id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
18,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hard knots used to make halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
169,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hard knots used to make halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
383,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fitted around deer hunters' heads and used in sizing deer head disguises.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 40"
392,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
393,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
405,18,Acacia willardiana,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
411,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
416,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
421,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
422,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90"
423,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
435,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood gathered while green, the heart removed and used in making bows, arrows and dipnet frames.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
442,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,20,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Straight, young tree trunks used to make bows.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
443,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young twigs used for making fishnet hoops.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
463,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
538,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark cut into one-inch bands, fastened together into a roll and used to catch deer.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
575,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
594,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
627,32,Acer rubrum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Traps boiled in water with bark to deodorize the scent of the previous animal trapped.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
632,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
657,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
699,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
712,36,Acer sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 88"
722,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
793,38,Achillea millefolium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried flowers used for lynx bait.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1099,44,Achillea sp.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make lures for traps.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1494,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1495,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1499,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow foreshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
1502,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,205,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow foreshafts.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"
1516,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow heads.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1620,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Ground nuts sprinkled into pools to kill fish, a fishing method.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1621,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1655,79,Aesculus sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
1768,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded leaves dried and made into bowstrings and snares.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
2455,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2475,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2575,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow points.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2620,174,Alnus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,72,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make fish nets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72"
2668,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2743,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Seeds used to bait snares.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
2926,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2954,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
2958,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,76,Flathead,30,h92,9,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, flexible stems used for arrow shafts.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2963,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2972,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs used as points on arrow shafts.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2973,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the foreshafts of salmon harpoons.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2983,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
2987,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
3013,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows and spears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3020,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3025,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3029,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood occasionally used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
3031,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,65,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems of the young plant used for arrows.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65"
3054,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as reinforcement for dipnet hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3055,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3061,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3080,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,221,Samish,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the spreader in rigging halibut line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3089,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the spreader in rigging halibut line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3127,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79"
3130,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows and gun cleaners.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3146,214,Amelanchier sp.,230,Shasta,109,m66,217,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 217"
3159,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems made into arrow shafts and used for hunting.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3162,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,95,Hopi,82,c74,284,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 284"
3197,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 45"
3295,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,18,Arikara,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3299,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,93,Hidatsa,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3300,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,135,Mandan,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3723,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make eulachon nets.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3746,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant stalk sucked by hunters to imitate fawn wanting it's mother, a doe magnet.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79"
3747,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and used for bow strings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3816,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine & occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3817,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3818,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3819,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark fiber made into twine and used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3820,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark fibers made into twine and used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
3821,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
3825,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make nets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3849,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3852,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
3857,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,247,Songish,23,tb71,78,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make pursenets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 78"
3870,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3871,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3872,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants made into rope or thread and used for sewing and to make fishnets. The plants were dried, beaten with a stick to soften and loosen the fiber and then rolled and twisted on a piece of buckskin covering the upper leg.  The resulting rope or thread was used for sewing, for rope and for fish nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3873,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,246,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make nets for catching deer.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 246"
3874,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, crushed stem fibers used to make fish nets and snares for deer, bears and small game.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 90"
4198,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Berries used as bait for steelhead.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4359,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4377,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4467,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4708,350,Ardisia escallonoides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht. & Cham.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
5262,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as an ingredient in trap lures.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 30"
5313,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make small boys' arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
5314,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make small arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
5918,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts and blowguns with darts for small game.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5923,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowguns and darts.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 18"
5926,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks hollowed and used as blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5927,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5929,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to make blowguns, knives, arrows and bows.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5936,418,Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks hollowed and used as blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5937,418,Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
6102,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
6103,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and sometimes used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6104,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6105,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6106,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem fiber made into twine, occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6160,438,Asclepias perennis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6170,440,Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6175,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6191,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make nets.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6283,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6288,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots applied to whistles used for calling deer.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
6304,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Outer bark used for making cords for fishlines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6315,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,428,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Milk and Canada hawkweed milk used to put on a deer call to imitate the call of a hungry fawn.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428"
6625,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6664,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6787,533,Baccharis pilularis DC.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,393,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Light and pithy wood formerly used for arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 393"
6796,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant burned into a black powder, mixed with another ingredient and used for gun powder.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6797,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make one piece arrows for hunting small game.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6804,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
