id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
17734,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,59,Creek,128,swan28,666,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,'Black drink' used to 'clear out the system.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 666"
27522,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,"55, 84",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,'Pellets of tar' used as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55, 84"
32779,3326,Rhamnus cathartica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and fruit used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
33769,3398,Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum DC.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and roots used as a physic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
12598,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and wood used as a strong purgative.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
10951,1099,Cornus rugosa Lam.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,405,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark taken as a general cathartic or emetic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 405"
15058,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,368,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a cathartic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
18225,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"60, 61",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a physic and infusion of inner bark taken as a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 60, 61"
2626,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a physic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2495,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
18222,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,57,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57"
29605,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
33791,3403,Ricinus communis L.,193,Pima,11,c49,100,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Beans eaten as a purge.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"
33795,3403,Ricinus communis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Beans used as a cathartic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
36731,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Berries, bark and flower used as a purgative and bark used as a physic.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
24643,2658,Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) P. Mill.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,96,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Boiled fruit used as a purgative.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 96"
28676,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Boiled root eaten as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
13993,1504,Eriogonum elatum Dougl. ex Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,20,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Branch chewed or infusion of plant taken as a physic.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 20"
28692,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,331,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Cold infusion of smashed root taken or raw root chewed for a strong physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 331"
20678,2222,Lobelia inflata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,455,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Cold infusion of whole plant taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 455"
22145,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 80",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound containing root taken to 'cleanse the system.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 80"
28709,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,206,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound containing root used as a physic and for rheumatism.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 206"
28728,3038,Polemonium reptans L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235236,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound containing root used as powerful physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235236"
30759,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,354,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction of bark used as a blood-cleansing cathartic for scrofula sores.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 354"
13607,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"49, 50",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction of leaves used as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49, 50"
3209,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,346,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
30184,3159,Prunella vulgaris L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,346,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
38194,3710,Smilax herbacea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,346,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
42980,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,354,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction of root used as a blood-cleansing cathartic for scrofula sores.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 354"
24429,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,62,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound decoction taken as a diuretic and purgative for 'strangury.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62"
14574,1585,Euphorbia brachycera Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound infusion of plants taken for purging.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
17813,1984,Inula helenium L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,467,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Compound roots used to clean out the intestines.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 467"
38587,3764,Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis,78,Gitksan,9,s29,59,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Crushed fresh fruit eaten raw as a strong purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
182,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,41,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
194,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,462,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 462"
7076,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 74",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74"
15079,1647,Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 78",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 78"
15146,1649,Frangula rubra ssp. rubra,144,Miwok,100,bg33,172,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 172"
15185,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 76",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76"
23477,2531,Morus nigra L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 76",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76"
18188,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,296,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a physic and cathartic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 296"
15190,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,411,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 411"
17722,1979,Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray,100,Iroquois,7,h77,373,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 373"
36690,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,7,h77,449,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 449"
24414,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,62,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative before and after childbirth.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62"
26788,2929,Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,59,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of bark taken as a purgative, a large dose fatal.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
330,8,Abies sp.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,51,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
2481,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,55,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
29606,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 54"
36833,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,236,Sikani,9,s29,64,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
15144,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,169,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark used as a cathartic medicine.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 169"
15122,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,221,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark used as a cathartic.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 221"
15075,1646,Frangula californica ssp. tomentella (Benth.) Kartesz & Gandhi,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,37,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark used as a physic.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 37"
26498,2894,Phoradendron californicum Nutt.,193,Pima,11,c49,82,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of berries taken as a purge.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 82"
18523,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of branches taken as a physic.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
23374,2513,Monardella odoratissima Benth.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,105106,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of branches taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 105106"
34494,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of branches taken as a physic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
39069,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of branches, leaves and berries taken as a physic to clean out the system.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
