id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
8,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,14,c93,173,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch applied to the face of mourners.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
240,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed needles sprayed over the Horn ceremonial containers to purify them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
241,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Needle incense used for transfer ceremonies of Black Spring tipi design & Bear Medicine Hat bundle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
251,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used by Sundancers for confidence and protection from thunder and for purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
252,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to drive away ill spirits or to revive spirits of the dying.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
280,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to drive away ghosts and bad spirits.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
351,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers made into ceremonial necklaces.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
467,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,86,Haisla,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into rattles and used by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
469,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make frontispieces for chief's masks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
472,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the skulls for the shamanistic costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
496,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
507,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make masks and ceremonial rattles.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
544,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned during Sundance ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
549,27,Acer negundo L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,101,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
551,27,Acer negundo L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs made into prayer sticks.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
552,27,Acer negundo L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40"
563,27,Acer negundo L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,101,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
567,27,Acer negundo L.,238,Sioux,30,h92,4,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
571,29,Acer negundo var. negundo,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40"
572,29,Acer negundo var. negundo,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40"
1034,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
1628,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1766,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pounded leaves dried and made into netting used for ceremonial costumes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1844,96,Agave sp.,89,Havasupai,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalk and fiber used to make ceremonial equipment.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
2504,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2530,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2552,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used for making masks, ceremonial rattles and model canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2560,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks and rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2700,184,Amaranthus albus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with many different plants, to smoke for lewdness, which was performed at the Coyote Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2748,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
2838,196,Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf ash used as Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
2924,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berries, elk manure and tobacco seed planted in small prairie plot in the Tobacco Planting ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2925,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Forked sticks used in religious rituals.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
3129,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Sticks used in a Kawaiisu tale. Coyote sharpens the ends of the sticks (some versions refer to the roots) and plants them, points upward, on one side of his house.  Grizzly Bear, chasing coyote over the house, jumps on the points and is killed.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3161,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,95,Hopi,82,c74,284,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 284"
3175,217,Amelanchier utahensis var. utahensis,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Evilway hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
3238,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Infusion of plant used to 'force the blood for sacrifices.',"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
3253,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves burned as incense and used to purify gifts offered to the sun or the spirits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
3488,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root held in the mouth during Horn Society curse ceremony. Curses were indulged in by the Horn Society as a whole.  In this case a special sweat lodge was constructed.  A human figure representing the condemned man was drawn in the bottom of a pit intended to contain hot stones.  The stones were brought in at a designated time and placed on the drawing to represent the victim's suffering.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3489,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Root pieces attached to the binding of the Spear Staff (with bundle), the head staff. The Spear Staff was used during the secret ceremony of the Horns, in which the chief ceremonialist participated in a fertility rite with the initiate's wife.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3490,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Root used by the Horn Society in the initiation ceremonies. The root was found in the nontransferable initiation bundles.  Having been distributed by the owner of the Spear Staff bundle to the others, down to the owner of the Marten, the root was kept in the mouth and used to bless the initiates.  After the ritual, the root was tied to the paint application sticks, to fortify and replenish the supernatural power inherent in the paint.  The same was done with a wooden scratching pin, which was either worn in the hair or attached to one's garments.  This was done in preparation for the next opening ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3491,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used during the ritual of body painting & tied to headdresses of all members of Pigeon Society.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3492,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used in the rites of most age graded societies & in the Natoas Beaver & Medicine Pipe bundles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3493,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used by ceremonialists to bless others with long life and good luck.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3494,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used for collective power in designated societies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3495,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used for individual power by ceremonialists and diviners.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3530,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant formerly used during the seal bladder festival.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3581,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used as a purification after a funeral.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
3676,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"In the olden times, used ceremonially because of its persistent sweet scent.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
3918,302,Aquilegia eximia Van Houtte ex Planch.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,39,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39"
3977,310,Arabis holboellii Hornem.,157,Navajo,74,e44,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the Night Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 48"
4518,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried berries used in rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4519,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
4587,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves smoked during religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4644,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves smoked during religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4742,361,Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey,95,Hopi,82,c74,285,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to whip children during initiation.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 285"
4862,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,95,Hopi,82,c74,286,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonials.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 286"
4971,386,Artemisia biennis Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
4985,387,Artemisia californica Less.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,199,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant and white sage used to build a ceremonial hunting fire before hunting. The hunters stood around the fire and in its smoke before hunting because they believed that the fire and smoke would absolve them of any breach of social observances they might have committed which would otherwise have brought them bad luck.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 199"
5023,391,Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clements,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5036,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,95,Hopi,82,c74,287,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 287"
5047,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in Beautyway garment ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5048,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used as Evilway and Hand Trembling blackenings.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5066,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant and meat chewed by a boy and his parents after his first kill. A boy did not eat the meat of his first kill but, together with his parents, chewed the meat mixed with California mugwort and then spit it into the fire.  If this custom were neglected, the boy would never kill deer and would become a transvestite.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5067,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for many different ceremonial purposes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5164,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,183,Paiute,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Foliage used for medicine man's costume.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5211,396,Artemisia filifolia Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,288,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ritualistic purposes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 288"
5221,396,Artemisia filifolia Torr.,257,Tewa,82,c74,288,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ritualistic purposes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 288"
5223,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,17,Arapaho,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole plant used for ceremonials.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5238,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant tied to articles that were sacrificed to the Sun.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
5239,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in religious rituals.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
5268,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole plant used for all ceremonies.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
5270,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,37,w39,94,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Attached to prayer sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 94"
5271,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,82,c74,289,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 289"
5272,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,72,f96,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprig attached to the prayer emblem and regarded as efficacious in petitions for water.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 21"
5273,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used on prayersticks.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
5276,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant burned and smoke used in religious ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
5284,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash applied before painting Witcheryway prayer sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5338,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by assistants to the participants during the sweat lodge rituals to relieve thirst. This thirst resulted from taboos against the consumption of liquids.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5339,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Packed into ceremonial moccasins for storage.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5340,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a bed for the Buffalo Stones (Iniskim) during buffalo drive rituals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5341,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as the Holy Offering of the All Smoking ceremony and for certain Horn Society rituals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5342,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for cleansing in the sweat lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5343,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to cleanse the body during participation in the All Smoking Ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5344,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used to cleanse the headdresses of the Horn Society before transferring to new owners. In the transferral, the headdress was laid on a bed of man sage.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5345,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to cleanse the singers of the All Smoking ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5346,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to wipe the black paint off the one man who fasted until the Okan center pole was raised.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5347,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to wipe the sweat from their bodies during the sweat lodge ceremonies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5348,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Worn around wrists and ankles by the Lodge dancers in the Okan (Holy Lodge) of the Sun dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5364,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves burned as incense in ceremonies to purify implements, utensils or persons.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5365,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used extensively in ceremonies to drive away bad spirits, evil influences and ominous dreams.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5366,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants wiped on persons who broke taboos for purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5367,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants wrapped around Sundancers' eagle bone whistles for prevention of thirst.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5368,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprigs used as ceremonial paint brushes during the Sundance.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5374,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,60,Crow,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants used extensively in ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5383,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make wreaths and bracelets for the sun dance and used in the sweat lodge.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5384,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make bracelets and head wreaths for the Sun Dance.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
