id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
415,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to made acorn paddles.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
420,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,90,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and drinking containers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90"
437,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make spoons.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
448,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make screens for smoke drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
449,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make tongs for removing food from boiling water.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
470,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
473,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,82,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 82"
477,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
485,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,77,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large leaves used for lining baskets, wrapping fish and placing on berry drying racks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
491,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into the paddle used for stirring the food in the cooking baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
492,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to made acorn paddles.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
497,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
500,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
501,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
508,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make bowls.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
516,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
519,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,245,Snohomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
522,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
523,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
531,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to make soapberry whippers. Children sometimes made miniature whisks which they used to whip the juice that was left after the dried soapberries were soaked.  They made the juice with their whisks and then drank it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
532,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used in pit cooking, to line the pit and interspersed between the layers of food. The leaves were also used between layers of fish in fish caches.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
533,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to line the containers used in making ripened salmon eggs. The maple leaves were used to line the basket and were placed in layers between the eggs.  The eggs were generally prepared in a birch bark basket, placed in a hole in the ground lined with birch bark and left there until springtime when they were considered cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
534,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make soapberry eating paddles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
545,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
555,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Large trunk burls or knots used to make bowls and dishes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
621,32,Acer rubrum L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,53,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 53"
631,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
676,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make paddles for stirring maple sap.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
705,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and many other objects of utility.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
706,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make paddles for stirring maple sugar or wild rice while scorching or parching it.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
1584,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to cover berry drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
1598,72,Adiantum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
1608,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood sections hollowed out by burning and carved into bowls.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1861,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line the baking pits.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 91"
1869,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons for thin drinks.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
1961,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for wiping salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
2490,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for dishes and utensils.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2505,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes to serve oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2510,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2531,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2532,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,279,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and large tubs for tribal feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2538,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cook halibut heads and salmonberry sprouts.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2539,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and dishes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2553,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and branches placed over and beneath food in steaming pits and kettles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2554,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2574,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2577,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make canned food dishes, spoons and platters.","Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2678,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,225,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 225"
3053,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make salmon spreaders.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3158,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make flat parching trays.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3198,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,93,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Shrub used on the ground to receive meat while butchering, to keep the meat clean.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
3503,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used to make drinking straws.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
3601,271,Annona glabra L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,509,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 509"
3682,286,Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
4226,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Young branches used to make spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4343,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4393,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4427,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4492,345,Arctostaphylos sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
4707,350,Ardisia escallonoides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht. & Cham.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make meat roasting sticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
5033,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as brush beds for roasting pinon cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
5146,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches with leaves used as spreaders for drying salmon and to separate stored layers of salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5512,404,Artemisia sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16"
5810,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as brush beds for roasting pinon cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
6181,441,Asclepias sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried pods used as spoons.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
6475,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a mat to keep the meat free from dirt while butchering.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6477,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a mat to keep the meat free from dirt while butchering.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6571,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover camas while baking.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
6573,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,105,Karok,70,b81,20,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to clean eel's blood from butchered eel.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
6578,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
6853,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used in roasting camas roots.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
7090,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7114,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7132,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
7155,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
7160,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with.","Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7164,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for utensils.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7191,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7192,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7193,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make wooden spoons, stoppers for sturgeon skin jars and hammers to pound fish eggs.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7198,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Fine, shredded bark used as household utensils.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7224,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes and cooking utensils.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7245,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make all sorts of drying trays.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7246,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7247,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make funnels for pouring hot lard.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7248,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make shallow trays for winnowing wild rice.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7249,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Nearly any kitchen utensil common to the white man, could be duplicated in birch bark by the Ojibwe.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7270,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make many of the household utensils, storage vessels and containers.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7288,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make containers for storing food, picking berries and cooking.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7289,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and spoons.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7290,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and spoons.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7309,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for wrapping food. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7377,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,63,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds placed below and above food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
