id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
15330,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark made into cordage and used to make heavy load carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
16907,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to carry water.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16929,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover a basket of berries.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
17298,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,25,California Indian,111,m90,59,3,Other,32,Containers,Root fibers used to make bags.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
18357,2042,Juncus effusus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,3,Other,32,Containers,Rushes used for weaving little bags and pouches.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
18378,2046,Juncus mertensianus Bong.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,3,Other,32,Containers,Rushes made into woven or twined baskets and used as gathering containers for acorns and cacti.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
18708,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in corn storage pits.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18709,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as platform for sun drying roasted corn.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18851,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line and cover the fruit storing pits.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
19125,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Concave bark used to make improvised trays for the sandpainting powders.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19412,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,244,3,Other,32,Containers,Rinds made into containers used for carrying water on foot or on horseback trips away from home.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 244"
19416,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,32,Containers,"Used as containers for sacred honey, cups, seed bottles and medicine holders.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19433,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,79,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make cups for preparing medicines.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79"
19436,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make water dippers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
19449,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,115,3,Other,32,Containers,"Fruit contents removed, shells cleaned and dried and used as water and food containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19491,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots used to weave bags.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
20078,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used over and under the food in the cooking pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
20107,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,3,Other,32,Containers,Blades used to line oolichan ripening pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
20118,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under drying salal berries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
21323,2292,Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to line acorn leaching basket, to prevent meal from running through the interstices.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
21588,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,32,Containers,Large leaves folded and used as berry containers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
21611,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as sheets to dry berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21614,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves wrapped around cooked fruits and buried in swampy regions for preservation.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21628,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover baskets of freshly picked berries.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
21629,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover baskets of stink currants.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
21643,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,133,Makah,25,g73,22,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used for drying salal berries and to line berry baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
21646,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,78,3,Other,32,Containers,"Large, waxy leaves used as berry containers and for wrapping leftover food.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
21650,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,35,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed over and under the food in steaming pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
21652,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,76,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to line berry baskets to prevent the berries from falling through holes in the baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76"
21661,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,209,Quileute,25,g73,22,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to wrap salal and elder berries while drying.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
21662,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves wrapped around cooked fruits and buried in swampy regions for preservation.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
21669,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,221,Samish,25,g73,22,3,Other,32,Containers,Large leaves doubled or rolled and used as cups for drinking or picking berries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
21680,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,253,Swinomish,25,g73,22,3,Other,32,Containers,Large leaves doubled or rolled and used as cups for drinking or picking berries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
21688,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,266,Tolowa,70,b81,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a vessel to drive water from streams.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
21690,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,320,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to cover and wrap foods during collection, transit, storage or cooking.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 320"
21691,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,320,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to line cooking pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 320"
21696,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,289,Yurok,70,b81,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a vessel to drive water from streams.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
21698,2338,Lysichiton sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a temporary lining for open work baskets when used to hold berries.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
22783,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,233,3,Other,32,Containers,"Plant tops used as a liner for dried fish platters, to counteract the strong odor.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 233"
23518,2540,Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
23539,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,3,Other,32,Containers,"Long grass made into large, coiled baskets and used for storing food.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
23546,2545,Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey ex Coult.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
23548,2546,Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,70,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a covering for underground ovens.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 70"
23695,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to store eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
23698,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,3,Other,32,Containers,"Hollow floats and upper stipes used as molds for cottonwood resin and deer fat skin 'cream.' This ointment was poured in hot and melted.  After it had solidified, the kelp mold was cut open and the ball of ointment removed.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
23699,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow floats and upper stipes used to store oil and other liquids.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
23707,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,32,Containers,"Long, hollow stipes used to store oulachen grease and other oils.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23711,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,25,g73,50,3,Other,32,Containers,Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23718,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,32,Containers,"Blades used to cover fish in the boat, while at sea, to prevent the fish from drying out.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23719,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,32,Containers,Enlarged upper portion of stipes dried and rinsed with fresh water and used for oil storage bottles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23720,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,32,Containers,Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as molds for cosmetics.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23721,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,52,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stipes used as containers for storing oil.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"
23722,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,52,3,Other,32,Containers,Leafy fronds used to cover fish to prevent spoiling or drying out.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"
23737,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,50,3,Other,32,Containers,Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23739,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,50,3,Other,32,Containers,Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
24003,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
24347,2632,Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum,125,Lakota,108,r80,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used under meat.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 39"
24722,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,233,3,Other,32,Containers,Used in preparing pottery clay.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233"
24809,2670,Opuntia sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,234,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice used to mix with pottery clay.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 234"
26171,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,41,3,Other,32,Containers,"Large, mature leaves used to cover berries and other greens stored in kegs for winter use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 41"
26174,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used by children to make cone shaped buckets to hold the picked berries.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26182,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,62,3,Other,32,Containers,"Large, mature leaves used to cover barrels of rhubarb and blueberries, to prevent mold from growing.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 62"