5405,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Applied to unraveler strings (a woman's hair cord or buckskin string from her moccasins).,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5406,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used as Evilway and Hand Tremblingway blackenings.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5433,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,190,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used for many ceremonial purposes. On ceremonial occasions it is spread about the borders of a lodge in a special way.  Other uses are to wipe off ceremonial paint; or to purify, by wiping off, with a bundle of the sage, the body of one who has committed some fault--violated some tabu.  It is used by Contraries to wipe off the ground in a lodge where a Contrary had been seated.  The dried leaves are burned on the coal to make a smoke used in purifying implements or utensils used in ceremony; or to smoke, and so purify, the body of an individual.  This is to drive away bad spirits, and particularly to drive away a bad or ominous dream had by a sick person, which dream may remain in the mind of the person and trouble him.  It may be mixed with 'motsinists' (Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum)--a small pinch of each in about the same quantity--for the same purpose.  The patient who is being smoked sits over the coal on which the sage is being sprinkled, with a blanket over the body and the coal in order to confine the smoke.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190"
5442,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make wreaths and bracelets for the sun dance and used in the sweat lodge.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5470,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as wash by dancers after the Sun Dance.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5507,402,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Keck,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5510,404,Artemisia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
5544,404,Artemisia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bunches of plant, with other plants, tied to corners of hoops used in unraveling ceremonial objects.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5545,404,Artemisia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a wand when practicing for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5589,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,39,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as a switch during the sweatbath.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 39"
5642,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds thrown into a fire to explode 'like firecrackers' during celebrations.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5816,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,276,Washo,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for medicine man's costume.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5943,420,Arundo donax L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Reed made into a whistle and attached to the collar of a otter skin for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
5944,420,Arundo donax L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Reed used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
5945,420,Arundo donax L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Reed, with tassels, used in the special pouch required for every chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
6275,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6439,459,Aster sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with other plants, as a liniment for the Bead Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
6440,459,Aster sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with other plants, as the Bead Chant tobacco.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
6443,460,Astragalus allochrous Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
6494,473,Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting.  The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6495,473,Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting.  The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6513,482,Astragalus lentiginosus var. palans (M.E. Jones) M.E. Jones,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as a charm in some prayers.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 27"
6524,487,Astragalus mollissimus var. matthewsii (S. Wats.) Barneby,157,Navajo,74,e44,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used by the male and female shooters in the Lightning Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 56"
6620,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,292,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6649,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,257,Tewa,82,c74,292,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6654,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs attached to prayer plumes and sacrificed to the cottontail rabbit to ensure good hunting.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6965,551,Bambusa sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems made into whistles and used in certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
7088,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7112,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7242,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7440,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied to the end of the wand carried by the girl in the Squaw Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
7454,611,Bouteloua sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
7557,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant and other plants used as a ceremonial liniment for the Female Shooting Life Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
7605,643,Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'H‚r. ex Vent.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds worn around the neck in a string during ceremonies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 54"
7639,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a carrying case for a part of the wedding garments.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7640,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7705,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially used as the Yellow Flower associated with the northwest direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
7756,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,295,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Yellow flower used ceremonially. In the spring, the flower is collected in quantity together with larkspur.  Boys holding handfuls of these two plants above their heads are chased by the girls upon certain occasions.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 295"
7940,714,Campanula uniflora L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used for some of the sacred ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79"
8009,729,Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,340,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for divination.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 340"
8076,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass tied by medicine men to horns of the sacred buffalo head used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
8077,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves tied around the horn of the sacred buffalo skull used in ceremonials.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
8078,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant tied around the horns of the buffalo head in the Sun Dance.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
8104,752,Carex sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant considered sacred and used in the kiva.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
8147,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Whole fruit mashed, water added and mixture drunk after a two day burial in a dry place. The drink was consumed immediately after the two-day burial and said to be better than tiswin.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8461,783,Castilleja densiflora ssp. densiflora,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35"
8462,784,Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35"
8469,787,Castilleja integra Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant held by women for decoration during the harvest dance.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8481,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,95,Hopi,82,c74,297,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ceremonially as the 'Red Flower' associated with the southeast direction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 297"
8482,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,95,Hopi,37,w39,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ceremonially as the Red Flower associated with the southeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 91"
8495,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,257,Tewa,82,c74,297,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ceremonially as the 'Red Flower' associated with the southeast direction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 297"
8519,791,Castilleja miniata ssp. miniata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant held by women for decoration during the harvest dance.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8649,811,Ceanothus griseus (Trel. ex B.L. Robins.) McMinn,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23"
8686,818,Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23"
8892,840,Cercocarpus intricatus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,82,c74,299,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used during mid-winter ceremonial to make prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 299"
8893,840,Cercocarpus intricatus S. Wats.,257,Tewa,82,c74,299,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used during mid-winter ceremonial to make prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 299"
8953,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the sweathouse and male prayersticks for ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
8962,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into stirring sticks for Chiricahua Windway mixed decoction.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
8971,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,95,Hopi,82,c74,298,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make pahos (prayersticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 298"
9503,900,Chenopodium graveolens Willd.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with other herbs, in the liniment for the Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
9559,910,Chenopodium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with other plants, as a liniment in the Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
9803,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,302,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ceremonies.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 302"
10052,976,Cissus verticillata (L.) D.H. Nicols. & Jarvis,228,Seminole,88,s54,474,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used at the busk ceremonies.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 474"
10271,1020,Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves used to remove 'ghost bullets,' supernatural objects shot into people by ghosts. The bullets were removed by a diviner either with a sucking tube or through a slit in the skin made with a flint.  Then the leaves were boiled and applied to the place where the bullets were removed.  Fainting was often the result of coming near a ghost and the victim was revived with a smudge of the stem of this plant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
10348,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,291,Zuni,6,s15,96,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant paste used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods. The plant was boiled for a long time and the concoction allowed to evaporate.  The precipitated paste was then used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 96"
10432,1040,Cocos nucifera L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,503,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make dance rattles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503"
10840,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10857,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10906,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10914,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10977,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10982,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
11004,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant mixed with tobacco, kinnikinnick or dried cambium and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
11015,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant smoked ceremonially.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 23"
11080,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Ribbons of inner bark roasted, mixed with tobacco and used for ceremonial or religious pipe smoking.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11556,1157,Cucumis melo L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds mixed with juniper charcoal and water and made into a ceremonial body paint.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
11586,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves ground and used as 'green paint' in making sand paintings.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11596,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried gourds used to make rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11608,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ripe gourds used as rattles in dances.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
11745,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds worn in phallic dances symbolizing fructification or made into ceremonial rattles. The gourd rattles were used in ceremonies for both anthropic and zooic worship.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
11845,1188,Cymopterus purpurascens (Gray) M.E. Jones,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in paint for prayersticks.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 34"
11973,1216,Dalea candida var. candida,157,Navajo,74,e44,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ground plant mixed with other ingredients and used in the Wind Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57"
12054,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Yellow flowers used for the summer dances.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
12068,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks used in the head dress of Mountain Spirit dancers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12143,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant offered a means of coming into contact with the sacred world.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12144,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used to make a drink taken at rituals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12145,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ritually in male puberty ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12164,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a tea given to young men learning to become dancers for ceremonies.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
12165,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Well known as a hallucinogenic plant used in rites marking boys' initiation into the toloache cult.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
12195,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,128,Luiseno,24,s08,207,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots pounded in a mortar and used at boys' puberty ceremonies.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 207"
12243,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Powdered root used by rain priests in a number of ways to ensure fruitful rains.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
12244,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root pieces chewed by a robbery victim in order to find out the thief's identity. The root was given to the victim by a rain priest.  The victim was told to chew the root and that the medicine would induce dreams of the thief.  The rain priest would ask the victim to tell him everything he remembered in his dream so that he could identify the thief and recover the stolen property.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
12245,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,291,Zuni,6,s15,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used as a favorite firewood, but more importantly in ceremonies.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
12284,1248,Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) Brooks,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Small seeds used in peyote rattles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 28"
12289,1250,Delphinium geraniifolium Rydb.,95,Hopi,82,c74,307,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 307"
12300,1254,Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz ex Walp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used with roses and scattered by small girls in the Corpus Christi ceremony in the church.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65"