7196,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make moose calls.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7213,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish traps.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7294,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make spears for hunting bears and bows for hunting both large and small game.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7331,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make muskrat callers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7336,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make trumpets for calling game.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7642,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7699,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,306,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small limbs used as bows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
7700,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,276,Washo,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
7826,692,Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn.,285,Yokia,89,c02,348,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pithy shoots used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 348"
8119,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in tending hako fish traps.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
8177,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Ribs split, made into rough cages and used to trap gambel quail and morning doves.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 43"
8278,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8324,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8329,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for bows.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
8355,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used for making bows. Some are quite particular about the piece of wood they select, choosing a billet from the tree that includes heart wood on one side and sap wood on the other.  The heart wood is the front of the bow in use, while the sap wood is nearest the user.  It is a wood of general utility.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
8370,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Strong, elastic wood used to make bows and arrows.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
8393,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8401,769,Carya sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
8465,786,Castilleja hispida Benth.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8514,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8627,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs used as foreshafts for the two piece arrows. Straight stems were used by removing the leaves and bark and sharpening one end. The piece would then have been fitted into a section of hollow carizzo grass or 'cane.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8630,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,367,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Brushes used to build fish dams.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 367"
8870,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
8896,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365"
8902,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for the heads of fish spears.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
8905,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, enduring wood used for making fish spear heads.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
8939,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow tips.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
8947,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into arrow points.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8967,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8978,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,354,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood formerly used to make arrow tips.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354"
8981,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for spear points.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
8984,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
9084,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Rods struck with Pacific crabapple sticks or yew wood to make noise to herd animals while hunting.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9085,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9101,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and paddles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9118,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9296,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,339,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fibers used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 339"
9324,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,259,Thompson,10,tta90,235,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant blooms indicated that the deer would be fat.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 235"
9330,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make oolichan nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9572,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9702,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saponaceous material used as a stupefying agent and placed into streams to catch fish.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
9708,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bulbs produced a detergent foam used as fish poison.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
9728,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bulbs formerly mashed, stirred in rivers and used as a poison to stupefy fish and eels.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9738,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bulb used for fish poison.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
9750,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bulbs crushed, placed in still waters and used as a fish poison.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
9758,926,Chrysobalanus icaco L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,484,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 484"
9907,950,Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Down used as the tail for blow darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
9962,960,Cirsium horridulum Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,507,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowgun darts.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 507"
10035,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Down used as the tail for blow darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
10053,976,Cissus verticillata (L.) D.H. Nicols. & Jarvis,228,Seminole,88,s54,474,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bow strings.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 474"
10093,982,Citrus aurantium L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,511,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 511"
10096,983,Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.,228,Seminole,88,s54,512,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows for boys.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 512"
10256,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,59,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bowstrings.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
10257,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,59,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make carrying nets for snares.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
10268,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,276,Washo,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
10716,1077,Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used for fishing drags.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 49"
10791,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,429,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root boiled to wash muskrat traps and make it lure the muskrat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429"
10816,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
10817,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10818,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10819,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10820,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10918,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,81,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
10920,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,241,Skagit,25,g73,42,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dry wood used to make foreshafts of salmon harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10930,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
10973,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Flexible branches used to make the frame of a cylindrical basketry trap. The frame was tied together with 'gray willow' rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
10974,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Sap used on arrowheads for the poisonous effect upon animals.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
10975,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twisted branches used to make gill nets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11016,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11041,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,76,Flathead,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11048,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,233,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to string fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233"
11064,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Tough branches used to make bows and arrows.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
11065,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used for arrows with tips of western service berry wood.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
11081,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches twisted and used to make fishnets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11082,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twisted branches used to make fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
11113,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make fish traps.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11119,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92"
11120,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fishing hooks and salmon tethering poles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92"
11253,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight suckers used for arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
11258,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,190,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Young branch softened with urine, twisted and used to make a dipnet hoop.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 190"
11264,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
11277,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for fish traps.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
11280,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,55,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight branches used for arrows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 55"
11282,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,333,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wands made into baskets and used as salmon traps.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
11308,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into poles and used on the fish trigger or set net.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11387,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Spines used for fish hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"
11402,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,259,Thompson,33,steed28,454,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Spines used as pins and fishhooks.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454"
11403,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Spines used to make fish hooks.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
11440,1131,Crataegus sp.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,431,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark smoked to attract deer while hunting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431"
11485,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots thrown into freshwater pools or dammed streams to stupefy fish.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
11489,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants used as fish poison to make them easy to catch.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 61"
11491,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,363,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bruised leaves used as a substitute for soaproot to poison fish and make them easier to catch.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 363"
11492,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,321,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as a poison to stupefy fish.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321"
12003,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used to kill small animals.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
12004,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used to kill small animals.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33"
12087,1239,Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves and roots used to kill trout.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
