id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
37,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,124,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Needles used to make a laxative tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 124"
71,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,244,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Juice used as a laxative.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 244"
89,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds used as a laxative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
134,4,Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,34,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Taken 'to loosen bowels and cleanse and heal internal ulcers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34"
161,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,268,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of pitch taken as a tonic and laxative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268"
162,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,268,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Pitch and catfish oil taken for constipation.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268"
256,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,60,Crow,30,h92,2,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of crushed needles used for constipation.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
337,8,Abies sp.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,51,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Juicy inner bark taken for constipation.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
584,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,378,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 378"
915,38,Achillea millefolium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction or roots and scarlet gilia leaves taken as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
1017,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant taken as a mild laxative.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
1205,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,7,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 7"
1428,60,Actaea racemosa var. racemosa,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion taken for constipation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
1508,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of dried leaves taken for stomach ailments by inducing bowel movements or vomiting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1909,106,Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
1990,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Nut oil used to make a very strong laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
2000,128,Alisma plantago-aquatica L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,26,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Stem base taken for constipation.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2339,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2387,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,153,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of inner bark taken as a laxative.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 153"
2396,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2423,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2433,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Crushed pistillate catkins eaten raw as a laxative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2682,178,Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,17,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Plant, other plants & water taken as a laxative & an appetizer for acute pain in stomach or bowels.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 17"
2875,201,Ambrosia psilostachya DC.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of ground leaves and stems taken for constipation.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
2906,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,65,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berry juice taken as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
3393,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,317,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317"
3777,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of root taken as a laxative.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
3800,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,415,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Roots used as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 415"
4659,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Raw berries eaten as a laxative.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
5532,404,Artemisia sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,23,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of leaves thickened with sugar and used for constipation.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
5577,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of seed heads and plant tops used as a laxative.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
5672,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,45,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used for constipation.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 45"
5754,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,217,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Various infusions of leaves, stems and seed pods taken as laxatives.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 217"
6047,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
6156,438,Asclepias perennis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6166,440,Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant taken for as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6279,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6336,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Seeds or root used as gentle laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
6428,459,Aster sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,66,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant used as an enema for babies with colic or intestinal troubles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66"
7621,653,Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,47,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Beans ground and taken as a laxative by infants, children and adults.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 47"
7798,685,Caltha palustris L.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,14,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken for constipation.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 14"
8298,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,224,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken 'to make the bowels loose.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 224"
8590,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken for constipation with bloating and shortness of breath.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
8820,830,Centaurium muehlenbergii (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper,131,Mahuna,5,r54,8,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plants taken for constipation caused by stomach fevers.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 8"
8845,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,189,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of roots or berries used for horse sickness: nausea, constipation and blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 189"
8964,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Cold infusion of plant or leaves taken as a laxative.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
9198,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds or leaves chewed by nursing mothers as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9219,877,Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. ex Parish,193,Pima,11,c49,99,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Roots chewed to loosen bowels for stomach troubles and constipation.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 99"
9262,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,66,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots and inner cortex given to babies as an enema for constipation.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66"
9275,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Infusion of old, dry leaves used as a laxative.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
9361,892,Chelone glabra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of blooms taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
9678,916,Chimaphila umbellata ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hult‚n,100,Iroquois,7,h77,407,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 407"
9748,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,273,Wailaki,89,c02,319,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bulbs taken as a laxative.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9927,953,Cirsium calcareum (M.E. Jones) Woot. & Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,"34, 95-96",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 95-96"
10470,1047,Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,111,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves and stalks taken for constipation and to 'clean out your system.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111"
10471,1047,Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,111,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111"
10474,1049,Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,47,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Flesh and other plants pounded, squeezed and resulting liquid taken as a laxative.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 47"
10800,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,402,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 402"
10911,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,129,Lummi,25,g73,42,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
11334,1122,Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,66,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of dried berries taken during the winter as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66"
11504,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,101,Isleta,76,j31,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken or fresh leaves eaten as a laxative.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
11636,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,63,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of pulverized root taken as a laxative.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 63"
11641,1162,Cucurbita maxima Duchesne,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,28,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Fruits mixed with water and used for internal cleaning of the bowels.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 28"
11755,1166,Cucurbita sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,24,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of rind taken as a laxative.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 24"
12082,1238,Dasyochloa pulchella (Kunth) Willd. ex Rydb.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,210,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of blades taken as a laxative.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 210"