12301,1255,Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. ex Walp.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Petals and other blue flowers ground and used ceremonially.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
12308,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Petals and seeds ground into a very fine blue meal prescribed for the Flute altar.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
12309,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,82,c74,308,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 308"
12313,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,157,Navajo,74,e44,47,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used extensively in many ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47"
12316,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Petals and other blue flowers ground and used ceremonially.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
12322,1260,Delphinium tenuisectum Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Petals and other blue flowers ground and used ceremonially.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
12513,1299,Digitalis purpurea L.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used for decorations in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
12514,1299,Digitalis purpurea L.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used for decorations in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
12542,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Mixed with paint and used on prayersticks or ceremonial figurines of water animals.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 24"
12722,1342,Dryopteris sp.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used as a shamanistic device in the tsaika ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 53"
12998,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by the man chosen to sing when newborn twins first cried.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
13432,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Dried, ground with corn meal and used to make a ceremonial bread.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
13498,1428,Equisetum sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,510,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to hold lice found in girls' hair and thrown in a stream during puberty ceremonies.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 510"
13617,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch used to make Enemyway prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
13629,1451,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. glabrata (Gray) Nesom & Baird,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used to remove evil spells in the Witch, Wind and other chants.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
13653,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used on the Po-wa-mu altar and used in Caquol ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13654,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to weave the wedding belt.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13937,1494,Eriogonum alatum Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the Life or Knife Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 42"
14065,1514,Eriogonum jamesii Benth.,291,Zuni,6,s15,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ground blossom powder given to ceremonial dancers impersonating anthropic gods to bring rain. The blossom powder was given to the dancers after they were dressed for the ceremony.  The dance director placed it in the mouth of each dancer so that the dance would bring rain.  Each dancer ejected the medicine from his mouth over his body and apparel.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 91"
14222,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,29,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used on prayersticks.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
14321,1557,Erysimum sp.,291,Zuni,6,s15,92,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially to insure the coming of rain so that the corn and all vegetation would grow.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92"
14511,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,457,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for divination.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457"
14713,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,318,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in religious ceremonies.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 318"
14715,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Notched stick rubbed with a smooth stick instead of beating a drum in the Mountain Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
14716,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used by the Home God in the Mountain Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
14722,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boiled with juniper berries, pinon buds and corn meal and used in mush-eating ceremonies.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
14784,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14794,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14801,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,95,Hopi,82,c74,319,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 319"
14805,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as purple body paint for summer dances.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
14806,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,157,Navajo,74,e44,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68"
14810,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Evilway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
14825,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flexible rods used as the basis of ceremonial structures representing clouds or mountains.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 54"
14846,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,109,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 109"
14950,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,110,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 110"
14993,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fruits used as symbols of the Creator's beneficence in the Strawberry Thanksgiving ceremony.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
15216,1656,Fraxinus anomala Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,106,wh51,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for prayersticks.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"
15217,1656,Fraxinus anomala Torr. ex S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used in prayer for rain.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"
15297,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15305,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15311,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,238,Sioux,30,h92,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used as a part of sacred poles.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
15360,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,196,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used on costumes for the New Year 'flower dance.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 196"
15399,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants rubbed on body by pregnant women expecting their unborn baby boys to become whalers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
15543,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15799,1722,Geranium atropurpureum Heller,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,29,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Blossoming plant dipped in sea water, salt and water plants to bring rain.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
16132,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Cotton used to make ceremonial garments.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
16133,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,92,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fuzz used alone or made into cords and used ceremonially in a number of ways. The cotton cords were tied loosely around the wrists and ankles of the newborn child while supplications were offered that the rain makers would provide enough rain to insure proliferative crops so that the child would have full nourishment its whole life.  Cotton down was used to cover the heads of rain priests after their deaths symbolizing their duties in this world and also their obligations in the undermost world.  Crowns and certain masks were also covered with raw cotton to indicate that the gods represented were rain makers or were specially associated with the rain makers.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92"
16144,1768,Gossypium sp.,227,Santa Clara,61,rhf16,102,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Formerly used to weave large ceremonial blankets.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 102"
16147,1768,Gossypium sp.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,102,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make the strings for prayer feathers.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 102"
16279,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,72,f96,15,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprig attached to the paho (prayer emblem).,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 15"
16280,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprigs tied on prayer sticks during the December ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
16281,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,126,vest40,168,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied onto the prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168"
16282,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,126,vest40,168,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied onto the prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168"
16283,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,126,vest40,168,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied onto the prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168"
16313,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,157,Navajo,74,e44,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves, grama grass, sagebrush and unidentified leaves burned to charcoal for blackening ceremony.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"
16314,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,157,Navajo,74,e44,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood ash and pitch used to cover the oak bull-roarer for the Female Shooting Life Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"
16320,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant placed on top of most ceremonial prayersticks and figurines.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"
16333,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fresh branches used to make Evilway unravelers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16334,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fresh branches used to make cactus prayer sticks for Chiricahua Windway and Enemyway prayer sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16335,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant ash used as Evilway, Holyway and Hand Tremblingway blackenings.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16352,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprigs tied on prayer sticks during the December ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
16358,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
16361,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,16,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as an important plant in rain ceremonies.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 16"
16577,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pith used to light the ceremonial cigarettes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
16600,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Hollow stalk used in the illusion of swallowing the arrow during the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
16601,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalk made into flute used in an ancient custom of timing the grinding of the corn at the War Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
16610,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Holyway Prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16638,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Blossoms used ceremonially for anthropic worship.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
16667,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,324,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried petals ground and mixed with corn meal to make yellow face powder for women's basket dance.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 324"
16683,1833,Helianthus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used to make a ceremonial body paint.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
16792,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalk placed on altar of Sun Dance ceremonial.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
16793,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks placed on the altar of the Sun Dance ceremonial.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
16893,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Pounded, dried roots mixed with beaver dung and planted in the same hole as the sacred pole.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16972,1857,Hesperostipa neomexicana (Thurb. ex Coult.) Barkworth,95,Hopi,82,c74,367,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for necklaces on the first initiants in the Wu-chim ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 367"
16976,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,177,Omaha,17,g19,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stiff awns firmly bound into a bundle and the pointed grains burned off to make a ceremonial brush.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
16978,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,190,Pawnee,17,g19,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stiff awns firmly bound into a bundle and the pointed grains burned off to make a ceremonial brush.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
16980,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,205,Ponca,17,g19,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stiff awns firmly bound into a bundle and the pointed grains burned off to make a ceremonial brush.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17198,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Braided plant put up on Sun Dance alters and used in religious services.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
17199,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass braids strung on the inside of headbands of the Motokiks headdresses.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17200,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass braids tied vertically around the base of the Horn Society staffs.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17201,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass essential to the raising of a fallen dancer or fallen paraphernalia.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17202,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass water used to bathe the mother 34 days after giving birth and before returning home.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17203,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves ceremonially smoked with tobacco.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17204,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Smoke from burning grass used to purify Sundance dancers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17205,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems burned and prayers said during every ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17206,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Sun Dance ceremony and burned on a small altar found in many lodges.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
17221,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried leaves burned over coals in many ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
17222,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Smoke from burning grass used for purification of rattles, sacred shields and Sundance dancers.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17226,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used for ceremonial, economic and pleasurable purposes.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
17229,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,61,Dakota,17,g19,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in religious ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
17251,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,125,Lakota,108,r80,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass used in religious ceremonies.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 30"
17252,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,125,Lakota,156,k90,49,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Strands of grass burned to bring guardian spirits.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 49"