12317,1258,Delphinium scopulorum Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Petals and other blue flowers, ground and used for luck in hunting.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
12549,1304,Dionaea muscipula Ellis,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small piece of plant chewed and spat on bait for fishing.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
12875,1354,Echinocactus sp.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Thorns used as fishhooks for deep water fishing.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 47"
12952,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
13656,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13659,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used for arrows.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
13689,1456,Ericameria palmeri var. pachylepis (Hall) Nesom,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,34,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight stems used as arrow foreshafts.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34"
13794,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,429,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Disk florets smoked to attract the buck deer. They say that cows and deer eat the blossoms.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429"
14206,1542,Eriophorum sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Flower used as a lure for catching grayling.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
14409,1573,Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.,228,Seminole,88,s54,467,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467"
14698,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
14700,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Slender, smooth, straight branches used to make arrow shafts.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
14703,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight sticks used for arrow shafts.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
14705,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows and brooms.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
14711,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Straight, slender branches used to make arrows.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 46"
14712,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,221,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow foreshafts.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221"
14717,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow shafts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
14747,1610,Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,193,Pima,11,c49,56,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Thorns used to make fish hooks.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 56"
14749,1610,Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,288,Yuma,125,cb51,222,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Spines heated and bent to make fishing hooks.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 222"
14762,1616,Ficus aurea Nutt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,481,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to make arrows, bowstrings and fish line.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481"
14811,1627,Forestiera segregata var. segregata,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
15161,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,10,Apache,139,n66,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Large stems used to make an elk call.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
15184,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make handles for fishing spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
15218,1657,Fraxinus cuspidata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68"
15220,1657,Fraxinus cuspidata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow shafts and bows.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
15255,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows and arrows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75"
15259,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
15275,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
15276,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15278,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15279,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15284,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15287,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,125,Lakota,108,r80,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52"
15294,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,All ash wood quite valuable and used for bows and arrows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15298,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15299,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15301,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15302,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15306,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15307,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15312,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,238,Sioux,73,b05,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
15313,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15314,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15322,1662,Fraxinus velutina Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"
15331,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into cordage and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
16155,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Blades placed under a trap to keep it from freezing to the ground and over it to hide the trap.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16156,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Blades used to make duck hunting blinds.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16157,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in the construction of waterfowl blinds.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16158,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to conceal traps.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16498,1808,Hedophyllum sessile (C. Agardh.) Setchell,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fronds used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
16602,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stalks used to make bird snares. Bird snares were made of stalks in which were drilled two small holes.  In one of these holes was inserted a twig of greasewood and at the end of this was fastened a sliding loop of horsehair.  The greasewood twig was then bent in a bow and the loop passed through the upper hole, across which was laid a small piece of reed.  The small stick below the loop was placed so that one end rests on the rim of the stalk and the other end on the reed.  When a bird alighted on this, the small piece of reed was disturbed and the greasewood twig straightened, drawing the horsehair loop with the bird's foot in it into the stalk.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
16737,1845,Hemizonia corymbosa (DC.) Torr. & Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Foliage burned to drive ground squirrels from burrows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
16881,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,432,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots boiled and sprinkled on the fishing nets to lure fish.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432"
16954,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,326,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Petioles rubbed on fishing gear to insure success in fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326"
17001,1862,Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make small arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
17002,1862,Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Tall stems sometimes used to make arrow mainshafts.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
17303,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root fibers used to make hunting bags.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
17312,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make shafts and spear prongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17316,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,114,Klallam,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17317,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17324,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,129,Lummi,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17328,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,133,Makah,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17333,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used with a yew wood barb tied on the end as an octopus spear.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17341,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make arrows, fishing spear heads and bows.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17345,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
17346,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for arrows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
17348,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Long branches used to make baby baskets and arrows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 40"
17350,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, harpoon shafts and halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17353,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,216,Salish,63,tb73,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17356,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, harpoon shafts and halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17363,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,241,Skagit,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17365,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17369,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17371,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make flounder spears and the prongs of duck spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17372,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
17565,1941,Hymenoclea sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 47"
17738,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,228,Seminole,88,s54,476,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows and ramrods.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 476"
18015,2008,Iris douglasiana Herbert,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,330,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaf edges made into nets and ropes used to make snares for catching deer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 330"
18022,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Leaves dried, scraped & used to make fish nets, camping bags, deer snares, traps & woodpecker nets.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
18024,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,200,Pomo,109,m66,284,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the strongest deer snares.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284"
18062,2015,Iris tenuissima Dykes,200,Pomo,109,m66,284,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the strongest deer snares.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284"
18256,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make gunstocks.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18423,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used as the primary material for making bows, either self bows or sinew backed.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18667,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Larger trees used to make bows backed with sinew.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18712,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make hunting bows.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18748,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
18771,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for bows.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
18817,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood and sinew strips used to make laminated bows.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18962,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
18963,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the best material for bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
18988,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,36,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
18989,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,36,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make lance shafts and bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
19011,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Pounded branches, berries and water used to soak arrowheads and render them poisonous. Arrowheads, soaked overnight in a solution of pounded juniper branches (with berries) and water, were said to cause a deer's blood to coagulate when it was wounded so that it couldn't run far.  This 'poison' worked effectively, even if the deer were only nicked with the arrowhead.  It was said not to affect the edibility of the meat.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19012,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Tough wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19028,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