7381,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with sword fern to cook baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
7448,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Grass bunches tied together and used to strain goat's milk.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
7455,611,Bouteloua sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as straws.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
7634,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves tied to a stick and used as a beater for whipping soapberries.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7637,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry.  A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached.  Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed.  The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed.  Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
7638,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Tied bunches of grass used as soapberry whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
7697,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,306,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dense leaflets used to prevent sand from mixing with the meal in leaching acorn meal.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
7698,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,337,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leafy branches used to spread water gently over acorn meal.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 337"
8115,752,Carex sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,52,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Woven sedge used to make spoons.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52"
8149,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Burls used as vessels or cups.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8176,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Ribs made into a drying rack for datil fruit.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
8276,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8322,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8391,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8399,769,Carya sp.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,40,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Dried leaves used to wrap around ball of meal, boiled for one hour and used for bread.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40"
8550,802,Catopsis sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a water supply for cooking during the dry season.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
8683,817,Ceanothus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used as a filter to leach the bitter out of acorn meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
9090,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for making ornamental dishes and headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9117,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9724,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Fresh, green leaves used to cover acorn bread dough while cooking.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9725,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Outer portion of the bulbs made into small brushes and used for grinding acorns.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9754,924,Chlorogalum sp.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Long leaves used to line the ground ovens while baking acorn bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
9804,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,302,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used for roasting corn.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 302"
10433,1040,Cocos nucifera L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,503,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons and cups.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503"
10922,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,245,Snohomish,25,g73,42,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Sticks used to pound brake ferns after roasting.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10998,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used for barbecue racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
11112,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to make spatulas.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11134,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Sticks used to skewer a salmon flat for proper drying.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
11257,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,190,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Young suckers used as salmon spreaders in the absence of saskatoon branches.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 190"
11276,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used for sieves.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
11597,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried gourds used to make ladles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11747,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Gourds made into cups, ladles and dippers and put to various uses.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67"
12681,1334,Dryopteris arguta (Kaulfuss) Watt,105,Karok,70,b81,28,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to clean eels.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
12694,1335,Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
12872,1354,Echinocactus sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as improvised cooking vessels particularly on hunting expeditions.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
12985,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark twisted to make soapberry beaters.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
13000,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark twine used in drying roots and bunches of tied bark used as soapberry whippers. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, the bark could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of the fresh or dried bark, after it was soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.  The bark wine was used in twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing and also to thread bitter roots, avalanche lily corms and other roots for drying.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
13025,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Rushes made into small baskets and used as dishes to serve food.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13997,1505,Eriogonum elongatum Benth.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,19,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Tubular sections of jointed stalks used to collect and roast juice for chewing gum.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 19"
14045,1512,Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,216,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems cut at both ends and used as drinking tubes.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 216"
14092,1520,Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as drinking tubes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14102,1522,Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,30,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as drinking tubes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 30"
14456,1579,Eupatorium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used as a straw in sucking water from low springs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
14557,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used as a straw in sucking water from low springs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
14694,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make food or chopping bowls.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
14730,1607,Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Body of the plant used as a cooking vessel. The top was cut off of the cactus and the interior was dug out.  Water was then put into the depression and heated with hot stones.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67"
14759,1616,Ficus aurea Nutt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,481,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used for meat stringing.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481"
15267,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make butter paddles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15274,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make racks for drying meat.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15310,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for making wooden spoons.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
15418,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Flower heads served as spoons for the sick and invalid.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
15630,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish to prevent sticking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15631,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Branches, with leaves attached, used as beaters for whipping soapberries.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15632,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves, folded around like a cone, made a good drinking cup.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15652,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,299,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to whip soapberries into a froth.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
15665,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to circulate steam and keep food from burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
15672,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,96,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches tied into a bunch and used for whipping soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96"
16266,1785,Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,323,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used in roasting sweet corn.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 323"
16271,1785,Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray,257,Tewa,82,c74,323,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used in roasting sweet corn.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 323"
16364,1788,Guzmania sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a water supply for cooking during the dry season.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
16794,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without raising up.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
17311,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17315,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,114,Klallam,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17323,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,129,Lummi,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17327,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,133,Makah,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17331,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,263,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used for holding fish while barbecuing because they don't burn.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"
17332,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make barbecue sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17349,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make salmon barbecuing sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17355,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make salmon barbecuing sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17360,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,218,"Salish, Cowichan",101,ttco83,117,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make skewers for roasting and drying clams.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17362,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,241,Skagit,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17364,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17368,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17370,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17715,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