12231,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,59,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used for constipation.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 59"
12496,1298,Diervilla lonicera P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,141,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken for constipation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141"
12520,1302,Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Leaves chewed by mothers and fed to children as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
12521,1302,Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Shoot chewed and swallowed as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
12591,1317,Dirca palustris L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,202,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of inner bark taken as a laxative tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 202"
12607,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,388,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction or infusion of smashed roots or bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 388"
12631,1319,Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,26,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant taken as a laxative.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 26"
13181,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,285,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Used to make a draught and taken to clear the bowels.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 285"
13293,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Strong infusion taken for constipation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
13346,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Strong infusion taken for constipation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
13471,1425,Equisetum palustre L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of plants taken for sick stomach, bowels or for constipation.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
13831,1487,Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,48,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 48"
14328,1558,Erythrina herbacea L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,188,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of roots or berries used for horse sickness: nausea, constipation and blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188"
14501,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,456,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of flowers and leaves taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 456"
14543,1581,Eupatorium pilosum Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Used as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
14560,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,18,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 18"
14631,1595,Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,462,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen the bowels for venereal disease.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 462"
14779,1620,Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fries) Kickx,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,187,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant taken as a laxative.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 187"
15047,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,50,Costanoan,16,b84,22,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Dried, ground inner bark used as a laxative.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22"
15055,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,58,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Ripe berries eaten as a laxative.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58"
15067,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken for constipation.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
15069,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,39,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark stored for a whole year and taken for constipation.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39"
15070,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,39,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Fresh berries eaten as a laxative.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39"
15072,1645,Frangula californica ssp. occidentalis (T.J. Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Dried, ground bark used for constipation.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
15073,1645,Frangula californica ssp. occidentalis (T.J. Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of berries taken as a laxative.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
15083,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,208,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a strong laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208"
15085,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15088,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,81,Green River Group,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15089,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,262,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark used as a laxative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262"
15092,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of bark, infusion of bark or chewed bark used as a laxative. It was believed that the bigger the tree, the stronger the medicine.  Thick bark from the larger trees was used if a very strong dose was required; thin bark from young trees was used for a mild dose.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15095,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,114,Klallam,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15101,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,288,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of dried bark taken as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
15102,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,129,Lummi,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15104,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15105,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,3,g83,286,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Used as a laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 286"
15111,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,115,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of spring or early summer bark taken as a mild but effective laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"
15115,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a mild laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
15117,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,209,Quileute,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15120,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15123,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,65,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65"
15126,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15128,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark used as a laxative.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
15130,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,251,Squaxin,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15131,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,253,Swinomish,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15136,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,259,Thompson,33,steed28,473,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Mild decoction of bark or wood used as a laxative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473"
15138,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,266,Tolowa,70,b81,50,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
15143,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,289,Yurok,70,b81,50,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark or bark chewed as a laxative.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
15198,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,412,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412"
15248,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
15256,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,233,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound infusion of wood used to loosen the bowels.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 233"
15463,1682,Galium aparine L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion taken to 'move bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
15552,1697,Garrya flavescens S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15778,1719,Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. quinquefolia,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
15823,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,367,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant used to 'clean out the innards.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 367"
15975,1745,Gilia sp.,291,Zuni,6,s15,"52, 53",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Warm infusion of plant taken as a laxative.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 52, 53"
16203,1779,Grindelia sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,394,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plant taken to open bowels.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 394"
16367,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,61,Dakota,17,g19,"89, 90",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used as an enema and infallible remedy for constipation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90"
16377,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,17,g19,"89, 90",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used as an enema and infallible remedy for constipation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90"
16380,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,180,Oto,17,g19,"89, 90",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used as an enema and infallible remedy for constipation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90"
16384,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,205,Ponca,17,g19,"89, 90",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used as an enema and infallible remedy for constipation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90"
16386,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,280,Winnebago,17,g19,"89, 90",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used as an enema and infallible remedy for constipation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90"
16746,1849,Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion used as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17153,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds chewed by mothers and given to children as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17154,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Flower bases chewed by the mother and given to infants as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 40"