19060,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hunters rubbed the boughs on themselves as protection against grizzlies.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19061,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and clubs.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
19062,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make the two outer prongs of a leister, the center from 'ironwood' or saskatoon wood.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19071,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19356,2081,Krigia biflora (Walt.) Blake,138,Menominee,51,s23,80,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem used by hunters to make a wail that simulated a fawn in distress & lured the doe to the hunter.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
19373,2083,Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,429,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used in the same manner as the Canada hawkweed to attract a doe to them for a close shot.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429"
19419,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in hunting to imitate the sound of a deer.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19453,2092,Laminaria groenlandica Rosenvinge,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fronds used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
19511,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
19546,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,22,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 22"
19679,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Twigs cut, peeled, straightened, dried, split and used as the foreshafts of hunting arrows.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
19680,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,42,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows for hunting small animals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 42"
19718,2113,Lathyrus palustris L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,273,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root used as a lure to trap beaver and other game.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273"
20079,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems straightened, notched, fixed with wooden tips into arrows and used for hunting.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
20087,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fire hardened stems used as the main shaft in arrowmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
20089,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,128,Luiseno,31,bs72,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fire hardened stems used as the main shaft in arrowmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
20090,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,128,Luiseno,24,s08,205,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow mainshafts.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"
20106,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,185,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used as a indicator of marmot burrows.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 185"
20232,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,137,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pulverized root used for poisoning fish.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 137"
20405,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems made into strings and cords used for weaving fish nets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
20410,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fibers used in fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20744,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,287,Yuki,46,c57i,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Chewed while hunting to prevent deer from detecting human scent.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... I. Historical Review and Medicinal Plants, The Masterkey 31:40-48, page 44"
20786,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,66,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Roots pounded, steeped in water overnight and used to poison fish.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 66"
20799,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,129,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to stupefy fish.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129"
21005,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves or seeds used for devil's club codfish lures.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
21416,2315,Lycium fremontii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,70,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 70"
21739,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
21742,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
21743,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
21744,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
21746,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,193,Pima,11,c49,83,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 83"
21747,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows whenever obtainable.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
21748,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,228,Seminole,88,s54,467,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467"
21749,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows. This plant grew outside Tewa country.  It was considered to be better for making bows than any native wood.  It was brought from the east by the Tewa, or obtained from the Comanche or other Eastern tribes.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 68"
21756,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths and used to catch herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
22153,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,64,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Mashed roots used as a fish stupefier. When put in a stream it stunned the fish, which floated on the water.  They were caught in the basket winnower and thrown to the bank.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 64"
22218,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Sticks used to strike rods of cedar to make noise while driving animals to be killed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22219,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22262,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,V-shaped branches used as gaffs for salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22272,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,209,Quileute,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make seal spear prongs and as bait lure on sea bass hooks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
22280,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make halibut hooks, bows and fishing floats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
22380,2411,Marah fabaceus (Naud.) Naud. ex Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root used as a fish drug.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
22382,2411,Marah fabaceus (Naud.) Naud. ex Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,41,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Mashed root used in pools in the river and in tidepools at the beach for poisoning fish.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 41"
22403,2415,Marah oreganus (Torr. ex S. Wats.) T.J. Howell,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,390,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots formerly used as fish poison.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 390"
22603,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant boiled with traps to destroy the human scent.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 51"
22765,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,238,Sioux,30,h92,64,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant solution used for concealing human scent from traps.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 64"
22795,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant boiled with traps to deodorize them so that the smell of blood would not deter the animals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 112"
23046,2488,Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,334,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Heavy root used to anchor the bird trap string.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 334"
23270,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,54,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant chewed by hunters while hunting.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 54"
23364,2513,Monardella odoratissima Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,109,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to wipe fishing hooks & lines, spears, harpoons, animal snares & arrows to remove scent.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
23462,2528,Mortonia scabrella Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,230,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the foreshaft on the reed arrow.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 230"
23475,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,188,Papago,27,cu35,70,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long shoots peeled of bark, laid in hot ashes, dried and used as bows.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 70"
23505,2532,Morus rubra L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
23508,2533,Morus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 50"
23561,2556,Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowgun darts.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
23566,2557,Myrica gale L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pistillate catkins used as an ingredient in lures.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 46"
23597,2569,Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.,228,Seminole,88,s54,469,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 469"
23694,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hollow stalks used to make fishing lines for deep sea fishing.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 139"
23700,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,303,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stipes used to make fishing lines.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 303"
23709,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths and used to catch herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23712,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,25,g73,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Kelp used as fishing culture for fish line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23713,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,3,g83,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Solid stipes used for fish lines.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23724,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Lower stipes used for ropes and fishing lines.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23725,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stipes partially dried, rubbed with oil until saturated and used as fishing line.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"
23730,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stipes used to make fishing lines.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 46"
23736,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,124,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, shredded stems used as cordage or fish line.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 124"
23738,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Kelp used as fishing culture for fish line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23740,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Kelp used as fishing culture for fish line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23741,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,303,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stipes used to make fishing lines.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 303"
24046,2592,Nolina sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make snares.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 51"
24310,2620,Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner,183,Paiute,111,m90,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root rubbed on hunter's moccasins and body to attract deer.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
24417,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Sticks peeled, cut into pieces, fastened to bass fishing line and used to attract fish.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
24418,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into fishing lures.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
24481,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Spiny stems used as spears for catching octopus and carved into fishing lures. Because the wood is light, it spins around when pulled through the water and helps to attract fish.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
24483,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,327,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used by hunters in a bath to remove the human smell.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 327"
24484,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,114,Klallam,25,g73,41,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Sticks peeled, cut, fastened to bass lines and used as fish lures.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41"