3791,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of chewed leaves and bark taken as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
15793,1721,Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of chewed leaves and bark taken as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
43007,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,200,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of crushed root taken as a cathartic.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 200"
11587,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of dried roots used as a physic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
8503,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,63,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of entire plant taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 63"
40642,4013,Trifolium sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,19,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of foliage used or foliage eaten as a purgative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19"
6647,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,50,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of fresh roots with salt taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50"
13063,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,60,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of green leaves taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 60"
30123,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of gum taken to cleanse the system.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30124,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,104,r08,79,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of inner bark taken as a cathartic.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 79"
15045,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,50,Costanoan,16,b84,22,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of inner bark used as a purgative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22"
36819,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,360361,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of inner bark, considered dangerous, taken as a cathartic.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 360361"
31634,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,183,Paiute,12,tha41,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves and stems or flowers taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 61"
31637,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves and stems or flowers taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 61"
31695,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves or twigs taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
31714,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves or twigs taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
12008,1221,Dalea formosa Torr.,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves taken as a cathartic.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
13255,1412,Epilobium canum ssp. angustifolium (Keck) Raven,144,Miwok,100,bg33,174,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves taken as a cathartic.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 174"
34477,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,355,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 355"
23025,2484,Mirabilis californica Gray,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves taken as a purgative.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
21281,2279,Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves used as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
36502,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,24,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves used as a purgative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24"
36811,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"27, 28",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of peeled twigs, a drastic purgative, taken for severe constipation.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27, 28"
17937,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"76, 77",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant or root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76, 77"
18180,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant sap taken as a cathartic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
44629,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
26385,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic in the morning and evening.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
1725,88,Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,33,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 33"
13557,1439,Eriastrum filifolium (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"80, 81",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 80, 81"
13561,1439,Eriastrum filifolium (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"80, 81",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 80, 81"
16462,1805,Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,83,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 83"
17951,1999,Ipomopsis congesta ssp. congesta,183,Paiute,12,tha41,77-80,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 77-80"
17957,1999,Ipomopsis congesta ssp. congesta,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,77-80,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 77-80"
17971,1999,Ipomopsis congesta ssp. congesta,276,Washo,12,tha41,77-80,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 77-80"
31050,3187,Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray,183,Paiute,12,tha41,125126,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"
31062,3187,Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,125126,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"
21506,2323,Lycopodium dendroideum Michx.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,316,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a purgative for biliousness.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 316"
11516,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,291,Zuni,6,s15,45,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a purgative.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
28946,3067,Polygonum lapathifolium L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,58,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as an emetic and purgative.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 58"
8842,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,228,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken for wolf ghost sickness: diarrhea and painful defecation.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 228"
37284,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,228,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken for wolf ghost sickness: diarrhea and painful defecation.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 228"
1399,56,Acourtia microcephala DC.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,78,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken to produce 'a very quick passage of the bowels.',"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 78"
38928,3831,Stephanomeria spinosa (Nutt.) S. Tomb,183,Paiute,12,tha41,102103,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant tops taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 102103"
37880,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plants taken by young men in training to purge themselves.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
4732,357,Arenaria sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,261,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of pounded root, with cathartic qualities, taken for stomachaches.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 261"
31724,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,276,Washo,12,tha41,126-128,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of ripe, whole seeds taken as a physic.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
32082,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root bark used as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
28677,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of root boiled into a syrup, made into pills and given as a purgative.","Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
14593,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,220221,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root or compound taken before breakfast as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 220221"
37901,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,472,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root or decoction of dried stem and leaves taken as a physic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 472"
3502,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root or raw root taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
13215,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,68-70,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root or salted decoction of stems taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68-70"
38609,3770,Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,141142,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root or whole plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 141142"
18104,2017,Iris versicolor L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,371,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a 'quick physic.',"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 371"
37690,3648,Senecio spartioides var. multicapitatus (Greenm. ex Rydb.) Welsh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
11622,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"62, 63",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic for venereal disease.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 62, 63"
11631,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"62, 63",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic for venereal disease.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 62, 63"
