id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
94,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
148,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
299,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for a long lasting fire.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
376,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
391,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bushes dried and used for firewood.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
451,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
476,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
511,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
514,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as an excellent fuel.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
546,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned and used for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
547,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as firewood for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
582,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
1492,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Large roots used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1493,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood coals used as a favorite source for roasting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1500,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
1514,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Limbs used as a favorite firewood for roasting, giving a high intensity heat.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1515,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1524,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1527,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood and roots used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
1767,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried stalks used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1952,119,Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1954,120,Alectoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1956,121,Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1995,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
2474,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for tinder.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2483,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2491,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2502,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,14,c93,224,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned for boiling oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2511,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood considered a good fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2516,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,328,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328"
2533,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
2555,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel for drying and smoking fish and meats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2561,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2578,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking salmon.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2591,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel for smoking meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2648,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as firewood.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
2667,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2883,201,Ambrosia psilostachya DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,55,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used rolled up, with various sages, in the sweat houses.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 55"
4220,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4358,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4376,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4384,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,219,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219"
4402,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as an exceedingly fine fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4466,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
5034,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
5307,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,263,"Thompson, Upper (Nicola Band)",33,steed28,497,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel in smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
5420,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant used on the fire in the first smoking of a hide during the curing process. The smoke from this plant was supposed to soften the hide.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5615,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,45,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood in absence of other wood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
5624,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to produce fire by friction.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
5645,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to roast pinyon seeds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5655,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Twig used as a twirling stick to produce fire by friction.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
5656,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5687,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5688,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5732,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for tinder in the creation of fire by friction.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5793,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry bushes used for fuel in absence of other firewood.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
5811,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
5826,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
5827,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
5917,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
6733,517,Atriplex sp.,193,Pima,104,r08,69,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody plants used for fuel.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69"
6782,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6810,537,Baccharis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Stems used for firewood.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17"
7115,577,Betula nana L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,Shrub burned to smoke fish.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
7118,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7119,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7139,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7194,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7211,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7212,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7250,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,"After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7251,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,Scraps of bark used by women to kindle or light fires.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7291,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black colored stem growth used as tinder for kindling fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7292,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black stem growth used as tinder for starting fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7293,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7330,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7689,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Twig used as a twirling stick to produce fire by friction.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
7690,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire blocks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
8277,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8323,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8392,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8405,772,Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,185,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used for tinder, burned green and even frozen, and fuel.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 185"
8420,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8594,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8619,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8621,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8623,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8625,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8626,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8633,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,339,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 339"
8648,810,Ceanothus greggii Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for kindling.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
8672,816,Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,119,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119"
8675,817,Ceanothus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,51,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51"
8780,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
8804,824,Celtis occidentalis L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,22,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for the altar fire in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22"
8867,837,Cercis canadensis L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Slender stems used for fuel during the winter.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
9125,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark finely shredded and used as tinder.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9354,890,Cheirodendron gaudicchaudii,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
10580,1063,Conocarpus erectus L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for barbecue firewood.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
10747,1087,Cornicularia divergens Ach.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
11422,1130,Crataegus rivularis Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
12011,1221,Dalea formosa Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,57,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant used for firewood.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
12047,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Dry, flaky bark used as tinder when starting a fire with twirling sticks.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
12693,1335,Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Thin, wiry roots used as the burning material in a 'slow match.'","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
13102,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Resinous branches used to make quick fires.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 102"
13481,1428,Equisetum sp.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Blades used to produce smoke in smudge fires.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56"
13664,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,157,Navajo,141,h56,159,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a kiva fuel.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159"
13703,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,72,f96,20,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used as one of the four prescribed kiva fuels.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
14819,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,74,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 74"
15234,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,287,Yuki,89,c02,378,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
15244,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel for quiet fires because it did not crackle and shoot sparks like other woods.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
15268,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood and lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15283,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15402,1673,Fucus sp.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used in steaming pits to generate steam for cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
15508,1688,Galium sp.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plants used for lighting fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
16135,1768,Gossypium sp.,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,105,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a strike-a-light.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105"
17564,1941,Hymenoclea sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,47,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as kindling to ignite sparks from the friction of fire sticks.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 47"