24501,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,133,Makah,3,g83,289,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make lures and hooks for bass fishing.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 289"
24508,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,95,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make codfish and sea or black bass lures.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
24509,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,289,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make lures for cod fishing.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 289"
24656,2659,Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Spines used to make fish hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
24768,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Spines used to make fish hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
24827,2670,Opuntia sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Sharp thorns used as points for small arrows to kill birds.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 45"
25000,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,70,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots carried by hunters for the 'good smell' to cover the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
25094,2700,Osmunda cinnamomea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Shoots eaten by hunters to have same scent as shoot eating deer, deer will not be frightened away.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
25126,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,125,Lakota,108,r80,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 40"
25128,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
25221,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25274,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Ribs used as shafts for fish spears.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 37"
25385,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,80,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root chewed by hunters to impart a lure to the breath and to attract deer.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
25930,2816,Penstemon pachyphyllus Gray ex Rydb.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,241,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves folded lengthwise and place in the mouth to produce a baby deer sound while hunting.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 241"
26281,2864,Phalaris arundinacea L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make fishing weirs.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
26372,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,25,California Indian,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
26373,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,25,California Indian,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
26376,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
26378,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used in the manufacture of arrows for war purposes or large game.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
26379,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows for war purposes or large game.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
26384,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for making arrows.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
26388,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make harpoon shafts, bows and arrows, arrow tips and clubs.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26396,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
26397,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood occasionally used to make bows and arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
26399,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for fish spears and snowshoes.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
26401,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 31"
26415,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,352,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Older, less pithy wood formerly used to make bows.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352"
26416,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,352,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Young, very pithy shoots used to make arrows.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352"
26417,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,287,Yuki,89,c02,352,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Older, less pithy wood formerly used to make bows.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352"
26418,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,91,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight branches used to make arrows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 91"
26419,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,287,Yuki,89,c02,352,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Young, very pithy shoots used to make arrows.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352"
26422,2877,Philadelphus sp.,142,Midoo,109,m66,320,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the best arrow shafts.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 320"
26423,2877,Philadelphus sp.,145,Modesse,109,m66,224,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make spear tips.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"
26424,2877,Philadelphus sp.,276,Washo,111,m90,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make shafts.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
26568,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Reeds used as an arrow shaft for hunting small birds with arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26577,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,209,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for arrow shafts.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 209"
26581,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,7,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 7"
26586,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboolike stems used in the making of arrows.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26597,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for arrow shafts.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
26601,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, hollow culms used for arrow shafts and in making baskets.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
26605,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
26614,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks used to make arrow shafts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
26622,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,66,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 66"
26660,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to trap herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
26771,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
26779,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight stems used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
26914,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make floats for fishing nets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26930,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make floats.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
26931,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27035,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Roots woven into dip nets. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees.  The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig.  Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil.  Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife.  After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice.  Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used.  They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27036,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"White, inner side of bark used in the bottom of a weir to act as a reflector. Reflector used in order to more easily spot fish as they swam through the weir.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27037,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to build weirs, fish traps, fish racks, fish rafts and boat poles.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27088,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make floats.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27089,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27181,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into rake like implements and used to catch herring and oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27182,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27183,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make oolichan spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27220,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make fish nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27232,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Warmed pitch used to protect the harpoon point.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27239,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pitch used as a protective coating for fishing spears and whaling harpoon heads.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
27240,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the longer prong in the two pronged salmon harpoon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
27257,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to tie the tines of salmon spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27258,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Saplings used for the spring poles of snares for deer, elk and other game animals.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27264,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to tie the tines of salmon spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27485,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches rubbed on the hunters' bodies to hide the human scent.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
27494,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,70,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pitch used to trap hummingbirds and the bird's hearts used in love medicines.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70"
27497,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pitch used as protective coating for whaling and fishing equipment.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
27501,2955,Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,102,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make a leister pole.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 102"
27905,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pitch used as protective coating for whaling and fishing equipment.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
27929,2967,Pinus muricata D. Don,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used in making fish traps.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 92"
28142,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,200,Pomo,109,m66,284,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pitch used to make the eyes for deer hunting masks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284"
28534,3009,Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root used on hooks to make the fish bite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
28633,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
28637,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems used to make arrows, especially for children.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 249"
28641,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,97,Hualapai,127,w82,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Shafts used to make cradleboard beds, arrow shafts and thatch for houses.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 27"
28643,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant sometimes used to make arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
28644,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
28868,3052,Polygonum amphibium L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Flowers used as bait for trout.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
29206,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Buds mixed with other ingredients to make a trap lure.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29207,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used for fishing floats.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
29311,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Inner bark shredded, spun with stinging nettle fiber and used for fishing lines and duck nets.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29312,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Knots used to make molded halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29600,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Trees used to make a deadfall trap for bear.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29679,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Decoction of branches used to wash traps, guns, buckskins and hunters. The decoction was used to wash humans such as hunters who desired to be exceptionally 'clean.'","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
29690,3092,Populus ?jackii Sarg. [balsamifera ? deltoides],134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for trap scents.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
29814,3120,Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried stem fibers made into strong cords and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