43616,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,183,Paiute,12,tha41,148149,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic or emetic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 148149"
43629,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,148149,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic or emetic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 148149"
8490,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,53,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53"
16891,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
23017,2482,Mirabilis alipes (S. Wats.) Pilz,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"86, 87",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 86, 87"
25002,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,109110,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
25028,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,109110,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
25052,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,276,Washo,12,tha41,109110,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
26458,2884,Phlox longifolia Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,115,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 115"
35337,3485,Rumex crispus L.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,131132,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131132"
40296,3953,Thymophylla pentachaeta var. belenidium (DC.) Strother,183,Paiute,12,tha41,67,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 67"
42981,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,346,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
43630,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,276,Washo,12,tha41,148149,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 148149"
18049,2011,Iris missouriensis Nutt.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,261,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a purgative.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 261"
25842,2804,Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,467,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a purgative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 467"
37822,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,60,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 60"
36781,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,64,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken twice a day as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
40769,4027,Triosteum perfoliatum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,207208,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as a 'drink for cleansing the system.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 207208"
5928,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,275,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as a cathartic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 275"
16066,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
16935,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as a purgative and tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
15317,1661,Fraxinus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as an enema.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
24345,2632,Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as an enema.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
8733,820,Celastrus scandens L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,344,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of root used, especially for babies, as a physic.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344"
22075,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,78,Gitksan,9,s29,53,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of root, a very strong medicine, taken as a purgative.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 53"
39151,3858,Symphoricarpos sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,346,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of root, a very strong remedy, taken as a physic.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
36780,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,64,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of root, second brewing only, taken as a purgative.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
34143,3432,Rosa sp.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,59,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots and branches taken as a purgative for stomach pain.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
23116,2494,Mitchella repens L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,441,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots given to newborn babies as a physic for stomachaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 441"
16886,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken as a purgative.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16936,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken as a purgative.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
9005,848,Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) Hook. & Arn.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,221,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken by family of dead one as a purge to avoid illness.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 221"
16937,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken by warriors and hunters as a purgative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
28563,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,26,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken by women during menses as a cathartic.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 26"
35450,3494,Rumex salicifolius Weinm.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots used for severe constipation.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
18441,2054,Juniperus communis L.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,49,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of tips taken as a purgative and for coughs.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49"
18220,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,224,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of twig bark or decoction of wood and bark taken as a cathartic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 224"
37875,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,216,Salish,144,teit28,294,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of twigs taken as a mild physic.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
1879,98,Ageratina altissima var. altissima,100,Iroquois,7,h77,458,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of whole plant and roots taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458"
5480,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of whole plant or shoots taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
24924,2689,Orthocarpus purpureoalbus Gray ex S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
35515,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,42,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of whole plant taken as a physic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"
13708,1462,Erigeron aphanactis var. aphanactis,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"70, 71",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction of whole plant, a violent remedy, taken as a physic.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 70, 71"
36255,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,133-136,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of woody stems taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 133-136"
2406,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,100,Iroquois,7,h77,301,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of young shoot bark taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 301"
42986,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,435,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction or infusion of roots taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 435"
911,38,Achillea millefolium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction or roots and scarlet gilia leaves taken as a physic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
35265,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,312,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction taken as a physic for general bowel trouble and intestinal colds.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 312"
25843,2804,Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,493,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Decoction used as a beverage, but if too strong acted as a purgative.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493"
30539,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Dried fruit used as a purgative.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
12154,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,50,Costanoan,16,b84,14,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Dried leaves smoked as a purgative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"
43919,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Fruits eaten raw as a cathartic.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
32935,3347,Rhus glabra L.,76,Flathead,30,h92,55,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Fruits used as a purgative.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
31249,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Gum and dogfish oil taken as a purgative for many ailments.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
334,8,Abies sp.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,51,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Gum or mashed cones used as purgative and diuretic for consumption and gonorrhea.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
38515,3755,Sonchus oleraceus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,106,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Gum used as a cathartic.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 106"
5173,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"39, 40",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Hot decoction of branches taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 39, 40"