26184,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves occasionally used to form make-shift funnels.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26185,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used by children to make cone shaped buckets to hold the picked berries.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26190,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,62,3,Other,32,Containers,"Large, mature leaves used to cover barrels of rhubarb and blueberries, to prevent mold from growing.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 62"
26430,2879,Phleum pratense L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,32,Containers,Used in pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
26927,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots used to make trays and buckets.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27028,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,32,Containers,"Roots woven into waterproof containers. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees.  The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig.  Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil.  Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife.  After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice.  Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used.  They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27029,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,32,Containers,"Small, dead tree used to dry fish on.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27085,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots used to make trays and buckets.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27179,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots and red cedar bark used to make bag like implement for the oolichan grease rendering process.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27441,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make temporary, berry picking containers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
27506,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,115,Klamath,66,c97,89,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make buckets for gathering berries.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 89"
27666,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,32,Containers,Resin used in pottery and basketry making.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27964,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,51,3,Other,32,Containers,Needles used to form a layer in the roasting of the yucca 'heart.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51"
27993,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers for sand painting pigments.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
28058,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,32,Containers,Needles used to line food caches and cellars.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28120,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,3,Other,32,Containers,Needles used to form a layer in the roasting of the yucca 'heart.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
28166,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make the trays for the colored powders used in the sandpaintings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28167,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make a tinderbox for fire by friction.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
29105,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,3,Other,32,Containers,"Long, straight fronds used on the ground under fish and other foods to keep them clean.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
29112,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to line food storage boxes, berry picking baskets and berry drying racks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
29131,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,56,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a liner for oolichan bins and pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56"
29148,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,251,Squaxin,25,g73,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves spread on racks for berries to dry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29152,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,89,3,Other,32,Containers,Rootstocks used to line the steaming pits for cooking 'Indian potatoes' and other root type foods.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 89"
29317,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make food storage containers and to line food storage pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29394,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,193,Pima,19,c35,23,3,Other,32,Containers,Used moistened to line pits for roasting saltbush overnight.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
29456,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make tinder boxes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29548,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots carved into boxes for sacred feathers and other ceremonial objects.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29549,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots carved into boxes for sacred feathers and various ceremonial objects.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29560,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make tinderboxes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29813,3120,Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried stem fibers made into strong cords and used to make carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
30336,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark formerly used for wrapping implements.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
30389,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark split and used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30400,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used for the hearth.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
30423,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark softened and used to make bags.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
30424,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark split and used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30722,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,32,Containers,Hard wood used to make incense tongs.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
31241,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Boughs used under a freshly killed deer while butchering it.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
31449,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds used to line acorn-leaching pits and earth ovens.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
31487,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds dipped in water and used in pit cooking to place over and under the food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
31520,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,105,Karok,71,sg52,377,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used under draining fish.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 377"
31547,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,289,Yurok,70,b81,48,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used in layers to dry food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
32465,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Acorn shells used to hold medicine and a humming bird was made to sip from each shell.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
33202,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make 'bugaboos' to subdue insubordinate children.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33203,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make water bottles.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33223,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,3,Other,32,Containers,"Split stems used to make baskets, water bottles and basket sacks.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33390,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Large leaves used to line and cover hemlock bark containers.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33891,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34004,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34059,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34212,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34831,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,132,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to line steam cooking pits, berry baskets and placed between layers of fresh berries.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132"
34845,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,209,Quileute,25,g73,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to wrap cooked elderberries for storage.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34847,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used with skunk cabbage leaves to line baskets in preserving elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
34857,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to cover huckleberries, to prevent them from spilling over when they fall.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
35010,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,113,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a mat under any kind of berries and hemlock cambium when drying.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
35653,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35663,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make a stopper for a sturgeon skin jar.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35681,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35696,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,32,Containers,Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold buckeye nuts and fish.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35767,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make a stopper for a sturgeon skin jar.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35801,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,32,Containers,Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold buckeye nuts and fish.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35825,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35826,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used under fish to keep them clean.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35857,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make bird cages.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
35901,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make a stopper for a sturgeon skin jar.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35910,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35923,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,3,Other,32,Containers,Withes used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
35964,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
36049,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