29948,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Resin used for fletching arrows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
29955,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used to make shafts for hunting arrows.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
29993,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,157,Navajo,74,e44,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 58"
30000,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber made into cord used for bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
30026,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fire hardened branches used as the foreshaft inserted into the mainshaft of an arrow.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30027,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Smaller limbs used for bowmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30065,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small limbs used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30338,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fashioned into twine and used as fishing line.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
30402,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark used to make harpoons, spears, fishing lines, nets and other hunting gear.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
30428,3167,Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,55,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Straight twigs, fitted into the hollow stems of carizzo grass mainshafts, used as arrow foreshafts.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55"
30436,3170,Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
30676,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
30752,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,42,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used to make arrow shafts and bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
30753,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
30754,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
30755,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow shafts and bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
30805,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
30902,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight stems used to make arrows.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
30920,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
30942,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for arrow shafts.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84"
30988,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,101,Isleta,76,j31,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Strong, supple, straight-grained limbs used to make bows.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
30992,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood, backed with sinew, made into bows.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
31016,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
31037,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,205,Ponca,17,g19,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boiled bark water used as a wash for traps to remove the scent of the former captures.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31136,3195,Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) W.A. Weber,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Cottony flower tops used like stuffing to line deer antler head disguises.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 43"
31147,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18"
31149,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make spear and harpoon shafts.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
31152,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,86,Haisla,14,c93,179,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make herring and oolichan rakes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179"
31196,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Knots steamed, placed in hollow kelp stems overnight and bent to make halibut and cod hooks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
31226,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used by hunters to scrub themselves before hunting so that the deer could not smell them.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31227,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young saplings used to make dipnet hoops and handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31242,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make teepee poles and spear shafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
31259,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31265,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31267,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,81,Green River Group,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31276,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs used in fire to pass the bow & arrow through, to prevent the deer from smelling the hunter.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
31277,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the salmon harpoon shaft and dip net poles.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
31281,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,114,Klallam,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31283,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,129,Lummi,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31297,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard knots used to make molded halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
31298,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,95,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as a pole to place fishing lures in the water.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
31299,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make sea urchin spear shafts, seal spears and poles for placing codfish lures.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
31305,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Used to make shafts for harpoons, salmon spears and handles of dip nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31309,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,241,Skagit,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31318,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31327,3202,Psidium guajava L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,464,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 464"
31432,3212,Ptelea trifoliata ssp. pallida var. pallida (Greene) V. Bailey,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,229,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Leaves made into poison and used on arrow tips for hunting large game. The leaves, which had a strong odor, were pounded up together with jimson weed, scorpions and other noxious items.  It was said that even a slight scratch from an arrow so treated would insure death.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 229"
31652,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
31653,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant sometimes used for arrow shafts.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
31682,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
31759,3236,Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,273,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to scent mink traps.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273"
31842,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31937,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31999,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32078,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, tough wood made into clubs and used in rabbit hunts.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
32139,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
32187,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32424,3289,Quercus sp.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
32466,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Used to make throwing sticks. The Navajo throwing stick, which was of oak, was made by whittling the piece down to the shape of a batten and then heating it and bending it over the knee to give it a slight curve.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
33154,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Larger bushes sometimes used for bows.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33205,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Small, sharpened stick driven into the reed shaft of an arrow and fastened with sinew.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33206,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33224,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Large stems used to make bows.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33231,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,227,Santa Clara,61,rhf16,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
33370,3360,Ribes aureum var. villosum DC.,125,Lakota,108,r80,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 58"
33400,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,221,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems made into arrow shafts and used in hunting large game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221"
33425,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,221,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems made into arrow shafts and used in hunting large game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221"
33428,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
33434,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow shafts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
33441,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
33444,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 48"
33473,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33492,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33536,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,228,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant growth around a lake indicated the presence of fish. If there were no black currant plants around the lake, then there would be no fish.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 228"
33553,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33567,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33613,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33623,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33681,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
33682,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Thorns used to make arrow points.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
33727,3396,Ribes sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
33802,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and blowgun darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33807,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make high quality bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
33811,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,97,Hualapai,127,w82,34,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood, cured for a year, used to make hunting bows.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 34"
33814,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Tough, elastic branches used to make bows.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
33815,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in making arrow shafts.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
33816,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 48"
33823,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and blowgun darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33893,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33925,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to wipe dipnet hoops, to improve the chances of a good catch.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34006,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34025,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
34041,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used with gooseberry and cedar roots to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34061,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34097,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to wipe dipnet hoops, to improve the chances of a good catch.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34137,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to wipe dipnets, to improve the chances of a good catch.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34164,3432,Rosa sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
34214,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34256,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to wipe dipnet hoops, to improve the chances of a good catch.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34271,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for light arrow shafts.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
35021,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into a plug stopper for seal hair floats used for whaling.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35546,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to make arrows, hunting dance staffs, fish drags and fish poison.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
35602,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,94,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Favorite food with ducks and geese and planted by hunting clubs to attract these birds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 94"