37701,3650,Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion given to children and adults as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
37712,3651,Senna marilandica (L.) Link,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion given to children and adults as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
30517,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"47, 48",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of any part taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47, 48"
15062,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark and leaves used as a cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
36890,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark and roots taken by boys and girls as a purgative to cleanse the system.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
32769,3325,Rhamnus alnifolia L'H‚r.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,381,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark given to children as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 381"
33034,3351,Rhus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,372,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark given to newborn babies as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 372"
36734,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,265,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark scraped downward and used as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265"
32802,3329,Rhamnus sp.,51,Costanoan (Olhonean),109,m66,374,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 374"
15094,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark taken as a physic.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
31381,3208,Psorothamnus polydenius (Torr. ex S. Wats.) Rydb.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,126,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark taken as a physic.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 126"
439,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,65,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark taken in the morning as a cathartic.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
21120,2261,Lonicera dioica L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,234,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark used as a cathartic.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 234"
15086,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,76,Flathead,30,h92,56,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark used as a purgative.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 56"
15099,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,120,Kutenai,30,h92,56,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark used as a purgative.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 56"
18215,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,254,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark used as a purgative.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 254"
23465,2529,Morus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
23484,2532,Morus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of bark used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
33781,3403,Ricinus communis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of beans used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
21154,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,67,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of berries used as a cathartic and emetic to cleanse the body.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
36691,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,7,h77,449,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of blossoms given to babies as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 449"
30711,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of cambium and saskatoon taken as a purge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
43032,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,64,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of crushed inner bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
24932,2692,Osmorhiza berteroi DC.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of ground root pieces taken as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
1023,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of herb used as a cathartic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
36828,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,46,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic and emetic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 46"
15326,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
41531,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"56, 57",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 56, 57"
43165,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,361,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 361"
7161,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of inner bark used as an enema.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
23213,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of leaves taken as a cathartic.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 54"
14430,1575,Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of leaves taken as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
10824,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,211,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of leaves used as a cathartic tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 211"
6734,517,Atriplex sp.,286,Yokut,109,m66,437,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of leaves used as a cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 437"
38419,3736,Solidago gigantea Ait.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of leaves used as a strong physic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
36612,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of pith used as a purge.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
2902,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant and choke cherry cambium taken as a purge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
18088,2017,Iris versicolor L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,287,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 287"
39375,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant taken as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
11498,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant taken as a purgative.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
6820,540,Bahia dissecta (Gray) Britt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,32,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
11508,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
16294,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,46,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
5393,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant used as a mild cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
14431,1575,Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,265,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of plant used as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265"
14595,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,369,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of pounded root taken before eating as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369"
15139,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,277,West Coast Indian,200,r34,133,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root bark or bark taken as a cathartic.,"Reagan, Albert, 1934, Various Uses of Plants by West Coast Indians, Washington Historical Quarterly 25:133-37, page 133"
36782,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,64,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
36773,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,64,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root bark used or root bark chewed as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
23162,2497,Mitella sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,348,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root juice taken to hasten elimination and purging.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 348"
28775,3046,Polygala senega L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root or root powder taken as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
5986,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root taken as a spring tonic by the old and works as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
37987,3679,Silene latifolia ssp. alba (P. Mill.) Greuter & Burdet,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,361,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of root used as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 361"
2389,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,32,Cherokee,115,t40,14,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
17498,1927,Hydrangea cinerea Small,32,Cherokee,115,t40,25,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 25"
34514,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,32,Cherokee,115,t40,30,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
34671,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,30,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
6872,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,20,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
25029,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,41,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a general physic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 41"
14435,1576,Euonymus europaea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,374,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 374"
21675,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,243,Skokomish,25,g73,22,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a physic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
25063,2699,Osmorhiza sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,398,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 398"