17155,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Leaves chewed and swallowed as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17164,1885,Hibiscus tiliaceus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,39,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Slimy substance from bark or the flower bases used as a laxative for adults and children.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 39"
17807,1984,Inula helenium L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,31,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used in a tonic to remove mucous from the intestines.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31"
17850,1987,Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used to make a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
17855,1989,Ipomoea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,52,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Whole plant and other plants baked and eaten as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 52"
17878,1991,Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
17906,1994,Ipomoea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,35,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Tubers and other plants pounded, resulting liquid strained and taken for constipation.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 35"
17907,1994,Ipomoea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,35,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Tubers cooked with taro leaves and nuts and used as a laxative for children and adults.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 35"
17926,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,111,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves and stalks taken for constipation and to 'clean out your system.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111"
17927,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,111,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111"
18052,2012,Iris setosa Pallas ex Link,5,Aleut,130,bt53,428,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of root taken as a laxative.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 428"
18195,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,295,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of bark or shoots taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 295"
18282,2034,Juglans nigra L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,296,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 296"
18623,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18653,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark chewed as a laxative.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18654,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of staminate cones used as a laxative.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18731,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
19486,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,129,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of young branches used as a laxative.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129"
20998,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,276,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Seeds eaten for constipation.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
21238,2270,Lonicera utahensis S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of branches taken as a mild laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
21526,2328,Lycopus asper Greene,100,Iroquois,7,h77,427,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plants given to children as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 427"
21836,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Used as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
21872,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,187,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Fruit considered an 'excellent laxative.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 187"
21886,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,97,Hualapai,127,w82,5,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Roots made into a bitter tonic and used as a laxative.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 5"
21911,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Used as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
21931,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,187,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Fruit considered an 'excellent laxative.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 187"
21971,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,219,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Cooled decoction of roots taken as a laxative for colds and stomach ailments.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 219"
21999,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of root used for constipation.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
22097,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,230231,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound containing root used to loosen the bowels.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 230231"
22212,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,60,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of trunk and branch or inner bark taken as a laxative and diuretic.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 60"
22242,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark of larger trees used as a laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
22469,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,426,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 426"
22556,2434,Melilotus indicus (L.) All.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,37,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of whole plant taken as a purgative, a very strong laxative.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 37"
22580,2439,Menispermum canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
22923,2458,Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Powdered roots used for constipation.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
22926,2458,Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,57,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Powdered root inserted into rectum as a suppository for constipation.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 57"
22945,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound containing roots taken as a tonic for constipation.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
22968,2464,Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,52,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Roots and other plants pounded, mixed with water and an egg and taken as a laxative.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 52"
23165,2497,Mitella sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,348,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root juice taken to hasten elimination and purging.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 348"
23318,2508,Monarda punctata L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of plants taken for sick stomach, bowels or for constipation.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
23339,2509,Monarda sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,426,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of roots given to children for constipation.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 426"
23466,2529,Morus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
23485,2532,Morus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
23511,2534,Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,45,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Fruit meat and other plants chewed, mixed with salt water and injected with an enema as a laxative.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 45"
23662,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,423,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative and astringent for diarrhea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 423"
24209,2609,Odontoglossum chinensis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant used for softening the bowels and constipation.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
24219,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,133,Makah,3,g83,264,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a mild laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 264"
24245,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Pounded roots used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
24470,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction or infusion taken as a laxative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24490,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root held in the mouth and juice swallowed for constipation.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
24542,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,459,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of stems taken as a laxative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 459"
24645,2658,Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) P. Mill.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,96,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Boiled fruit used for constipation.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 96"
24802,2670,Opuntia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,180,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Boiled roots used as laxative for babies and small children.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 180"
24867,2672,Opuntia tunicata (Lehm.) Link & Otto,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Leaf juice and roots used for constipation.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
25067,2699,Osmorhiza sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,397,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken for venereal disease or to loosen bowels.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 397"
25110,2704,Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Sm.) Lindl.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,38,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Seeds and buds chewed and given to children as a laxative for general debility of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 38"
25244,2718,Oxytropis lambertii Pursh,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,28,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used for constipation.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 28"
25308,2730,Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,7,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plants taken for constipation.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 7"
25444,2736,Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,41,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Flowers chewed by the mothers and given to infants with constipation.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41"
25625,2767,Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,104,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plant or dried plant taken as a laxative.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 104"
25692,2780,Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J. Grimes,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,230,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used for chronic constipation.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 230"