17868,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,125,Lakota,108,r80,43,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Roots used in place of matches. It is said that in olden days when there were no matches, they used to start a fire in the root, wrap it up and hang it outside.  The fire would keep for seven months.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43"
18131,2020,Isocoma pluriflora (Torr. & Gray) Greene,193,Pima,11,c49,101,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plants used for kindling.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 101"
18582,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for fuel.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
18633,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood and tinder.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18640,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,101,Isleta,76,j31,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used in open ovens to produce very hot fires.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
18666,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Considered an important source of firewood for steady, even fires.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18683,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood made into charcoal and used for smelting silver.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18684,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18710,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder for making ceremonial fire with fire drill.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18711,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as one of the main sources of fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18746,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used largely for firewood.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
18747,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood and tinder.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18755,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used largely for firewood.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
18762,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,291,Zuni,6,s15,93,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood used as a favorite firewood, but more importantly in ceremonies.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
18815,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark mixed with dirt to use as tinder.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18816,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood was one of the principal sources of fuel and material.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18857,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Crushed bark used as a 'slow match.' The crushed bark was twisted into a rope, tied at intervals with yucca and wrapped into a coil.  The free end was set on fire and kept smoldering by blowing on it at intervals.  Fire could be carried in this fashion from early dawn until noon.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18858,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,37,Fuel,Crushed bark used for tinder.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18859,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18866,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,95,Hopi,37,w39,62,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 62"
18930,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for fuel.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
19067,2063,Juniperus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to heat cooking stones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
19070,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder for fire drills.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19109,2063,Juniperus sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
19126,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Light bark used as tinder to catch the spark from the fire drill.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19127,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned into charcoal and used as a fuel.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19203,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a fuel to make a heavy smoke for smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
19204,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,263,"Thompson, Upper (Nicola Band)",33,steed28,500,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used in combination with sagebrush as a fuel to make a heavy smoke when desiring very dark skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
19520,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
19882,2127,Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens (Ait.) Hult‚n,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,190,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 190"
24350,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,94,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94"
24367,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
25220,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
26929,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fires.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
26943,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start fires.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
26960,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for household heating fuel.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26982,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
27033,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel and building logs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27087,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fires.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27092,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start fires.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
27105,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27115,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
27194,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,37,Fuel,Knots used as fuel to keep the fire burning all night.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27286,2939,Picea sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,37,Fuel,Logs considered an important source of fuel for heating the homes and steambaths of the village.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
27493,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,70,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70"
27556,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27635,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27667,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fires because it throws fewer sparks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27685,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,41,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used extensively for firewood.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41"
27800,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, high combustibility, used for firewood and kindling.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27814,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27925,2967,Pinus muricata D. Don,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
27958,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,101,Isleta,76,j31,37,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as principal source of firewood.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
27970,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,115,Klamath,186,c04,735,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried needles stuffed loosely between cross sticks and lighted to ignite them.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1904, Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians., Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum., page 735"
27974,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,307,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
27994,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
28038,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,52,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as fuel because it cooled quickly and enemies cannot tell how long ago camp was broken.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 52"
28064,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,261,"Thompson, Upper (Fraser Band)",33,steed28,499,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry cones mixed with fir bark to make the best smoke for smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
28066,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,262,"Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band)",33,steed28,499,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry cones mixed with fir bark to make the best smoke for smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
28090,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, high combustibility, used for firewood and kindling.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28168,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28240,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
29174,3094,Populus angustifolia James,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29217,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29241,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29304,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,68,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29324,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
29349,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,3,Other,37,Fuel,Rotten wood used as a fuel in smoking hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
29377,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
29387,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,68,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29388,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29417,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as fuel for roasting the clays in making skin paints.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29448,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,62,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
29457,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29470,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
29475,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
29483,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,330,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used occasionally for fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 330"
29488,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,109,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a poor source of fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 109"
29516,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29538,3105,Populus sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
29540,3105,Populus sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
29561,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,37,Fuel,Sticks used in making fire by friction and fiber used for tinder.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29633,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,37,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used occasionally for firewood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 37"
29634,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
29652,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry limbs used as a source of fuel.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
29665,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
29684,3090,Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides],125,Lakota,156,k90,33,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
29973,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29977,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,228,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 228"
30024,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as kindling for cooking and firewood in sweathouses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30025,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood used as firewood for cooking, baking pottery and warmth.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30037,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,65,Diegueno,122,h75,218,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 218"
30086,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,11,c49,96,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96"
30116,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used to heat stones for baking cholla buds and joints.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
30156,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,58,3,Other,37,Fuel,Stumps used as fuel for pit baking.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 58"
30157,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30401,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel and the hearth and drill in making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