17627,1961,Hypericum fasciculatum Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,231,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots taken for rat sickness: blocked urination and bowels.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 231"
35291,3485,Rumex crispus L.,141,Micmac,93,mech59,259,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of roots used as a purgative.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 259"
14616,1592,Euphorbia sp.,59,Creek,128,swan28,661,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Infusion of roots, 'a very violent remedy,' taken to make the bowels act.","Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 661"
33796,3403,Ricinus communis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,275,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of seeds taken as a cathartic for constipation.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 275"
4739,359,Argemone hispida Gray,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,42,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of seeds taken as a physic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"
12592,1317,Dirca palustris L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,346,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of stalk taken or green stalk chewed as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
2496,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
1518,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,"77, 78",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of twigs used 'to produce vomit and bowel relief.',"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77, 78"
39658,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,144,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion or decoction of dried plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 144"
5551,404,Artemisia sp.,183,Paiute,111,m90,42,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion taken as a physic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"
24412,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,62,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Inner bark acts as a purgative, especially if taken with hot water.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62"
29527,3105,Populus sp.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Inner bark eaten as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
36723,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,207,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Inner bark of young shoots used as a purgative.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 207"
32778,3325,Rhamnus alnifolia L'H‚r.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,75,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Inner bark used as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 75"
18300,2034,Juglans nigra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,224225,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Inner bark used as a very strong physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 224225"
42563,4097,Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & Gray) Rydb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,57,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Large doses of plant produced purging.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 57"
865,38,Achillea millefolium L.,133,Makah,3,g83,322,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Leaves chewed 'to clean one out.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 322"
23879,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,50,Costanoan,16,b84,14,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"
34698,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,356,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Leaves used as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 356"
12256,1245,Daucus carota L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,56,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Leaves used as a purgative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
14128,1530,Eriogonum sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,72,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Leaves, growing near the root, used as a physic.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 72"
27417,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,"49, 50",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Needles or inner bark eaten or decoction of inner bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50"
37760,3656,Sesamum orientale L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Oil of seed used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
18172,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Pills from inner bark used as a cathartic and compound infusion used for toothache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18173,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Pills prepared from inner bark and used as a cathartic.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
2675,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,78,Gitksan,14,c93,225,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Pistillate catkins crushed and eaten raw as a physic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 225"
29852,3131,Potentilla norvegica ssp. monspeliensis (L.) Aschers. & Graebn.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,384,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Plant known to be a physic, even by the very young.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 384"
355,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,21,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 21"
1963,124,Aletes acaulis (Torr.) Coult. & Rose,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
9246,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,291,Zuni,6,s15,51,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 51"
14720,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
17622,1957,Hypericum brachyphyllum (Spach) Steud.,228,Seminole,88,s54,275,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 275"
17628,1961,Hypericum fasciculatum Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,275,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 275"
17920,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,37,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 37"
18076,2017,Iris versicolor L.,59,Creek,115,t40,10,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 10"
26438,2881,Phlox caespitosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
26823,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,316,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 316"
27765,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,306,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
38940,3835,Stillingia sp.,59,Creek,115,t40,36,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36"
38988,3840,Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (Michx.) Reveal,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,374,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a physic and infusion taken as a cough remedy.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 374"
14252,1551,Eryngium yuccifolium Michx.,59,Creek,128,swan28,655656,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a physic called 'the war physic.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 655656"
1319,55,Acorus calamus L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,201202,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 201202"
6258,444,Asclepias subulata Dcne.,193,Pima,11,c49,81,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a physic.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 81"
10902,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,81,Green River Group,25,g73,42,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a physic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
29755,3115,Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britt.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,350,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 350"
18066,2016,Iris verna L.,59,Creek,128,swan28,669670,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a powerful cathartic.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 669670"
18077,2017,Iris versicolor L.,59,Creek,128,swan28,669670,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a powerful cathartic.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 669670"
4734,358,Arenaria triflora var. obtusa S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,350,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative for babies and adults with intestinal disorders.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 350"
17134,1879,Heuchera sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,350,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative for babies and adults with intestinal disorders.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 350"
23163,2497,Mitella sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,350,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative for babies and adults with intestinal disorders.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 350"
1455,61,Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
17473,1924,Huperzia selago var. selago,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,60,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
18074,2017,Iris versicolor L.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
19091,2063,Juniperus sp.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,314,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 314"
21729,2350,Machaeranthera parviflora Gray,157,Navajo,141,h56,148,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148"
30540,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,157,Navajo,74,e44,96,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purgative.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 96"
9178,870,Chamaesyce lata (Engelm.) Small,157,Navajo,141,h56,151,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant used as a purge.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151"