36053,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,32,Containers,Sticks used to string discoidal basaltic seaweed cooking stones when not being used.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36058,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots used to make the fire hearth.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36069,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36086,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,32,Containers,Sticks used to string discoidal basaltic seaweed cooking stones when not being used.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36094,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots used as a fire hearth.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36113,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make containers.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
36133,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,3,Other,32,Containers,"Wood used to make the top and bottom hoop of buckets, basins and other containers.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36232,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used to make or sew water bottles.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36248,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36273,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,32,Containers,Willow covered with pine pitch used to make water jugs.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36301,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,32,Containers,"Stems used to make fish hangers, basket rims, lashing and in the construction of various shelters.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36302,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make fish hangers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36330,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
36331,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,32,Containers,"Peeled, cleaned bark braided and woven together with Indian hemp fiber to make storage bags.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36625,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to pack sturgeon eggs while cooking.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36920,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to pack sturgeon eggs while cooking.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
37352,3599,Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
37395,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,3,Other,32,Containers,"Stems woven into storage bags and used to store dried meat, fish and berries.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37409,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,78,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make egg bags for transporting gathered eggs.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 78"
37427,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make bags.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37521,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,37,3,Other,32,Containers,Used over and under food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 37"
37554,3614,Scirpus sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass-like herbs used extensively to weave coarse bags and nets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
38602,3767,Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex Gray,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,32,Containers,Used in pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
38620,3770,Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,56,3,Other,32,Containers,"Whole plant boiled, added to red clay and used to make cups.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"
38621,3770,Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used as a litter for drying mescal.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
38664,3776,Sphaeralcea fendleri Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice made into a paste and mixed with clay before molding it into a pot.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
38669,3777,Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Rydb.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice made into a paste and mixed with clay before molding it into a pot.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
38676,3780,Sphaeralcea parvifolia A. Nels.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice made into a paste and mixed with clay before molding it into a pot.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
38769,3804,Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
39002,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,19,c35,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Layer of plant used to cover the embers in a baking pit.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 36"
39003,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,19,c35,23,3,Other,32,Containers,Used moistened with cottonwood to line pits for roasting saltbush overnight.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
39424,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,95,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make medicine bowls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"
39484,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as the covering for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39503,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make trinket boxes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39959,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,76,Flathead,30,h92,54,3,Other,32,Containers,Whole bark sheets used to make storage containers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
39994,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make boxes to store many types of food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40039,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make a storage trunk.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40070,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood steamed for flexibility and malleability and used to make boxes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40088,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make boxes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40126,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark sheets used to make cases for storing whale harpoon heads.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40127,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make storage boxes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40156,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Inner bark and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40177,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,32,Containers,Inner bark used to make boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40178,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make containers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40201,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark cut into strips and used for storage of string dried clams and smelts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40230,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used for the hearth to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40231,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make coffins and boxes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40272,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Inner bark and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40273,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,32,Containers,"Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make bags.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40283,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,32,Containers,"Inner bark used to make containers for collecting, storing and cooking foods.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40284,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make storage boxes and chests.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40339,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bast made into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and into other cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40441,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to wrap bread.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
40446,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover soap plant while cooking in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
41282,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to make bed mats, storage baskets, medicine baskets and water jugs.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41307,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to make storage bags for dried roots and berries.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41310,4049,Typha latifolia L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41369,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make large wallet-like packsacks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41399,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves and stems stripped and made into bags.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
41400,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41886,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,3,Other,32,Containers,Outer stem layers made into cord and used to make carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41893,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Plant fibers made into twine & used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41894,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Plant made into twine and used to make net-work sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
42223,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover soap plant bulbs in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
43380,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves put over bulbs while cooking in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43788,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,32,Containers,Thick portion of stalk used as hearth when making fire.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
44045,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,46,3,Other,32,Containers,Cactus ribs bound together to form the frame for containers used to carry crops.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 46"
44046,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,35,3,Other,32,Containers,Fibers made into carrying nets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44088,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried stems peeled and used to make a hearth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44089,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,32,Containers,"Dried, peeled stems used to make a hearth, to contain the fire.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44251,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood tied to stalk with shallow holes and used at the hearth to hold a fireset.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44295,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,3,Other,32,Containers,Small stalk section used as a stopper for the basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44423,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried husks woven into small bottles or receptacles for salt.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 154"
44471,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Husks used as casings for blood sausage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44482,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,32,Containers,Cobs used to close up pottery jars.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"