25960,2827,Peperomia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,13,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds chewed by the mother and given to the newborn infant as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 13"
25996,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,67,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Roots eaten in quantity as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
26128,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,198,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Infusion of leaf taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation & blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 198"
26244,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark eaten by children and adults as a mild laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
26448,2883,Phlox hoodii Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,67,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant given to children as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
26768,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken in small doses as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26774,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,289,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken for constipation.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289"
26777,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of macerated roots taken as a quick laxative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
26785,2929,Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,59,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative for gonorrhea.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
26801,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,251,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used in a side dish with laxative properties.,"Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 251"
26885,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,126,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Gum chewed as a laxative.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 126"
26886,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,73,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Resin chewed as a laxative.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 73"
27156,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Cambium eaten as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
27157,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,"51, 52",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Sap from peeled trunk taken in large doses as a laxative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51, 52"
27186,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of dried bough tips taken for constipation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27733,2962,Pinus glabra Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Taken as a gentle laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
27760,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,50,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Dried sap powder eaten to loosen the bowels.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
28111,2974,Pinus rigida P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,267,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Pitch taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 267"
28281,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Taken as a gentle laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28396,3001,Plantago major L.,27,Carrier,134,c73,86,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plant taken as a laxative.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 86"
28417,3001,Plantago major L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,11,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of roots taken for constipation.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 11"
28494,3004,Plantago patagonica Jacq.,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of seeds given to babies when they 'spoil' (colic or constipation).,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
28681,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Powdered root eaten 'to correct constipation.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
28687,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,38,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Roots used to make a laxative.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 38"
28689,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 78",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used to make a laxative.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 78"
28695,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,331,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction or infusion of roots taken or raw root chewed as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 331"
29048,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used to make a laxative.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
29256,3096,Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera,100,Iroquois,7,h77,291,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 291"
29608,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,86,Haisla,14,c93,286,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 286"
29863,3135,Potentilla sp.,183,Paiute,111,m90,42,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Whole plant used as a laxative.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"
30377,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,133,Makah,3,g83,266,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
30394,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,37,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
30860,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,264,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches & wild rose roots, taken as a laxative.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264"
30899,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Ripe berries had a laxative effect.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
31055,3187,Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray,183,Paiute,12,tha41,125126,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plant taken for constipation.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"
31068,3187,Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,125126,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of plant taken for constipation.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"
31254,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Gum mixed with dogfish oil and taken as emetic and purgative for constipation.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
31619,3228,Purshia glandulosa Curran,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,55,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark and leaves used as a laxative.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55"
31624,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of green branches, sagebrush and juniper used as a laxative for colds.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
31710,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,126,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of sun dried leaves taken to vomit and move the bowels for stomachaches and constipation.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 126"
31712,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,217,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of crushed berries used for constipation.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 217"
31805,3243,Pyrola sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
32710,3315,Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,320,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen bowels and for venereal disease.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 320"
32777,3325,Rhamnus alnifolia L'H‚r.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,241,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken for constipation.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241"
32795,3328,Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,58,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of roots used to loosen the bowels and as a laxative.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58"
32811,3331,Rheum rhaponticum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plant taken for constipation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
33052,3351,Rhus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,370,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 370"
33386,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,113,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berries eaten in quantity as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113"
33547,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,58,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of root taken many times a day for constipation.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 58"
33722,3396,Ribes sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berries eaten as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
33793,3403,Ricinus communis L.,193,Pima,11,c49,100,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Beans eaten for constipation.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"
34496,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of roots taken for constipation.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34766,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,354,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction given as blood medicine and for the bowels of new born babies.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 354"
35192,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,86,Haisla,14,c93,260,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 260"
35236,3485,Rumex crispus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used for constipation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
35442,3491,Rumex patientia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used for constipation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
35584,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,273,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction taken for constipation.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"
35886,3532,Salix humilis Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,245,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used for flux and giving enemas.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 245"
36259,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,133-136,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of young twigs with salt taken as a laxative.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 133-136"
36452,3560,Salvia lyrata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
36474,3562,Salvia officinalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion taken as a laxative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
36627,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,236,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark scraped downward and used as a laxative.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 236"
36631,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of roots used for constipation.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36680,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of fresh or dried blossoms used as an enema.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