18379,2046,Juncus mertensianus Bong.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Rushes made into woven and twined baskets and used as sifters or to leach acorn meal.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
18422,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make acorn mush stirrers and ladles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18631,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Twigs used to separate corn dumplings while boiling.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18744,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Twigs used to separate corn dumplings while boiling.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18961,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Knots used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
19409,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fruit used to make dippers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
19417,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Used as dippers, canteens and spoons.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19424,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Used for water dippers, cups and bowls.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 62"
19427,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,51,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Gourds made into dippers.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
19429,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,108,Keresan,90,w45,561,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make dippers.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 561"
19434,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,79,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make dippers.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79"
19440,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,400,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Gourds used to make drinking and dipping cups.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 400"
19442,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,188,Papago,27,cu35,17,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for a drinking and eating vessel.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17"
19448,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,484,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Plant used to make dippers, dishes and water bottles.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 484"
20084,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stout culms broken into lengths and poked into edges of cut fish to hold it flat while drying.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
20105,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets, tote sacks and ropes for hanging herring & other fish.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20112,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with skunk cabbage leaves to line steaming boxes for cooking lupine roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
20171,2172,Libocedrus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to line the leach.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
21130,2261,Lonicera dioica L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,43,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as straws by children.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43"
21485,2320,Lycopodium annotinum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,44,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to separate raw fish eggs from the membranes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 44"
21510,2324,Lycopodium obscurum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,44,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to separate raw fish eggs from the membranes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 44"
21589,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large leaves folded and used as drinking cups, as covering for drying cakes and to line pits.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
21605,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used as a mat when drying berries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21606,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to wrap western hemlock cambium, bear meat and porcupine meat while cooking.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21615,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap red elderberries during baking.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21630,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for drying salal berry cakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
21631,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for steam cooking salmon.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
21632,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to wrap wild clover roots for baking, boiling and steaming.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
21633,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with green grass leaves to line steaming boxes for cooking lupine roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
21644,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,133,Makah,3,g83,336,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover sprouts while cooking.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 336"
21647,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,78,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large, waxy leaves used as plates, drinking cups, berry drying racks and steam pit covers.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
21648,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,105,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to make rectangular drying frames for drying mashed salal berries.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21653,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves folded into makeshift cups.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76"
21663,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap red elderberries during baking.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21667,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to make water dippers on camping trips.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
21689,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,266,Tolowa,70,b81,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap sturgeon eggs baked in ashes.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
21692,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,320,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used as an underlay for drying berries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 320"
21697,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,289,Yurok,70,b81,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap sturgeon eggs baked in ashes.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
22222,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Sticks used to retrieve special cooking stones used for cooking edible seaweed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22267,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,109,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 109"
23194,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried flowerheads used by invalids for sucking broth and soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23540,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Long grass made into coiled, conical baskets and used as eating and drinking vessels.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
23541,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Long grass made into nearly flat, coiled baskets and used for winnowing and cleaning seeds.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
23560,2556,Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
23708,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Tubes put into steaming pits so that water could be poured directly on hot rocks at the bottom.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23723,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Enlarged upper portion of stipes used as funnels for pouring water onto hot rocks in pit cooking.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
24005,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,51,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Grass woven into trays and used for processing datil and mescal.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 51"
24008,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried leaves fashioned into spoons.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24013,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Lower stalks split open to form an alternative base for drying mescal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
25218,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make butter paddles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25494,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Large branches and trunks used to make ladles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
25495,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunk and larger branches used to make ladles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
26163,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,507,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 507"
26175,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves occasionally used to form make-shift funnels.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26209,2842,Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq.,210,Quinault,25,g73,49,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover berries cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 49"
26280,2864,Phalaris arundinacea L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make eating mats and mats for drying roots and berries.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
26574,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to weave frames for drying berries.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
26631,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,142,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems twined together to make food drying mats similar to those of tule stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 142"
26877,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make utensils of all kinds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
26911,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Split log hollowed out to make a dish to feed fish broth to puppies.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26928,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Roots used to make spoons, dippers and bowls.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
26958,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Roots used for carving spoons and bowls.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27030,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark made into a container and used to roast waterfowl eggs. The spruce bark was cut large enough to surround the eggs, tied around the eggs and the ends plugged with moss.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27031,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Rough bark used to cut fish on, prevented the fish from slipping.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27055,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,27,Carrier,134,c73,69,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into drying poles and used for smoking and drying meat.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69"
