.M. Johnston,259,Thompson,10,tta90,192,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by sheep. The plant was not used by people as it was considered a noxious weed because the burred fruits stuck to fur and clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 192"
16351,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by livestock.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
15374,1669,Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,25,1,Food,5,Forage,Leafy tops eaten by deer.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 25"
15373,1669,Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,25,1,Food,5,Forage,"Bulbous, underground corms eaten by bears, gophers and ground squirrels.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 25"
15363,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,5,Forage,The first horse seen in the Hesquiat area was said to have eaten mission bells.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
14341,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,24,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by bears and ground squirrels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24"
14219,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,31,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant eaten by horses, cows and rabbits.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 31"
14216,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,101,Isleta,76,j31,28,1,Food,5,Forage,High moisture content of leaves and stems made it a good grazing plant for livestock.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
13793,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by deer and cows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
13662,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,157,Navajo,141,h56,159,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants browsed by animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159"
13637,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as a fall and winter forage for horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
13543,1432,Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D.M.H. Mohr,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,304,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as an occasional forage food for horses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304"
13474,1427,Equisetum scirpoides Michx.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,156,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by grizzly bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 156"
13335,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,68,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by horses.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 68"
13300,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,156,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by geese.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 156"
13113,1399,Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,23,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants float upright during high tide and the brant geese like to pick at them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
12735,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,61,Dakota,17,g19,132,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by prairie dogs.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
12734,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,369,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered a choice prairie dog food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 369"
12715,1342,Dryopteris sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,149,1,Food,5,Forage,Rootstocks eaten by mountain goats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 149"
12537,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,157,Navajo,74,e44,49,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by sheep for forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 49"
11490,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,363,1,Food,5,Forage,"Shiny, bean-like seeds eaten by wild mourning doves and turkeys.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 363"
11363,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and other animals.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
11155,1105,Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,93,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 93"
11110,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by black bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11046,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,233,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233"
10413,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
10219,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,55,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 55"
10128,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,29,1,Food,5,Forage,"Rootstocks eaten by marmots, ground squirrels and grizzly bears.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 29"
10109,989,Cladonia rangiferina,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by caribou.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
9749,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,1,Food,5,Forage,Bulbs eaten by pigs.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
9302,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,110,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by horses and deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110"
8952,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,1,Food,5,Forage,Whole plant used by sheep for forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
8723,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Shrub extensively eaten by deer.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
8722,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,252,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered a favorite food of deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 252"
8705,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,89,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by deer.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89"
8702,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,5,Forage,Bush eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
8671,816,Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,119,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds and branches considered an important food for deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119"
8658,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by deer.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
8629,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,367,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds eaten by squirrels as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 367"
8628,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,367,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 367"
8526,795,Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides (Benth.) Chuang & Heckard,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,387,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten sparingly by horses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 387"
8131,754,Carex vicaria Bailey,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,314,1,Food,5,Forage,Foliage cut for hay and used for forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"
8126,752,Carex sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a general forage plant.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
8125,752,Carex sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,1,Food,5,Forage,"Leaves eaten by goats, horses and other animals.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8098,751,Carex rostrata Stokes,259,Thompson,33,steed28,514,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a forage plant.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 514"
8097,751,Carex rostrata Stokes,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots sometimes eaten by muskrats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8089,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots sometimes eaten by muskrats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8075,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves thought to be a favorite food of the buffalo.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
8074,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,5,Forage,Favorite grass of the buffalo.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
8073,744,Carex microptera Mackenzie,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by sheep.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
8058,736,Carex atherodes Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots sometimes eaten by muskrats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
7741,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by cattle and sheep.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
7611,648,Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as an excellent fall and winter pasture for horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
7593,640,Bromus sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants used as a forage crop.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
7566,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,326,1,Food,5,Forage,Corms eaten by sheep.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 326"
7453,610,Bouteloua simplex Lag.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,1,Food,5,Forage,Important forage grass for a short season.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
7446,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,15,1,Food,5,Forage,Important forage grass.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15"
7438,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,1,Food,5,Forage,Grass used for forage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7436,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,1,Food,5,Forage,Grass used for grazing purposes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
7435,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,95,Hopi,37,w39,64,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as an important forage grass.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64"
7366,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,153,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by mountain goats and deer.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 153"
7027,561,Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott,157,Navajo,141,h56,152,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant used as sheep forage, especially in the winter.","Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 152"
6731,517,Atriplex sp.,193,Pima,104,r08,69,1,Food,5,Forage,Herbaceous plants eaten by stock.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69"
6704,511,Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as an important forage plant.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 67"
6629,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant used as forage for cattle, sheep and goats, especially when other forage was scarce.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
6610,502,Atriplex argentea ssp. expansa (S. Wats.) Hall & Clements,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant used, for the salt, to pasture sheep in the summer.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
6598,501,Atriplex argentea Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,31,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as forage for cattle.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
6542,492,Astragalus purshii Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a common forage plant.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
6527,487,Astragalus mollissimus var. matthewsii (S. Wats.) Barneby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant and roots eaten by sheep.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
6149,435,Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,65,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant favored by jackrabbits.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65"
6108,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,379,1,Food,5,Forage,Sweet-scented flowers used by bees as a source of nectar.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379"
5275,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,101,Isleta,76,j31,22,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered excellent grazing plant for sheep and cattle.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
5028,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,35,1,Food,5,Forage,Best sage for winter browse by livestock and game.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 35"
5026,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as fall and winter forage for horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
4970,386,Artemisia biennis Willd.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,102,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by turkeys.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 102"
4678,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,514,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by deer.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 514"
4608,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4478,344,Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,23,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten greedily by bears and ptarmigan.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
4448,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and deer.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
4397,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by bears as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4330,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,23,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten greedily by bears and ptarmigan.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
4203,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,1,Food,5,Forage,"White, globular flowers eaten by doves, wild pigeons and turkeys.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4202,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by cows when green grass scarce.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4201,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by deer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4060,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by rabbits.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
3945,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Flowers used as sources of nectar by humming birds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
3674,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Cattle used this plant for forage.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
3157,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit eaten by deer.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
2993,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,5,Forage,"Young stems and leaves eaten by elk, deer, moose and mountain sheep.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2992,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and grouse.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2966,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
2721,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as sheep forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2162,141,Allium cernuum Roth,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,1,Food,5,Forage,Bulbs eaten by sheep and cattle.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
1962,123,Alectoria sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
1612,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by squirrels as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
1138,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as a forage for both wild and domesticated animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
813,38,Achillea millefolium L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,220,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220"