36701,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,7,h77,448,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of twigs given to children as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 448"
36702,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,7,h77,449,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 449"
36739,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Inner bark, scraped downward, used as a laxative.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
36791,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Raw roots chewed as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36816,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a very strong laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36929,3571,Sambucus tridentata DC.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,317,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317"
36995,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,336,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound infusion or decoction of roots taken to loosen the bowels.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 336"
37043,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of plants taken for sick stomach, bowels or for constipation.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
37078,3577,Sanicula marilandica L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,396,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen the bowels.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 396"
37297,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,188,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of bark used for horse sickness: nausea, constipation and blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188"
37583,3624,Scutellaria galericulata L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,37,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant tops used as a laxative.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 37"
37584,3624,Scutellaria galericulata L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"31, 80",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant top used as a laxative and 'stomach stimulant.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 80"
37605,3630,Sebastiania fruticosa (Bartr.) Fern.,3,Alabama,128,swan28,665,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Roots chewed 'to produce a movement of the bowels.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665"
37610,3632,Sedum divergens S. Wats.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,41,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant given to children as a laxative.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
37613,3632,Sedum divergens S. Wats.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,463,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of whole plant given to children for constipation.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463"
37614,3632,Sedum divergens S. Wats.,259,Thompson,55,p52,41,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant given to children as a laxative.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
37619,3633,Sedum lanceolatum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,98,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Infusion of stems, leaves and flowers taken or raw leaves chewed as a laxative.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
37638,3636,Sedum spathulifolium Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,463,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of whole plant given to children for constipation.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463"
37664,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves taken as a strong laxative and could cause death.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37710,3650,Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby,100,Iroquois,7,h77,362,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of flowers taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 362"
37767,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berries eaten as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
37814,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,134,c73,76,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of stems taken for constipation.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 76"
37830,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,60,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Infusion of inner bark, scraped from the stem with a downward motion, used as a laxative.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60"
37912,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of twigs and sticks used as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37948,3664,Sida sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,26,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Chewed flowers given to infants and children as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 26"
38107,3695,Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,288,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of roots and stalks taken before morning meals for constipation.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 288"
38268,3720,Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.,101,Isleta,76,j31,43,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Raw seed pods eaten or boiled into a syrup and taken as a laxative.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
38749,3796,Spiraea splendens var. splendens,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root used as an enema.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
39106,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,259,Thompson,10,tta90,200,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Sap from young shoots used as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 200"
39221,3879,Symphytum officinale L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion taken for 'costiveness' in pregnancy.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
39343,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,62,Delaware,97,t72,39,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used to make a laxative-tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39"
39344,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 80",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used to make a 'laxative-tonic.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 80"
39357,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,100,Iroquois,7,h77,477,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of flowers and leaves taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 477"
39752,3930,Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,229,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of leaves taken one to three times a day to act as a laxative.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 229"
40416,3967,Touchardia latifolia Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Slimy substance, water, plant milk and watermelon juice mixed, strained and taken as a laxative.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
40517,3982,Tradescantia virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"56, 57",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion taken as a laxative and plant mashed and rubbed on insect bites.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56, 57"
40760,4027,Triosteum perfoliatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,445,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Compound decoction of roots taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 445"
41066,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plants taken as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41500,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Used as a mild laxative and 'soothes stomach and bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
41507,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41551,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41567,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41575,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41589,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of inner bark taken as a laxative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
42640,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,53,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bulb taken for constipation and cough.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 53"
42674,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,14,c93,201,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of cleaned, sliced, dried and boiled roots used as a laxative.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42711,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Large, fleshy roots held in the mouth as a laxative.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42803,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,431,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of leaves given to babies to regulate their bowels.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 431"
42929,4118,Verbesina virginica L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,198,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Infusion of leaf taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation & blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 198"
43000,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,138,Menominee,176,d32,131,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of root taken as a mild laxative.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131"
43004,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,247,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used for constipation and fits.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 247"
43154,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,446,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark taken as a laxative.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 446"
43215,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,19,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of roots used as a laxative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19"
43538,4189,Waltheria indica L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,37,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds chewed by the mother and given to infants as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 37"
43563,4191,Wikstroemia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,8,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Plant pounded, squeezed, the resulting liquid poured into a sweet potato and eaten as a laxative.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 8"
43667,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,97,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of burs taken for constipation.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 97"
43759,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,"34, 71",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used as a strong laxative.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 71"
43995,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44136,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,164,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 164"