27086,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Roots used to make spoons, dippers and bowls.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27103,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Roots used for carving spoons and bowls.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27169,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Roots used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
27285,2939,Picea sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to build fish drying racks and legs for elevated caches.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
27393,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood burls scraped with a rough stone, grease applied to prevent cracking and made into a bowl.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27431,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make fire tongs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27599,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,60,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Pitch rubbed on stone to blacken and the stone used to make paper bread from black corn.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
28059,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Needles supported on a framework of poles used for drying cooked berries. The needles were interspersed between layers of dried salmon or any other food being stored.  They kept the food dry, but allowed air to circulate around it to prevent spoiling.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28600,3018,Platanus racemosa Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap bread during baking.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
29095,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,31,Chehalis,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29098,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used to line earth ovens.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
29101,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas or wapatoo.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29113,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
29118,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,3,g83,221,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used for lining cooking pits, both above and below the foods.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29119,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when steaming sprouts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29120,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,3,g83,221,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wipe salmon.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29125,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds placed below and above food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
29126,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,221,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used for lining cooking pits, both above and below the foods.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29134,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used as a lining for an acorn-leaching basin.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
29135,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
29136,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,47,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used to line an earth baking oven or sand leaching basin.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 47"
29140,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,209,Quileute,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29144,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,210,Quinault,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking rhizomes or camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29147,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,69,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large, fleshy leaves used for laying food on and for spreading on berry drying racks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69"
29240,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Soft wood used to make bowls and other items.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29467,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,106,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunks used to make wooden mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 106"
29474,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and plates.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
29539,3105,Populus sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make carved utensils.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
29639,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Knots used to make wooden cups.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
30021,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunk used to make wooden mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30036,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make wooden spoons and other utensils.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32"
30114,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,35,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Green sticks used to turn roasting ears of corn.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 35"
30155,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Green wood used to make ladles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30723,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hard wood used to make roasting skewers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
31222,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dry wood broken & placed in a thick layer above & below the food in the cooking pit & used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31223,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Peeled twig bundles used as whippers for soapberries.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31371,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,34,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stout stem used as a fork to eat buffalo steak.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 34"
31445,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,41,Clallam,99,f80,194,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used to cover berry baskets and to wipe fish before hanging up to smoke.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194"
31521,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,105,Karok,70,b81,48,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to clean eels and salmon.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
31529,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,133,Makah,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31536,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,209,Quileute,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31543,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,251,Squaxin,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31545,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,253,Swinomish,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31548,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,289,Yurok,70,b81,48,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Fronds used as plates to serve fish, to put over fish to keep the flies off and to clean fish.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
31876,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31877,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31973,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve a ladle about a foot long. A branch with a bulge was sought and the bulge was hollowed out by burning to form the bowl.  Such a utensil was used for stirring and dipping out foods.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32053,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32054,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32135,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into dishes used to pound roots.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 65"
32177,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32178,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32216,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branch used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
32364,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32365,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32418,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make platters and shelves for mescal cakes.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32437,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for bowls and mortars.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
32457,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
32509,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32510,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32545,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32546,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32748,3322,Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.,125,Lakota,108,r80,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant top used as a nipple.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 39"
32864,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34784,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,27,Carrier,134,c73,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to dry berries on.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74"
34792,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,276,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 276"
34815,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed above and below seaweed in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
34838,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap meat for baking.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
34840,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap food for baking.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 113"
34968,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34971,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves spread at bottom of wooden cooking containers to prevent the hot rocks from burning the wood.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34972,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Sticks used to make salmon spreaders and for stringing clams for cooking and smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34986,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed above and below seaweed in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
35544,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
35545,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make skin drying frames and potato drying mats.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
35648,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to make meat drying racks.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35664,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used to make a fish roasting stick.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35768,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used to make a fish roasting stick.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35838,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to wrap up fish before roasting.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 11"
35839,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to wrap up fish before roasting.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 11"
35902,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used to make a fish roasting stick.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35924,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Withes tied together and used to stir mush and other foods.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35931,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,291,Zuni,6,s15,70,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Eight or twelve willows trimmed at the ends, tied together & used for stirring fire toasted foods. The willows were used for stirring corn, popcorn and any other food toasted over a fire.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 70"
