id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
16830,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,1,Food,5,Forage,Young shoots eaten by cattle.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
16946,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,5,Forage,Stalks used as a common food for cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
17533,1933,Hydrophyllum fendleri var. albifrons (Heller) J.F. Macbr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,5,Forage,Thick roots eaten by cattle.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
17535,1933,Hydrophyllum fendleri var. albifrons (Heller) J.F. Macbr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,5,Forage,Thick roots eaten by cattle.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
17538,1934,Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Wats.) Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,480,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480"
17946,1997,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. attenuata (Gray) V.& A. Grant,157,Navajo,141,h56,160,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a browse plant.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 160"
18363,2042,Juncus effusus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,318,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by cows and horses in early spring.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
19118,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by sheep during droughts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19275,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,52,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by deer.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 52"
19301,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,209,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant grazed by livestock.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209"
19339,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,44,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered a good forage plant.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
19343,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as winter forage for the sheep.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
19555,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,25,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds eaten by blue grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
19711,2111,Lathyrus nevadensis ssp. lanceolatus var. nuttallii (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a general forage for animals.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
19728,2115,Lathyrus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,81,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by cows and horses.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 81"
20068,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,1,Food,5,Forage,Used for grazing during the winter.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
20119,2163,Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by cows.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
20187,2173,Licania michauxii Prance,228,Seminole,88,s54,434,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by gophers.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 434"
20527,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,5,Forage,Acorns collected by woodpeckers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
21100,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,93,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower nectar sucked by hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 93"
21118,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower nectar eaten by bees and humming birds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
21153,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
21168,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
21196,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
21214,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,197,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by grizzly bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 197"
21278,2279,Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene,101,Isleta,76,j31,34,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered an excellent grazing plant for sheep.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
21328,2294,Lupinus luteolus Kellogg,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,1,Food,5,Forage,Succulent tops eaten sparingly by horses in early summer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
21359,2305,Lupinus sericeus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered the marmot's favorite food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21377,2306,Lupinus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants used for horse and cattle food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 86"
21387,2308,Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered the marmot's favorite food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21392,2310,Lupinus wyethii S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant considered the marmot's favorite food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21604,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,1,Food,5,Forage,"Roots eaten by black and grizzly bears after hibernation, to cleanse and strengthen their stomachs.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21610,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by deer and bear.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21612,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by bears in spring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21649,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,35,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower stalks sucked by grizzly and black bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
21651,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,76,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by bears after emerging from hibernation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76"
21658,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by bears in spring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
22056,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,78,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by frogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 78"
22135,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,259,Thompson,10,tta90,127,1,Food,5,Forage,Rhizomes eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 127"
22260,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22344,2399,Malva parviflora L.,193,Pima,11,c49,79,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds eaten by hogs.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 79"
22534,2427,Medicago polymorpha L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,1,Food,5,Forage,Dried seed pods eaten by sheep in summer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
22535,2427,Medicago polymorpha L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds and leaves used as a forage plant.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
22563,2435,Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant very nutritious food for horses.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
22947,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,5,Forage,"Deer put their heads under the surface of the water to get at the long, green rhizomes.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
23524,2542,Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
23631,2572,Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by the cows.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23684,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,110,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by skunks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110"
24109,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,347,1,Food,5,Forage,Fleshy roots eaten as a favorite food by deer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 347"
24212,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by ground squirrels.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
25182,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,98,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant much esteemed by buffalo.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
25236,2716,Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a common forage plant.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
25242,2718,Oxytropis lambertii Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,47,1,Food,5,Forage,Whole plant and roots eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47"
25262,2723,Oxytropis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,57,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant used by sheep, in the spring, for forage.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57"
25467,2740,Panicum obtusum Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Good forage.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
25564,2760,Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. L”ve,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,1,Food,5,Forage,Heads eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
25566,2760,Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. L”ve,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,1,Food,5,Forage,"Most valuable forage grass and cultivated for hay, good keeping qualities & high nutritional value.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
25570,2762,Paspalum setaceum Michx.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a valuable pasture plant.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
25598,2765,Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by deer as a good winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
25606,2765,Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,5,Forage,"Long, narrow leaves eaten by cattle when other foods scarce.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
25666,2772,Pedicularis densiflora Benth. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,5,Forage,Flower nectar used by yellowhammer birds.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
25908,2808,Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene,259,Thompson,10,tta90,286,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant frequented by bees and hummingbirds for the nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286"
25943,2821,Penstemon sp.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
26205,2842,Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants eaten by elk.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
26630,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as a forage plant only in absence of other foods.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
27438,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,1,Food,5,Forage,Cambium layer eaten by grizzly bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