38059,3688,Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid.,284,Yavapai,201,g32,211,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Plant yielded oily food with cathartic qualities.,"Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252, page 211"
9843,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,276,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Poultice of soaked roots applied to the stomach as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
15057,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,131,Mahuna,5,r54,21,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Powdered bark used as a cathartic for constipation.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 21"
4748,361,Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"38, 39",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Roasted, mashed seeds taken as powder or pills to serve as a physic.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 38, 39"
24407,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,62,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root bark chewed as purgative and decoction of root bark and stems taken.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62"
26772,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,289,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root extract used as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289"
1314,55,Acorus calamus L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"22, 23",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Root used as a 'good physic for the whole system, clearing the bile and all.'","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 22, 23"
4061,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a cathartic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6143,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,205,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a cathartic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 205"
15776,1719,Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. quinquefolia,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
27345,2945,Pimpinella anisum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"28, 78",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 78"
37890,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,238,Sioux,73,b05,24,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a cathartic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
28829,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,374,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a physic and decoction used as cough remedy.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 374"
25661,2770,Pedicularis canadensis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,83,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 83"
1341,55,Acorus calamus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,355,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a quick acting physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 355"
42996,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"53, 54",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Root used as a strong physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53, 54"
3751,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Root, poisonous in large doses, used as a cathartic.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
6557,496,Astragalus sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots chewed as a cathartic.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
22142,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,62,Delaware,97,t72,38,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots combined with others and used to cleanse the system.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 38"
27343,2945,Pimpinella anisum L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,33,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
9834,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
22390,2413,Marah macrocarpus (Greene) Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a purgative.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
24240,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,326,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a purgative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326"
35292,3485,Rumex crispus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a purgative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
38114,3697,Sisyrinchium bellum S. Wats.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a purgative.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
12032,1229,Dalea villosa var. villosa,125,Lakota,108,r80,47,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Roots used as a purge.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47"
17928,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"76, 77",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Simple or compound decoction of plant or root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76, 77"
15133,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,259,Thompson,33,steed28,473,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong decoction of bark or wood used as a physic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473"
18270,2034,Juglans nigra L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"24, 76",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 24, 76"
42997,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,138,Menominee,176,d32,131,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong decoction of root taken as powerful cathartic.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131"
19092,2063,Juniperus sp.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,49,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong decoction of whole plant taken as a purgative and diuretic.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49"
26230,2846,Petradoria pumila ssp. pumila,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong decoction taken as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39376,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong infusion of dried leaves taken as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
32757,3323,Ratibida tagetes (James) Barnh.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong infusion of leaves used as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
31339,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong infusion of plant taken as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
15134,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Strong or mild decoction of bark and sometimes wood used as a physic.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
18216,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"38, 39",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Syrup from sap used as a standard 'physic.',"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 38, 39"
9181,871,Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
14582,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
28564,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
34455,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34672,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
34741,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
15064,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,145,Modesse,109,m66,224,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"
23916,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
23956,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
36485,3564,Sambucus nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
36646,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
2049,138,Allium canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a mild cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2213,157,Allium sativum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a mild cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2308,166,Allium vineale L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a mild cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
32809,3331,Rheum rhaponticum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a mild purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
38120,3699,Sisyrinchium montanum Greene,100,Iroquois,7,h77,288,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a physic for old people.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 288"
6974,553,Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
6987,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
14473,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
17482,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
42970,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
17590,1949,Hymenoxys bigelovii (Gray) Parker,95,Hopi,82,c74,328,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as a purge.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 328"
2599,173,Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,22,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used as an 'emetic and purgative.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22"
9853,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,89,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Used with caution as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
21718,2346,Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,49,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Warm infusion of plant tops taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49"
1215,55,Acorus calamus L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,344,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Warm infusion of root taken as a physic by children and adults.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344"
23771,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,106107,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Weak decoction of leaves taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 106107"
23795,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,106107,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Weak decoction of leaves taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 106107"