17261,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Burned as incense for spiritual protection and purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17266,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,320,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as incense.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 320"
17271,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,238,Sioux,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves ceremonially smoked with tobacco.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17272,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,238,Sioux,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Smoke from burning grass used to purify Sundance dancers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17596,1950,Hymenoxys cooperi (Gray) Cockerell,95,Hopi,82,c74,329,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for peach tree pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 329"
17865,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,559,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used to make hindquarters of little hobbyhorse 'ridden' by saints in ceremonial impersonations.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559"
17986,2002,Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora,157,Navajo,74,e44,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make prebreakfast drink and taken to make the person 'bark' or sing loudly for Squaw Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 70"
18016,2008,Iris douglasiana Herbert,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,62,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 62"
18157,2025,Jacquinia pungens,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried nuts used as favorite rattle beads.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
18330,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
18400,2052,Juncus torreyi Coville,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
18475,2054,Juniperus communis L.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,314,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 314"
18476,2054,Juniperus communis L.,86,Haisla,14,c93,160,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make rattles worn on belts by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 160"
18478,2054,Juniperus communis L.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,62,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as a part of a process of preparation undergone by shamanistic initiates.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 62"
18500,2054,Juniperus communis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the sweathouse during the winter.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
18505,2054,Juniperus communis L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,62,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ritualistic purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 62"
18547,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs burned as a fumigant to purify dwellings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25"
18560,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Split strips thatched and placed on graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18586,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch held in the right hand and the wing of an owl in the other by the Okan dancer.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
18607,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Split strips thatched and placed on graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18628,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in the kachina dances.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18629,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Charcoal of plant, chewed melon seeds and water used to make a ceremonial body paint.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18646,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,102,Jemez,28,c30,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ornamental branches and twigs used as decorations in nearly all of the dances.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
18661,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in ceremonial dances.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18662,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Cedar purge kept one from getting tired, but did not preclude sleepiness.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18663,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Cedar wood fire smoke used to fumigate property of the deceased.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18664,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Infusion of cedar twigs taken with wafer bread by mothers of infants who died during birth.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18665,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Infusion of plant taken by all household members for four days after a death.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18681,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18740,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in a few ceremonies and dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 40"
18741,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in the kachina dances.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18742,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Charcoal of plant, chewed melon seeds and water used to make a ceremonial body paint.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18774,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branchlets, with needles, used to make prayersticks of the west.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18775,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the wand for the War Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18941,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony, the summer festival of the Blackfoot.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17"
18942,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used on the altar of the sacred woman at the Sun Dance.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
18977,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs and berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
19019,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs and berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
19119,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches made into a fagot and used by the personator of the Black God, owner of all fire.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19120,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches made into wands and used in certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19121,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Shredded bark carried by the dancers in the Fire Dance during the last night of the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19122,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood burned into charcoal, ground and used for black in sandpaintings.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19123,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19124,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood, struck by lightning, used as the two parts of the fire drill for the Night Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19171,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the wand carried in the War Dance Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 20"
19178,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Split strips thatched and placed on graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19338,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,95,Hopi,82,c74,317,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in ceremonials to produce steam.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 317"
19344,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Armful of stems with leaves used on heated stones in the sweathouse for the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
19354,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,257,Tewa,82,c74,317,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in ceremonials to produce steam.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 317"
19408,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fruit used to make ceremonial rattles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
19411,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,117,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds made into rattles and used for ritualistic music. A handle was attached to the gourd and its contents were removed and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 117"
19414,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Covered with a cord net to be used as water containers in ceremonies and buried with the dead.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19415,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as prayer sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19426,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fruit made into rattles used by the Medicine Societies.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
19432,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make rattles for various ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79"
19435,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make chant rattles.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
19439,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,400,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds used to make rattles for the medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 400"
19441,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,117,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds made into rattles and used for ritualistic music. A handle was attached to the gourd and its contents were removed and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 117"
19444,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,193,Pima,11,c49,72,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Gourds dried, filled with gravel and used in ceremonial songs.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 72"
19445,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,117,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds made into rattles and used for ritualistic music. A handle was attached to the gourd and its contents were removed and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 117"
19541,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for the center pole of the religious Sundance.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 22"
19970,2148,Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied to ceremonial rattle string and wetted with infusion of the plant.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
20071,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,8,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants used to make bedding for various ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 8"
20083,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass used to line old style graves.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
20086,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems made into painted arrows and used in ceremonial dances.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
20529,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Acorns used in a first fruits ceremony in October after the first rainfall.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
20530,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used by a wale-pu (a ceremonial figure) as tinder to create flashes of light.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
20561,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant top dried and burned ceremonially.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
20585,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Life or Knife Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 71"
20660,2221,Lobelia cardinalis L.,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in the rain dance.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
20663,2221,Lobelia cardinalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Ceremonial 'tobacco' not smoked, but used to ward off storms and strewn onto graves.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273"
20746,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,289,Yurok,70,b81,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Thrown into the fire at ceremonies.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
20946,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,60,Crow,30,h92,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root shavings sprinkled on live coals to produce a ceremonial incense.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 26"
20986,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds burned to fumigate homes and to 'drive away ghosts.',"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
21011,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,215,Saanich,23,tb71,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds burned to fumigate homes and to 'drive away ghosts.',"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
21015,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,247,Songish,23,tb71,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds burned to fumigate homes and to 'drive away ghosts.',"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
21240,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial rites of the Native American Church.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 45"
21262,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,205,Ponca,189,h65,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flesh dried into 'buttons' and eaten during religious ceremonies.,"Howard, James, 1965, The Ponca Tribe, SI-BAE Bulletin #195, page 48"
21302,2283,Lupinus affinis J.G. Agardh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21304,2284,Lupinus albifrons Benth. ex Lindl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21307,2285,Lupinus arboreus Sims,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21312,2288,Lupinus brevicaulis S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the female shooters branch of the Lightning Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 56"
21317,2290,Lupinus densiflorus Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21330,2294,Lupinus luteolus Kellogg,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21334,2296,Lupinus nanus ssp. latifolius (Benth. ex Torr.) D. Dunn,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21345,2301,Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21352,2302,Lupinus pusillus Pursh,95,Hopi,82,c74,333,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Juice used as holy water in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 333"
21367,2306,Lupinus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves chewed by ceremonialist, to reinforce his powers, before he undertook any face painting.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21373,2306,Lupinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Male Shooting Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 56"
21384,2307,Lupinus succulentus Dougl. ex K. Koch,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21389,2309,Lupinus versicolor Lindl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21434,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,95,Hopi,82,c74,332,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole shrub used in Niman kachina dance.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 332"
21460,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Evilway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21461,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Thorn ash used for Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21472,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Evilway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21473,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Thorn ash used for Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21479,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Puffballs figured into religious life. Puffballs were thought to be stars that had fallen to earth during supernatural events.  There was a story about the woman who married Morning Star and had a child by this supernatural being.  When she returned to earth with the Natoas bundles and her child, she was directed by the star personage to keep her baby from touching the ground for fourteen days.  She managed all right until the day she went for wood and left the child in the care of a grandmother.  The grandmother was careless and the baby touched the ground.  It turned into a large puffball and returned to the heavens as the Fixed Star (North Star), plugging the hole left by the woman when she pulled out the Holy Turnip.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21480,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Firelighters bundle of the Horn Society for use as punk to light a fire easily.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21741,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used as the favorite material for the staff held by singer in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