35654,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish weirs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35666,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35667,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows and arrows.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35697,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the bows and arrows for hunting small game and birds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35770,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35771,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows and arrows.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35802,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows for hunting small game and birds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35841,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,270,Ukiah,89,c02,331,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Large limbs used to make weirs for catching fish.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35842,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,270,Ukiah,89,c02,331,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight wands made into arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35858,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
35870,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,26,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used for fish weir poles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
35904,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35905,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows and arrows.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35911,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish weirs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35965,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish weirs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35983,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
36050,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish weirs.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
36056,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Withes used as fish stringers to transport fish downstream.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36078,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark strips used for twining into nets or fish line.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36089,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Withes used as fish stringers to transport fish downstream.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36105,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make the harpoon lines in sea-lion hunting gear.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36206,3551,Salix sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make fishing line and reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
36207,3551,Salix sp.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
36220,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish and fox traps.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36233,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches hardened by pounding with a stone and used to make lances.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36234,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrowshafts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36276,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Willow used to build fish weirs.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36305,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Split, outer bark twisted into twine and used to make a dip net.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36335,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Branches used in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36364,3555,Salvia apiana Jepson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Fresh, crushed leaves applied to armpits by hunters to eliminate body odors and detection from game.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
36506,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hollow twigs used for arrowshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36513,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks formerly used for blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36537,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
36587,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,210,Quinault,25,g73,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plugs inserted into pithless stems and used as whistles for calling elk.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36688,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks formerly used for blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36871,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make points for oolichan and squirrel spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
37121,3584,Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L. Benson,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
37132,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
37133,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37144,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Strong wood used to make arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
37145,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for rabbit sticks and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37430,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,192,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used by children to make tiny snares to catch small fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 192"
37535,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant areas used by nesting water fowl and used as indicator by hunters of game.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37604,3629,Sebastiania bilocularis S. Wats.,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
37756,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make fish drags.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37928,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Decoction of leafless branches used as a wash for hunting gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37964,3670,Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,467,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows and bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467"
38251,3717,Solanum donianum Walp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
38498,3753,Sonchus arvensis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hunters sucked the milk from branches to imitate the sound of a fawn nursing, to draw the doe near.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
38768,3803,Spirogyra sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as a bait in fishing.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
38813,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,256,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 256"
39119,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,183,Paiute,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make small bird arrows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
39121,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make small bird arrows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
39123,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,285,Yokia,89,c02,389,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Medium-sized branches used to make first-rate arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 389"
39138,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,24,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Slender twigs used for arrow shafts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
39152,3858,Symphoricarpos sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Lightweight, pithy stems used to make bird arrow shafts.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
39322,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,429,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Yellow flowers used in the odorous hunting mixture smoked to attract deer.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429"
39427,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39445,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make harpoon shafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39449,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39452,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39455,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
39460,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 49"
39463,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,85,Haihais,14,c93,319,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrow heads and halibut hooks.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 319"
39467,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Sticks used to strike rods of cedar to make noise while driving animals to be killed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39468,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39469,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make clubs to knock out fish and halibut hooks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39478,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whaling-harpoon stocks.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39485,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39486,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39492,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,319,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrow heads and halibut hooks.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 319"
39494,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39496,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,89,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 89"
39505,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whale harpoon shafts.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39508,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,305,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Formerly used to make the strongest bows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
39509,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,24,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
39513,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, clubs, lances, whaling harpoon shafts and other fishing gear.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39518,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
39522,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into bows for use with arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39524,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 39"
39529,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39532,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39536,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whaling-harpoon stocks.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39543,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39548,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, harpoon shafts and halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39551,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39554,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,230,Shasta,109,m66,217,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 217"
39555,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39557,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39564,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
39570,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39602,3905,Taxus sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
39613,3910,Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,4,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to poison fish.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 4"
39636,3911,Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.,228,Seminole,88,s54,485,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used for fish poison.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 485"
39860,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make sturgeon spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39889,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39905,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