35966,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,287,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang drying oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287"
35976,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make single pronged barbecue sticks for roasting salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
36054,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36055,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves layered with salmon and western hemlock boughs to allow the fish to drain.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36077,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark strips used for hanging fish.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36087,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36088,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves layered with salmon and western hemlock boughs to allow the fish to drain.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36095,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Twigs used by fishermen to string salmon steaks while drying.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36173,3551,Salix sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Small branches used to string fish for drying.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
36218,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make meat racks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36274,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Willow woven into a tray and used for winnowing seeds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36275,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Willows used to make drinking vessels and cooking vessels.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36870,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
37139,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Strong wood used to make stirring rods.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
37140,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for stirring rods.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37167,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems tied together with buckskin and used for mush stirring sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
37185,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaf used by children as a toy kettle to cook meat over an open fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 59"
37210,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,123,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for a drinking cup when out in the woods or swamp.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123"
37396,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems dried, sewn into large mats and used for drying berries and cutting and drying meat and fish.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37496,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems sewn with cord, made into mats & used as rugs, meat platters, cradle linings & sleeping mats.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37959,3667,Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
37963,3670,Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,467,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467"
38731,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang salmon for drying and smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
38733,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,129,Lummi,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for spreading and cooking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
38736,3793,Spiraea douglasii var. menziesii (Hook.) K. Presl,210,Quinault,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems peeled and used to string clams for roasting.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
38814,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants laid under fish to keep them clean.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
38815,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,133,Makah,25,g73,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants used to cover steaming sprouts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
38818,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,210,Quinault,25,g73,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants used to cover steaming sprouts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
39004,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,104,r08,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to cover coals in cooking pits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
39005,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,104,r08,78,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to line saltbush roasting pits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
39020,3846,Suaeda moquinii (Torr.) Greene,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to line baking pits for roasting chollas.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
39030,3848,Suaeda suffrutescens S. Wats.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stalks used to line cooking pits.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
39033,3848,Suaeda suffrutescens S. Wats.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stalks used to line cooking pits.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
39425,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons and food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39451,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make barbecue stakes.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39498,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39504,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons and dishes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39521,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make serving bowls for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39528,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for mush stirrers.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39531,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirrers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39542,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39957,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to line cooking pits or cut in broad strips, plaited and used for dishes.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
39995,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39996,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood boards used to separate oval leaved blueberries from the leaves.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39997,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into tongs and used to transfer boiling stones from the fire to cooking vessels.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40018,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make serving dippers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40034,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make dishes, ladles and spoons.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40040,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40050,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for making utensils.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40071,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in drying seaweed for eating.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40089,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make fish barbecuing sticks and cross pieces.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40128,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make bowls, cooking boxes and spreading sticks to prevent dried fish from curling up.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40179,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make sticks to dry oolichans and made into barbecue racks for salmon and other fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40202,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make dishes, ladles and spoons.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40232,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for threading clams.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40397,3962,Tillandsia sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a water supply for cooking during the dry season.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
40401,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to remove scum in cooking.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
40447,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,70,b81,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to prop salmon filet open.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
40448,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Twigs used to spit the salmon steaks during smoking.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
40454,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fresh leaves formerly used to wrap up acorn meal for baking.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40969,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40976,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in processing salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40977,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41018,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41056,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to roast fern roots.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41375,4049,Typha latifolia L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Used to make mats for bedding, drying berries and for meal times.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
41401,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stems used in making 'trays' or plates.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41433,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41465,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41471,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41479,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41510,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41562,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41570,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41578,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41592,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41599,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41608,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41918,4063,Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for wiping salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
43383,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,139,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139"
43555,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems used to make cooking utensils, spoons and stirring implements.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43570,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Long leaves used to line the top and bottom of earth oven for baking acorn bread and other foods.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 45"
43576,4196,Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
43601,4201,Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,139,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139"
43669,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,193,Pima,19,c35,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used in roasting pits as containers for beans.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
43701,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
44424,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Husks used as wrappers for boiling the double wedding corn bread package.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"