21894,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Crushed berries used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
21974,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,95,Hopi,82,c74,294,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Yellow root and leaves used for ceremonial purposes in the Home Dance. The yellow root is the most important part.  The leaf is sometimes used to represent a mountain lion's paw.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 294"
21995,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprinkled on grass where lightning struck near livestock.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 23"
22448,2419,Martynia sp.,227,Santa Clara,61,rhf16,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Open seed vessels used to make artificial flowers for dancers' headdresses.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 57"
22450,2419,Martynia sp.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Open seed vessels used to make artificial flowers for dancers' headdresses.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 57"
22913,2454,Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves chewed and sprayed with the mouth on offerings before and after making prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 63"
22920,2455,Mentzelia multiflora var. multiflora,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make Big Snake's prayer stick in Beautyway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
23543,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,291,Zuni,6,s15,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass attached to sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods. This grass was used only by Galaxy and Shu'maakwe fraternities.  The sticks designated the god to whom the offerings were made and the plumes of the eagle and of other birds conveyed the breath prayers to the gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 91"
23601,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,61,Dakota,17,g19,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant characterized as having mystic powers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 79"
23611,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,177,Omaha,17,g19,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant characterized as having mystic powers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 79"
23614,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant characterized as having mystic powers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 79"
23617,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,205,Ponca,17,g19,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant characterized as having mystic powers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 79"
23622,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant characterized as having mystic powers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 79"
23706,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tubes used in special pre-war rituals.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23748,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant smoked in pipes for ceremonial purposes only.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 90"
23756,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,75,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Smoked after the feast following the completion of the masks for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 75"
23757,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,75,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for filling ceremonial prayersticks in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 75"
23816,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,95,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves smoked ceremonially.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95"
23823,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions:  north, east, west, south and up or center.  This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual.  Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today.  At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23824,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23825,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23833,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions:  north, east, west, south and up or center.  This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual.  Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today.  At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23834,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23835,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23850,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions:  north, east, west, south and up or center.  This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual.  Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today.  At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23851,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23852,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23857,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,95,Hopi,37,w39,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant smoked in pipes for ceremonial purposes only.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 90"
23866,2581,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. palmeri (Gray) Kartesz,157,Navajo,74,e44,75,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for filling ceremonial prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 75"
23868,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick, dried cambium or red osier dogwood & used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23869,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plants planted, harvested ceremonially and smoked as an important part of every ritual.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23936,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,4,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used for ceremonial purposes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 4"
23995,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,288,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as an offering in the sweat house.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 288"
24024,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used in dried gourd shells to make ceremonial rattles.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
24259,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,95,Hopi,82,c74,336,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flower used ceremonially as the 'white flower.',"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 336"
24269,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Chewed blossoms rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they could dance well and ensure rain. The blossoms were given by the High Priest and the Sun Priest of the Corn Maidens.  The girls chewed the blossoms, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed it on the neck, breast, arms and hands ensuring that they would dance well so that it would rain and the corn would grow.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
24294,2618,Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz,95,Hopi,82,c74,337,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used ceremonially as 'white flower.',"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 337"
24326,2624,Oenothera pallida ssp. pallida,95,Hopi,37,w39,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ceremonially as the White Flower associated with the northeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86"
24327,2625,Oenothera pallida ssp. runcinata (Engelm.) Munz & W. Klein,95,Hopi,37,w39,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ceremonially as the White Flower associated with the northeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86"
24446,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24461,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24471,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for ritual purification.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24507,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,289,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant burned to make charcoal used as a protective face paint for ceremonial dancers. A person wearing this kind of paint would have so much power you could not look them in the eye.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 289"
24549,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,327,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used by shamans, novices and warriors for power seeking.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 327"
24562,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24708,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,291,Zuni,6,s15,95,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95"
24877,2674,Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches made into a wand and used in Red Antway. The Antway wand consisted of five cactus branches with branches of rabbitbrush and other plants wrapped around their combined bases.  The base was wrapped with yucca fiber. A small colored wooden disk was attached to each branch by a yucca fiber, each disk a different color.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24878,2674,Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used to make cactus prayer stick, Chiricahua Windway.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
25243,2718,Oxytropis lambertii Pursh,157,Navajo,74,e44,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant offered to the bighorn at the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57"
25523,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,339,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to weave kachina masks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 339"
25530,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,257,Tewa,82,c74,339,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to weave kachina masks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 339"
25557,2759,Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc.,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as a purple body paint for the summer dance.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
25629,2767,Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Chewed blossoms used as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret fraternities. The blossoms were chewed by both sexes, especially by women, ejected into the hands and rubbed on the neck, limbs and clothing as perfume.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
25680,2777,Pedicularis procera Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in Mountaintopway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
25812,2799,Penstemon ambiguus Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,340,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 340"
25818,2799,Penstemon ambiguus Torr.,257,Tewa,82,c74,340,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 340"
25836,2802,Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck,291,Zuni,6,s15,95,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Chewed root rubbed over the rabbit stick to insure success in the hunt. A rabbit stick which was treated in this manner was sure to kill any rabbit that it was aimed at, provided the thrower had a good heart.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95"
25870,2806,Penstemon eatonii Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,341,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 341"
25948,2822,Penstemon utahensis Eastw.,95,Hopi,82,c74,342,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 342"
26160,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,342,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves burned to keep the soul of the recently deceased from returning home.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 342"
26161,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,338,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves carried by every member of the burial party and placed on top of the casket.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 338"
26162,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,161,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used in funeral ceremonies.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161"
26279,2864,Phalaris arundinacea L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make peaked hats suitable for wearing by Indian doctors.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
26287,2867,Phaseolus acutifolius Gray,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Beans made into a flour by the Koshairi and used for ritual purposes. Prayer meal ground from beans was exceedingly unusual; it was almost always made from corn.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
26308,2870,Phaseolus coccineus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds intimately associated with the annual ceremonies of planting time & the harvest thanksgiving.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26325,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds intimately associated with the annual ceremonies of planting time & the harvest thanksgiving.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26351,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds intimately associated with the annual ceremonies of planting time & the harvest thanksgiving.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26550,2898,Phoradendron sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the War Dance liniment.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
26580,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,95,Hopi,37,w39,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Associated ceremonially with the bow and arrow.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 66"
26603,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Reeds made into frames, like kite frames, and carried by dancers on last night of Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
26604,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Reeds used to make prayersticks for the Mountain Chant Ceremony. The reeds were first rubbed with a polishing stone to remove the silicious surface in order that the paint might adhere well.  The reeds were then rubbed with finely powdered tobacco or sometimes with snakeweed.  Afterwards the reed was cut into four pieces (or ten pieces for the second ceremony).  When this was finished, the sticks were colored and yucca inserted to serve as handles.  The sections were then filled with some kind of tobacco.  These had to be kept in order.  The section growing nearest the ground was segment number one, the next number two and so on.  It was also important that the side of the reed growing toward the east be indicated, so the painting would be done on the side having that exposure.  This made it more potent.  Fifty-two prayer sticks were made for the evening of the third day of the Night Chant.  Of these, four were made of sections of reed, twelve of mountain mahogany, twelve of russian olive, twelve of sierra juniper and twelve of cherry.  The first people, according to the Navajo, were supposed to have come up to this earth on a reed.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
26926,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used to make headgear and masks.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
26957,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Knot ring worn by children on a string around the neck to make them skilled with their hands.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27084,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used to make headgear and masks.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27130,2936,Picea pungens Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonies.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
27132,2936,Picea pungens Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used for the Chant of the Sun's House.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 20"
27187,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used to hit & rub boys as part of a ritual treatment to increase their strength & tolerance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27192,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used at girl's puberty potlatch to brush with sweeping motions and scare away bad influences.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27236,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,234,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used ceremonially to initiate the children.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
27237,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in winter dances and to make traditional costumes for initiation ceremonies.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
27276,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,317,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by shamans, hunters and fishers during preparatory and purification rituals.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