28623,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as horse and sheep feed and able to withstand trampling and close grazing.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
28656,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,193,Pima,11,c49,105,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plants browsed by deer, horses and cattle.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 105"
29348,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves and twigs eaten by moose.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
29382,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
29402,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,1,Food,5,Forage,Branches used as forage for horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29678,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by beavers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
29784,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,47,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as a good sheep forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47"
29817,3122,Potamogeton sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Deer wade into the water and put their heads under the surface to eat this plant.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
29818,3122,Potamogeton sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
29919,3149,Prosartes hookeri var. oregana (S. Wats.) Kartesz,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 86"
29920,3150,Prosartes smithii (Hook.) Utech,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by squirrels.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
30083,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,11,c49,96,1,Food,5,Forage,Pods and foliage eaten by grazing animals.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96"
30892,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
31141,3197,Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as grazing grass for livestock and deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
31657,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,141,h56,159,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used for deer and livestock forage.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159"
31681,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered an important browse plant.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
31691,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
32018,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,82,1,Food,5,Forage,"Acorns not used by people but eaten as a favorite food by deer, squirrels, chipmunks, quail & jays.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 82"
32719,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by cows and deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
33389,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,78,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten only by bears.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 78"
33408,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by grouse and pheasant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33532,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,514,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 514"
33661,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33824,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,359,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by horses as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 359"
33826,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,359,1,Food,5,Forage,Seeds eaten by chickens as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 359"
33887,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33919,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by bears before hibernation.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34000,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34044,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34055,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34208,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by coyotes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34250,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,1,Food,5,Forage,Hips eaten by bears before hibernation.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34879,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by porcupines and groundhogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
35569,3508,Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,396,1,Food,5,Forage,Recognized as a favorite food of ducks and geese.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 396"
35591,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,254,1,Food,5,Forage,Muskrats gathered these corms for winter store of food and found to save the trouble of digging.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 254"
35818,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves and bark used as food for both wild and domesticated animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
36329,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant enjoyed by moose.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36348,3554,Salsola tragus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,218,1,Food,5,Forage,Young plants eaten by horses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218"
37155,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,68,1,Food,5,Forage,Shrub used as winter pasture for sheep.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 68"
37158,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as forage by sheep and eaten for the salt.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37172,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,71,1,Food,5,Forage,"Succulent, young leaves and branches eaten by cattle and sheep.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 71"
37371,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,1,Food,5,Forage,Cows were said to eat it.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37769,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,48,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by buffalo.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48"
37923,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
38095,3693,Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.,157,Navajo,74,e44,50,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by horses for forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
38146,3703,Sium suave Walt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,5,Forage,Rootstocks or rhizomes eaten by cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
38523,3756,Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner,157,Navajo,74,e44,58,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used by sheep for forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 58"
38545,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
38582,3763,Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi (Wenzig) C.L. Hitchc.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,116,1,Food,5,Forage,Considered a food for black bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
38603,3768,Spartina alterniflora Loisel.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,106,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as forage.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 106"
38699,3783,Sphagnum sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,148,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by grizzly bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 148"
38735,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,274,1,Food,5,Forage,Dried flower spikes eaten by grouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 274"
38787,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,157,Navajo,141,h56,163,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as forage by animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 163"
38820,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by wounded deer.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
38859,3820,Stellaria media (L.) Vill.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by chickens.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 86"
38960,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
38967,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries and roots eaten by snakes.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
38968,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 86"
38970,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,79,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by frogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 79"
39078,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by ruffed grouse and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
39125,3851,Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,231,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 231"
40452,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits and leaves eaten by hogs as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40453,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by yellowhammers and squirrels as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40539,3986,Tragopogon pratensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,85,1,Food,5,Forage,"Plant eaten by deer, horses and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 85"
40597,4002,Trifolium ciliolatum Benth.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,360,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by horses with impunity.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 360"
40645,4013,Trifolium sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,359,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten as forage by many kinds of animals.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 359"
41922,4064,Usnea sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
41992,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by domestic sheep.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
42270,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by geese.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42517,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
42559,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
43228,4145,Vicia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as common forage plants.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
43842,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44100,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44245,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds eaten by sheep.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44520,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,5,Forage,"Husks, stalks and leaves used for stock winter forage.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44682,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,5,Forage,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) eaten by Black Brants, Canada geese, Mallard ducks and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"