39969,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs used to camouflage canoes, especially during duck hunting.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40001,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make fishing line.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40002,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into noisemakers and used to round up animals to be hunted.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40003,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into small sticks to prop open conical nets used to catch oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40004,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the hook used to lift oolichan nets to empty their contents into a canoe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40005,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the shafts of oolichan spears and arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40020,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make a scabbard for a sword or spear.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40021,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young branches used to make fish traps.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40073,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs weighted, placed underwater at estuaries and used for catching herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40074,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fibrous bark used to make fish nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40075,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, straight branches used to make fishing line.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40090,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40091,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40101,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into floats for fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40130,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Green boughs used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40131,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used for the slats or poles of fish weirs, gaff sticks and to make arrow shafts.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40132,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young limbs twisted and used as basket traps for fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40150,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows and dipnet frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40183,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40184,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40185,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40203,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40214,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40215,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks to make fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40217,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,215,Saanich,23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots woven with gooseberry and wild rose roots to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40236,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make fishing line.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40237,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make herring rakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40238,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Young, slender branches used to make nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40240,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,218,"Salish, Cowichan",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots woven with gooseberry and wild rose roots to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40251,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,251,Squaxin,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks to make fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40252,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,251,Squaxin,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make herring rakes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40287,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make hunting and fishing tools.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40298,3954,Thymophylla pentachaeta var. pentachaeta,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant eaten or used as lotion by hunters so deer cannot smell them.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46"
40363,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Basswood fiber used for matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40370,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Inner bark two-ply cord used to make mats, baskets, fish nets and shoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40555,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,49,Concow,89,c02,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh leaves mashed and used as a fish poison.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 385"
40578,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,170,Numlaki,89,c02,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh leaves mashed and used as a fish poison.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 385"
40585,3998,Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,431,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root mixed with many others to make smoking scent that attracted the deer to the hunter.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431"
40942,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40949,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Limbs cut, placed around rocks in tidal areas and used to gather ling cod eggs.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40950,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used for fish trap stanchions.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40971,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used as camouflage by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40972,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40980,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make piles for anchoring oolichan nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40997,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water.  The spawn stuck on the branches.  The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking.  If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried.  When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn.  While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40998,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hemlock & fern bundles rubbed on hunters' face & arms to prevent sea mammals from noticing them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
41003,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs submerged in herring spawning areas to collect the roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
41008,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used as stanchions of fish traps strung across a stream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41009,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,114,g27,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs laid in rivers and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 202"
41024,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,129,Lummi,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as poles for large dip nets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41032,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41047,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41048,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, dense knots used to make molded halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41049,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood knots used to make halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
41057,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41058,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make octopus spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41071,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as walkways on top of fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41080,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used in fish trap construction.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41164,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in the construction of duck decoys and boats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41348,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in the construction of duck decoys and boats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41536,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boiled bark used to make matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41617,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Burning leaf smoke used to drive ground squirrels from burrows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41661,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves rubbed on a man's body before he went hunting to take the body smell away.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
41683,4058,Urtica dioica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems twisted for bow strings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
41689,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41718,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,246,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fibers used to make fish and duck nets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41719,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed in hands to eliminate human odor before touching fishing gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41720,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed on fishing lines to eliminate human odor.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
41721,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and spun to make fishing lines and duck nets.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41722,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as the leader for fishing.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
41743,4058,Urtica dioica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,289,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant tops made into twine and fine thread and used for making scoop nets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 289"
41755,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,211,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fibers sun dried and used to make fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 211"
41780,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make nets and bow strings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41787,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants split, dried, pounded and used to make fishing nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
41789,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,129,Lummi,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41806,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Fiber used to make bow strings, fishing line for jigging, ropes and oolichan traps.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41807,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41834,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,209,Quileute,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Rubbed on the bodies of sealers to keep them awake during the night.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41850,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41852,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41860,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,351,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 351"
41861,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,351,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 351"
41887,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Outer stem layers made into cord and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41890,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,115,Klamath,66,c97,95,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used in the manufacture of cords and nets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95"
41895,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber made into twine and sometimes used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41896,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41897,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41898,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant fiber made into twine, occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
43143,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,141,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fruit used as bait for snares set for snowshoe rabbits before guns had come into common use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141"
43216,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Foliage used as camouflage during deer hunting.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
43220,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed on hands and fishing lines to eliminate human odor.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
43455,4181,Vitis shuttleworthii House,228,Seminole,88,s54,478,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make a deer snare.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 478"
43556,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43964,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,58,bc41,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Leaves baked in warm pit, chewed and fiber woven into fishing nets.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
44001,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used as an anchor for bird traps.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44056,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
44057,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to intoxicate fish.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44215,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaf fiber formerly used to make fishing lines.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
44216,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,200,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make fishing lines.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 200"
44359,4243,Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
44510,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44594,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Mashed bulbs used as an arrow poison.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
44685,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44689,4260,Zostera marina L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves formerly used to trap herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"