27300,2939,Picea sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used to make hoops, dresses, collars, bows and arrows for many different ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27434,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make small totem poles and model canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
27440,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood placed in a basket of water to bring rain and pine cones burned to stop rain.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
27534,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used instead of cattail pollen in ceremonies.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35"
27569,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27570,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used for the Snake Ceremonial.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27627,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to make the circle of branches for the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27628,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bunches of needles carried in each hand by dancers on the last night of the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27629,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch smeared on burier's body before burying person & on forehead & under the eyes during mourning.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27630,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Sapling, stripped of its branches, carried by the Talking God on the fourth day of the Night Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27631,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Tree used for ceremonial purposes. On the ninth day of the Night Chant, The Slayer of Alien Gods and The Child of the Water deposit their cigarettes in the shade of a tree, preferably a pinon, while The Shooting Divinity lays hers on the ground in a cluster of snakeweed.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27632,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood charcoal used to make the best black for sandpaintings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27633,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial pokers and wands.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27664,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches, preferably one broken from a lightning struck tree, used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27665,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Needles used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27682,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27683,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used for the Snake Ceremonial.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27707,2960,Pinus elliottii Engelm.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for religious scarification.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
27714,2961,Pinus flexilis James,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the small bow and arrow used in the Witch and Shooting Chants.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
27904,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make small totem poles and model canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
27908,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Green branch thrown into the fire and rain will come.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
27954,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant parts smoked ceremonially.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27963,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch used to hang the outgrown cradle of a male child so the boy will grow strong like the tree.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51"
28013,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Smoldering cones thrown into the air in the direction of rain clouds to make the rain stop.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
28068,2969,Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves attached to prayer-feathers prepared during December ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41"
28072,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,348,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant smoked ceremonially.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 348"
28073,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,348,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the Su-ya-lung ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 348"
28164,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gum mixed with gypsum and used as a white paste on the 'spirits of the fire' in the Fire Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28165,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the bull roarer for some ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28172,2976,Pinus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,43,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Pine nuts used around the wrist when dancing, the number of nuts increased magically.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 43"
28490,3004,Plantago patagonica Jacq.,95,Hopi,82,c74,349,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for participants of the clowning crew.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 349"
28498,3004,Plantago patagonica Jacq.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Infusion of root, leaves and seeds blown over rattle at beginning of hoof rattle song.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
28531,3007,Plantago virginica L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make garlands or wreaths worn by old men around their heads for dances as symbol of health.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51"
28618,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,65,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as the artificial arm worn by the manipulator of the serpent effigy.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65"
28719,3035,Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis,101,Isleta,76,j31,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
28725,3035,Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis,291,Zuni,6,s15,96,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Switches, roots and blossoms used ceremonially. When the Cactus fraternity returned to their chamber from the last dance at sunset, they were whipped with switches and then roots and blossoms were chewed and ejected over the bodies of the whipped people.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 96"
29056,3083,Polyporus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Firelighters bundle of the Horn Society for use as punk to light a fire easily.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
29058,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29110,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,265,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as a charm to call the northwest wind.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
29145,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,215,Saanich,23,tb71,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fronds used during initiation dances.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69"
29376,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make smoke sticks for the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
29416,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,321,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used for the sacred pole and for the poles of the 'buffalo tent.',"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 321"
29447,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,62,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs mixed with spruce branches the day after the mask dance.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
29455,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve dolls and images of some animals for ceremonial purposes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29513,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark used as punk in the ceremonial lighting of pipes.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29514,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pole used as Sun Dance ceremony centerpiece to symbolize the axis between people and world beyond.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29537,3105,Populus sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the tree burial of old times. The body was either placed in hollow tree trunks or laid on a support placed across branches.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
29544,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leafy branches used during Snake Dance and related ceremonials.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29545,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leafy branches used in the Snake Dance and related ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29546,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Peeled shoots used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29547,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Peeled shoots used to make prayer-sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29558,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve the image of a duck for the Water Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29559,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29610,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant smoked ceremonially.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29636,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Tree important to the Sun's House Chant. This tree, according to legend, has the distinction of being the first tree against which the bear rubs his back in the Sun's House Chant.  The others are red willow, fir and chokecherry.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29638,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Evilway hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
29686,3090,Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used to make snake figurines.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
29901,3145,Proboscidea louisianica ssp. louisianica,95,Hopi,37,w39,92,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the preparation of ceremonial paraphernalia.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 92"
30252,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Sprout or young growth made into a wand and used ceremonially. The sprout or young growth was made into a wand by peeling it and painting it with emblematic colors and designs.  An offering which consisted of tobacco or anything acceptable to higher powers was attached to the top of the wand and usually made for the benefit of the sick.  The offering could be made anywhere and by anyone as long as it was executed with appropriate ceremony, but was most efficiently performed if an altar were prepared at which the wand was placed upright with the offering fastened near the top.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
30381,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,120,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used to make the reed for a ceremonial wolf whistle.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
30691,3178,Prunus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make a staff carried by the Humpback in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
30692,3178,Prunus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
30804,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch bundles tied to sacred Sun Dance poles.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
30921,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used to make dance implements, prayersticks and square hoops for ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
31004,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used to make Evilway and Mountaintopway big hoops and Bear's prayer-stick in Mountaintopway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
31158,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used ceremonially.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
31160,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches considered important in many of the ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
31163,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used in the Easter and Evergreen dances.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
31164,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Trees cut, brought to the pueblo and used in the Easter ceremonies.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
31165,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by the Koshares for dances.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
31168,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant sometimes used in ceremonies.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
31169,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,108,Keresan,90,w45,563,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used to make costumes for dancers, prayer sticks and other ceremonial items.","White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563"
31198,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in almost all dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 42"
31199,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twig used as part of the headdress worn in dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 42"
31200,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches and twigs used in almost all the winter dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 42"
31221,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used for scrubbing and purification by girls at puberty.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31240,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used by bereaved persons to scrub themselves as a purification ritual.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
31269,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,95,Hopi,82,c74,353,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for the Ni-man and Po-wa-me ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 353"
31285,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in the Shooting Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
31291,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches attached to masks and carried in hands by god impersonators in Nightway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31292,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to make Holyway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31293,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make bow and chant arrow for overshooting ceremony of Evilway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31294,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make garment for garment ceremony of Evilway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31295,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make unravelers for several ceremonials.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31329,3203,Psilostrophe sparsiflora (Gray) A. Nels.,95,Hopi,82,c74,354,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the Snake Dance ceremonials.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 354"
31347,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,291,Zuni,6,s15,97,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Blossoms used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring bodies yellow. The blossoms were used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring their limbs and bodies yellow.  The flowers were ground into a meal and mixed with yellow ocher and urine.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 97"
31355,3205,Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,178,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Only used in certain ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 178"
31578,3220,Pterospora andromedea Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves smoked in the kiva.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
31651,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,82,c74,304,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially on the Po-wa-mu altar.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 304"
31658,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make arrows for the Mountain Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
31659,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make female prayersticks for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
31690,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twig and leaf ash used for Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
31781,3240,Pyrola chlorantha Sw.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in paint for the God Impersonators.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"
32071,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,355,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in Oaqol ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 355"