31146,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as a valuable fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
31148,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
31159,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Pitch laden bark and limbs used as an excellent fuel. In Hesquiat mythology, Black Bear used to break off Douglas fir bark with one swipe of his paw and pile it on end in the fire.  Raven wanted to have a meal with Bear and he tried to imitate Bear in collecting fuel, but he could not break off the bark; he only hurt himself.  When the fire was going, Bear put his paws up to the fire and oil dripped out of them into a dish.  Raven watched him doing this, and when Bear went over to eat at Raven's house, Raven tried to produce oil in a similar manner.  But no oil came out of his feet, and his claws burned and shrivelled up into their present state.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
31170,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as an excellent fuel source.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
31183,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,70,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood used for firewood, especially for cooking fish.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70"
31187,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,49,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 49"
31195,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as a top quality fuel.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
31224,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Rotten wood used as fuel for smoking hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31257,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31263,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31266,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,81,Green River Group,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31280,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,114,Klallam,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31282,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,129,Lummi,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31296,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
31300,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
31304,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31308,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,241,Skagit,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31317,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31431,3212,Ptelea trifoliata ssp. pallida var. pallida (Greene) V. Bailey,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,229,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 229"
31490,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,58,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Rhizomes chewed, used as punk in a clam shell and placed in a fire.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 58"
31629,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Fine, soft bark used as tinder for the fire drill.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
31692,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
31693,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used to make the initial fire for pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
31707,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,183,Paiute,98,m53,82,3,Other,37,Fuel,Large branches that grow close to the roots used as firewood.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 82"
31841,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31858,3252,Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as fuel for firing pottery.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
31878,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31936,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31975,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Spongy pith material used for starting fires.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31976,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood preferred as firewood for roasting yucca bulbs.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31998,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32055,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32126,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32179,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32186,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32228,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,109,m66,283,3,Other,37,Fuel,Small square of thick dry bark used to carry fire from one place to another.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 283"
32313,3276,Quercus nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned in the home and in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32366,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32406,3287,Quercus rubra var. rubra,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a favorite fuel for the altar fire in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32412,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used on fire to heat cooking stones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
32438,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
32511,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32517,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,22,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22"
32547,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32581,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,228,Seminole,88,s54,493,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to burn out mortar hollow.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 493"
33133,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry shrub used as one of the four prescribed fuels for the kivas.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
35475,3493,Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Crushed, dried roots used as tinder.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
35686,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,214,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fence posts and as fuel for fires.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214"
35790,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,37,Fuel,Twigs used for kindling.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
35947,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,331,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
36102,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
36174,3551,Salix sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
36191,3551,Salix sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 29"
36304,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood and smoking fish.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36505,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,37,Fuel,Hollow twigs used in fire making.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36547,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,37,Fuel,Pith formerly used as a combustible material for starting fires.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36548,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,37,Fuel,Soft wood used as a twirling stick to make fire by friction.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
37141,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,3,Other,37,Fuel,Shrub used as one of the four prescribed fuels for the kivas.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
37142,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,3,Other,37,Fuel,Strong wood used as the chief kiva fuel.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
37143,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37161,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as firewood.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37726,3652,Senna occidentalis (L.) Link,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
37727,3652,Senna occidentalis (L.) Link,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
37755,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant used to make flint and steel punk.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
38752,3797,Spiraea stevenii (Schneid.) Rydb.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant burned for smoking fish.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
39133,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,55,3,Other,37,Fuel,Green twigs used to make a fire to blacken the surface of newly made pipes.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 55"
39286,3889,Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.,193,Pima,11,c49,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used in winter for fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 107"
39904,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
39943,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark used for tinder.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
40000,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and branches used as kindling to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40019,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Shredded inner bark twisted tightly, tied with cedar bark strips and used as tinder to start a fire. A story involving cedar -- called 'nuhtume' by Hesquiat -- tells of the time Deer stole fire.  This version has Deer taking fire from the Wolves; another says that Deer stole it from Chief Red-winged Blackbird.  In both versions Deer attached the soft, shredded cedar bark to his elbows, knees and horns.  He allowed this dry cedar bark to catch fire when he visited the fire's owner.  Deer escaped by jumping out through the roof.  Since, however, he had to jump into water while fleeing, the only fire that continued to burn was that in the cedar bark on his horns.  Thus, Deer did bring back fire but suffered burnt knees and elbows.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40072,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel and making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40182,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as kindling.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40233,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for tinder.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40234,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Outer bark used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40235,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel and also as the drill or hearth in making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40286,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark used to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40854,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40908,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
40916,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Bark used for fuel, when reboiling pitch, because the heat was easy to regulate.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
40928,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40946,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41046,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,37,Fuel,Slow burning wood used to bank up fires overnight.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41070,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41434,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41456,4051,Ulmus americana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
41466,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41472,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41480,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41511,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41512,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41563,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41564,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41571,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41572,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41579,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41580,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41593,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41594,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41600,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41604,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41609,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
44090,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,37,Fuel,Leaves bound in a slender bundle and used as a substitute for wood. The slender bundle of leaves formed the firedrill which was placed in a hearth and twirled by the hands until it smouldered upon which time it was blown upon to ignite the flame.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44472,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cob pith used as punk (tinder).,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44524,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cobs used as fuel in emergencies and as fire lighters.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"