32091,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial bullroarers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32344,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood charcoal used as the black for sandpaintings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32461,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Curled twig used as a drum stick in the War Dance Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32462,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sticks inserted in crevice above door during the dedication and purification of the hogan.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32463,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make digging sticks for the Female Shooting Life Chant for digging medicinal roots.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32464,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used, because of it's hardness and great resisting power, in nearly all of the ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32857,3339,Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,98,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 98"
32868,3341,Rhododendron occidentale (Torr. & Gray ex Torr.) Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 21"
32898,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,78,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves and root used in ceremonial tobacco mixture.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 78"
33129,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,356,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ceremonial equipment and prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 356"
33130,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
33131,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,37,w39,84,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for ceremonial equipment.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 84"
33132,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,37,w39,84,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make prayersticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 84"
33198,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branch, with eagle down attached, carried by the dancers on the last night of the Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33199,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in some ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33200,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs used to make a light frame for the bag carried by the Hunchback in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33201,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood tied with yucca and used to make circle prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33222,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make small hoops on cactus prayerstick of Chiricahua Windway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33890,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34003,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34024,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Large branches used for sweeping evil influences out of graves before burial.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
34058,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34109,3429,Rosa nutkana var. nutkana,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in 'flower dance' costume.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
34114,3429,Rosa nutkana var. nutkana,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, wild parsnip, salmonberry, gooseberry and mask represented a child in a ceremonial dance.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 111"
34211,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34274,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a medicine in the Sun's House Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
34280,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Holyway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
34967,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flower used in 'flower dance' costume and in shamanistic performances.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34977,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprouts formerly used in courting ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35002,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,113,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, wild parsnip, gooseberry and rose used in the dance of Winwina.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
35009,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,113,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, wild parsnip, gooseberry, rose and mask represented a child in a ceremonial dance.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
35020,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprouts formerly used in courting ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63"
35079,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used in purification rituals before dancing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
35388,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen sprinkled on ceremonial equipment.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 20"
35821,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Lightningway hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
35927,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches made into prayer sticks.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 68"
35973,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Lightningway hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36019,3544,Salix prolixa Anderss.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial sticks.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36073,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Inner bark headbands used by pubescent girls and young men, in ritual isolation and training.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"
36187,3551,Salix sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,72,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Occasionally used in ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 72"
36188,3551,Salix sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,72,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make prayersticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 72"
36197,3551,Salix sp.,108,Keresan,90,w45,564,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used extensively in making prayer sticks.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 564"
36229,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches used to make prayersticks, prayerstick foundations and plumed wands.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36230,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Peeled sticks made into the talisman used in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36231,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Sticks used for the Night Chant and Mountain Chant. For the first day's ceremony of the Mountain Chant, willow sticks were gathered to make the emblem of the concentration of the four winds.  A square was made with these sticks, leaving the ends projecting at the corners.  The square was then placed over the invalid's head.  For the rite of charcoal painting in the Night chant, a quantity of willow sticks, together with several pieces of pine bark, were burned to charcoal.  The ashes of two different kinds of weeds, together with the ashes of two small feathers, were then added to the fat of a goat, mountain sheep or other animal, made into balls and daubed on the usual parts of the body.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36239,3551,Salix sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Soft roots used by young boys and girls as pre-scrubbers in the first stage of adulthood training.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
36252,3551,Salix sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used in funeral customs. The burial ceremony occurred four days after the death.  The young men and friends of the family of the deceased accompanied the funeral party to the grave where they made parallel gashes in the skin of the forearm and thrust the willow stems into the gashes.  The stems were bathed with the young men's blood who attested their sympathy to the living and sang the tribal Song to the Spirit.  The song was one of cheer to the departing spirit and one of sympathy to the bereaved.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36308,3551,Salix sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Twigs, one for every household in the village, used in December ceremonies.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 48"
36951,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used to make the face paint for the Big House Ceremony.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 38"
36955,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 80",3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used as a ceremonial face paint.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 80"
37131,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sticks used to make man designs upon which Sun Dancers stood.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37160,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots carved into an image of a snake for the Lightning Chant, Beauty Chant and Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37354,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of stems used as switches in the sweat lodge.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
37373,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
37374,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,104,Kansa,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Braided stems used as one of the five coverings of the sacred clamshell. The sacred clamshell was kept wrapped in five coverings.  The innermost covering was the bladder of a buffalo bull; the second, a covering made of the spotted skin of a fawn; the third was a covering made of braided cattails; the fourth, a very broad piece of deerskin and finally the fifth and outermost covering was made of braided hair from the head of a buffalo bull.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
37394,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used to make headdresses for Indian doctors.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37495,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make images representing the deceased in the ceremony for the dead.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37534,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make ceremonial bundles and images for image burning ceremony.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37668,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant boiled and taken before person goes into sweathouse, to get a good voice for the Night Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
37754,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make dance fans and rattles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37888,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,34,h49,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Decoction or infusion of berries taken during purification rites.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37944,3662,Shinnersoseris rostrata (Gray) S. Tomb,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant offered to the antelope at the Corral Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
38682,3780,Sphaeralcea parvifolia A. Nels.,95,Hopi,82,c74,363,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for mid-winter ceremonials.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 363"
38794,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of plant used to cover kiva entrance during Bean Ceremonial.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
38795,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the hunting ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
38796,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
38877,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,188,Papago,27,cu35,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Pulp boiled with water, strained, boiled again and used as a ceremonial drink.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 22"
38914,3828,Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a paint ingredient for chant arrows used in various ceremonies.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
39038,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bushes used to make the Sun Dance altar.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
39116,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
39120,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
39422,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for burial purposes and made into coffin logs.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39423,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make hunting dance posts.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39477,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used in various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39512,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39535,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used in various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39563,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by bereaved people to scrub and purify themselves.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39655,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used for Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39712,3923,Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make tea to drink and bathe in on fifth night after blackening ceremony of War Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 48"
39923,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39988,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39989,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark rings worn around the neck and on the legs by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39990,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make a special type of 'rattle' for ceremonial activities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39991,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39992,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make coffins.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40007,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used in the fire dancer's headdress to produce sparks and fire. A baking powder can with a copper tube in front and a flexible hose in the back was filled with burning red cedar outer bark.  An aide to the Fire Dancer blew on the hose in the back to produce sparks and smoke at the front of the headdress, which concealed the can and embers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40078,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,129,Lummi,25,g73,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Singed limbs used as brooms to sweep off the walls of a house after removal of a corpse.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40087,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make totem poles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40124,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used by boys in training for manhood.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40125,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40148,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used in church on Palm Sunday.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40149,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Infusion of cedar, fir & rose branches of equal size used as bathing water for sweathouse ritual.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40172,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used to make neck, wrist and ankle rings worn by dancers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40173,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Fibrous tissue used to make ceremonial head, neck, ankle and wrist rings.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40174,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark used to make head rings worn by dancers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40175,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark woven into dance screens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40176,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood and inner bark used for shamanistic or other ceremonial activities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40216,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,215,Saanich,23,tb71,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used to vigorously scrub the body for purity while bathing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40229,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used to make totems, masks and ceremonial drums.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40243,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by pubescent girls and young men in ritual isolation.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
40246,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,241,Skagit,25,g73,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Limbs burned at night and waved through the houses after a death to scare off the ghosts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40281,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into horns used for ritual purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40424,3968,Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen shaken from a horned toad pollen to unraveler string and used in unraveling ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
40438,3971,Townsendia strigosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by Night Chant chanter & spit upon prayersticks to facilitate the disentanglement of string.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
40439,3971,Townsendia strigosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Juice spat upon the wand used in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
40773,4028,Triphysaria versicolor ssp. faucibarbatus (Gray) Chuang & Heckard,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35"
40809,4035,Triteleia laxa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 25"
40968,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40996,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds.  The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends.  Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray.  At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water.  This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.  All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
41017,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41045,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41054,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs made into headdresses and worn by dancers in the Ghost dance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41055,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark and grease made into realistic eyeballs and used in the corpse for the hamatsa ceremony.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41116,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,64,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant associated ceremoniously with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64"
41174,4049,Typha latifolia L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen sprinkled as a cross onto largest mescal crown.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
41179,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as ground covering for ceremonial tipis during the puberty ritual.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41180,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in many ceremonies.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41182,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,151,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151"
41189,4049,Typha latifolia L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks used in constructing ceremonial bundles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
41238,4049,Typha latifolia L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ripened cattails shaken in the rain dance to produce clouds.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 73"
41239,4049,Typha latifolia L.,108,Keresan,90,w45,560,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fuzz used ritually like prayer meal or pollen.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560"
41274,4049,Typha latifolia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make ceremonial necklaces and wristbands for the Male Shooting Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
41275,4049,Typha latifolia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
41315,4049,Typha latifolia L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf used as one of the required articles in dressing the sacred pipes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
41630,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,59,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Foliage placed on fire during the Brush Dance to drive evil spirits away.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41710,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in rituals for whaling and fishing.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41725,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a tea taken during 'sweathousing' and used to 'wash' the skin and hair.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
41767,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41790,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,133,Makah,25,g73,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Rubbed on the body to purify it after handling a corpse.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41801,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41817,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41824,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41864,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41873,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,43,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Nettles used to whip young men going through the ceremony to become dancers.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 43"
41930,4065,Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung.,95,Hopi,37,w39,100,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Black powder used as a ceremonial body paint.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 100"
42666,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots burned as a smudge or fumigant to purify houses.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42667,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots grated, added to laundry water and used to purify clothing.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42676,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,165,ga88,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots burned and used as a fumigant to drive away evil spirits.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42689,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ceremonial purification.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42690,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used for preparation for shamanistic activities, dancing, hunting and fishing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42717,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried roots used as a charm to call rain.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42729,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots burned to fumigate the houses of recently deceased persons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 79"
42737,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,76,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots carried as charms to ward off evil spirits or to kill sea monsters.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 76"
42813,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
42847,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,287,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the sweat lodge.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 287"
42902,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make antelope prayer stick in Plumeway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
43373,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as a body paint for dancers.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
43553,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make images of the dead burned in the memorial rites.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43554,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used as filling material for gourd rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43663,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf ash used as ceremonial blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
43765,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots crushed to make soap, used ceremonially as a purification rite & suds associated with clouds.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43766,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a whip during ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43772,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots made into suds and used during marriage ceremonies. As part of the marriage ceremony, the groom's head was washed by his future mother-in-law, while that of the bride was washed by the bridegroom's mother.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43853,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as whips during the initiations.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43854,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Switches used as whips by the masked personage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43889,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used ceremonially.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43904,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves stuck into snowballs, mixed with red clay and used to stop the snow and rain.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43905,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make ceremonial drumstick.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43957,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant suspended from a ring carried on the back of a god impersonator.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 53"
43991,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Narrow leaf bands worn around the head by personators of anthropic gods. The personators of anthropic gods adorned their wrists and ankles with yucca ribbons and the novitiate into the medicine order of a secret fraternity had his or her wrists adorned with them also.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
43992,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially for a great variety of purposes.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
43999,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as whips in ceremonies.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44000,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs used to make the masks for the kachinas.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44037,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves made into scourges and used in the Night Chant. A leaf was taken from the east side of the plant and one from the west.  The leaves were then split in two and the interchanged halves bound together to form the scourge.  These scourges were carried by the different personators in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44140,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to stir the water for the ceremonial baths.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44191,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,52,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make whips to beat novices during some initiation ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44246,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fiber used to string cakes baked for Fire God & attached to his right arm on 9th day of Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44247,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf strips intertwined with sprigs of fir and used to make necklaces and wristbands for ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44248,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves used for ceremonial purposes. On the sixth day of the Mountain Chant Ceremony, before the couriers were sent on their way, a basin of water containing soap root was brought in, and after the medicine man had daubed the couriers with a little of the suds, they washed themselves from head to foot and cleaned their hair as well.  The Lashing God in the Night Chant carried a ring of yucca leaves on his back and suspended from this by its roots was a complete plant of soapweed.  He held in his hand yucca scourges which were made from the leaves taken from the east and west sides of the plant.  For the yucca that hangs at his back, a specimen was selected whose roots stuck well out of the ground and was kicked out with the foot.  Masks made of the leaves were also used in the Night Chant.  In one of the dances of the last night of the Mountain Chant, yucca was made to grow from the root through buds and flowers to the ripe fruit.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
44249,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch used to cover bullroarers for some of the ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44250,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots, pollen and leaves used during many different ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44362,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprinkled on images of the dead during mourning ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
44384,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the ceremonial diet of the participants of the Big House Ceremony.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44403,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the nadir.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44404,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the northeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44405,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used in almost all ceremonies either as corn meal, as an actual ear of corn or as a painting.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44406,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole ears boiled and given as presents during the winter ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44434,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn husks used as cigarette papers for the ceremonial cigarettes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44435,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal smeared on the body in the burial ceremony.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44436,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn silks used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44437,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44443,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal sprinkled by everyone before eating and prayer repeated.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44444,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn pollen and corn meal used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44470,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Cornmeal mush used to make images for ceremonies. In the Bead Chant, an image of a wildcat was made of sweet corn; in the Mountain Chant, an image of the bear was made of sweet corn; and in the Coyote Chant, effigies of a coyote and a kit fox were made in sweet corn; other images such as the dog, chicken, cat and pig were also reproduced in sweet corn.  To make these animals, a stiff mush was made of corn, which was kneaded to the desired shape, omitting the extremities such as tail, ears and feet.  White shell, turquoise and cannel coal was used for the eyes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44481,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in all ceremonials and also for personal ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44509,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for religious scarification and at busk ceremonies.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44523,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Husks twisted and used to make the framework and mounts for feathers in ceremonial ornaments.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44533,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Balls of husks covered with woven cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops. The balls of corn husks covered with woven cotton were used with long fringes of white cotton ceremonial sashes symbolizing corn and a desire for bountiful crops.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44534,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn ears carried or secretly worn in dances by personators of anthropic gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44535,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal wrapped in husks given to theurgists visiting the sick. The packages were always presented with a prayer and the recipient prayed.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44536,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Popped corn ground, made into a beverage and used ceremonially. Although this beverage could be consumed at any time, it was used especially by the rain priests and personators of anthropic gods during ceremonies.  Another native beverage was also made by the Zuni.  Water was poured over sprouted corn, allowed to stand for some days and then used as a beverage.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44537,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44538,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,White corn meal made into a mush and used ceremonially during the death of a rain priest.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44555,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots placed in the eye sockets and mouth of a dead grouse by the father of a girl reaching puberty. The father of a girl reaching puberty had to snare a grouse, cut off its head, remove its eyes and in their places put two small roots of this plant and another in the mouth.  Otherwise, the father was not able to snare any more grouse.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"