id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
454,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make a child's first bow.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
464,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,289,Yurok,70,b81,15,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit used to play with.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
488,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,White wood used to make rattles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
509,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice for a gambling game.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
510,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make staves for a dice type gambling game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
576,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
595,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
658,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
723,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
2279,161,Allium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker-Gawl.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
2864,200,Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children played with stems that exuded a blood-colored juice; looked like they had been injured.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2927,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2955,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
2984,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems made into hoops with leather covers to use in a game.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
3021,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3022,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3026,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3062,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3086,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make discs for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3304,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows for toy bows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3306,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows for toy bows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3511,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3512,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leafstalks used in children's games.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
3884,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Milky substance used by children to rub on playmates' faces and stick their eyelids together.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3885,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4221,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used for paper dolls for the younger children to play with.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4227,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young branches used to make gambling sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4852,367,Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott,190,Pawnee,17,g19,69,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used in gourd shells to make rattles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
5518,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5550,404,Artemisia sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5556,404,Artemisia sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5561,404,Artemisia sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5569,404,Artemisia sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5940,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Four pieces of hollow cane used as implements in the winter game of bish-i.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
6320,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6322,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6324,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6330,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6476,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks with pods used by small boys as rattles in games in which they imitated tribal dances.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6478,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks with pods used by small boys as rattles in games in which they imitated tribal dances.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6784,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,'Down' put onto fires by children to produce a sudden burst of flame which spread rapidly.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6785,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pith used to make 'peashooters' and stems and twigs used to make the shooter.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
7134,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch used for the pole in the 'hoop and pole' game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
7200,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7265,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7266,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7267,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7314,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7437,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,125,Lakota,108,r80,29,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Most plants have two spikes: for sport, people would hunt for those with three.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"
7706,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boys holding handfuls of this plant and larkspur above their heads chased by girls on occasions.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
8501,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used in young girls' games.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
8523,794,Castilleja parviflora Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Flowers used by children as pretend woodpecker scalps, a form of money or wealth.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
8542,799,Castilleja unalaschcensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) Malte,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used in young girls' games.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
8833,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game sticks.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
8955,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice and the sweathouse for ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
9072,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,289,Yurok,70,b81,23,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruits used by children to throw at each other.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
10142,1004,Claytonia parviflora Dougl. ex Hook.,105,Karok,70,b81,24,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Shoot used to play a game. The stem was stripped of it's outer layers leaving only the terminal leaf or inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand.  Opponents held firmly to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponents leaf or inflorescence.  After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who retained his leaf or inflorescence won.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
10152,1005,Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,25,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Shoot used to play a game. The stem was stripped of it's outer layers leaving only the terminal leaf or inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand.  Opponents held firmly to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponents leaf or inflorescence.  After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who retained his leaf or inflorescence won.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
10176,1008,Claytonia sibirica var. sibirica,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fresh flowers used by children to play a game. Each of the two players held a stem in his hand and tried to hook his flower around his opponent's flower.  When the flowers were engaged, the players pulled and the one whose flower head came off lost.  It was done over and over and a score was kept.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
10399,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Patterns bitten into leaves for entertainment.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10904,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,81,Green River Group,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make disks for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10910,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,114,Klallam,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make disks for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10921,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,241,Skagit,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make disks for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
11008,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover a circle of split beaver teeth and used as a gambling wheel.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
11009,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,21,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover split beaver teeth for gambling wheels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11329,1120,Cowania sp.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,54,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54"
11513,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,172,Oglala,17,g19,99,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a headdress by little boys while playing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
11602,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,243,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruits used by girls for juggling.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 243"
11603,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,243,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots made into a wooden ball and used in playing the 'four hills' game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 243"
11609,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,40,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Ripe gourds used as children's rattles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
12005,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used for games.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
12006,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used for games.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33"
12310,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boys holding handfuls of this and mariposa lily above their heads chased by girls on occasions.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
12414,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,177,Omaha,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Mature plant, with the seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys. The little boys used the rattles as they mimicked some of the native dances in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
12417,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Mature plant, with seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys, to mimic native dances.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
12418,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,205,Ponca,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Mature plant, with seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys, to mimic native dances.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
12534,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,95,Hopi,82,c74,311,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant, a powerful irritant, placed in armpit as a practical joke.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 311"
12973,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Braided bark used to whip stone tops spun by children on the ice during the winter.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13027,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Rushes made into small baskets and used as children's playthings.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13359,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,368,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children as whistles.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 368"
13407,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,238,Sioux,30,h92,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems formerly used by children to make whistles.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58"
13469,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,272,Ute,142,c09,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children as whistles.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 34"
13487,1428,Equisetum sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalk sections used by children to make whistles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 37"
13501,1428,Equisetum sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,63,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to make whistles. The elders warned children not to use the stems as whistles as they might cause the appearance of snakes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
13984,1500,Eriogonum compositum Dougl. ex Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
13994,1504,Eriogonum elatum Dougl. ex Benth.,183,Paiute,98,m53,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used in game similar to wishbone pulling. When the plant has matured and the stems are dry and brittle, the stout, long-branched flowering stems of this plant are used to play a game.  Two children fashion a hook for themselves from the branching portion of the stem.  These hooks are interlocked, and the participants pull on them until one of the hooks is broken.  The person with the unbroken hook is considered to be the winner.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 68"
14022,1510,Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
14089,1519,Eriogonum niveum Dougl. ex Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
14091,1520,Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to play a game by hooking each other's plant.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
14099,1521,Eriogonum nudum var. oblongifolium S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to play a game by hooking each other's plant.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
14362,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Corms used as wagers in gambling. Some of the women used to climb up the valley sides to dig sacks of corms which they used as wagers in gambling.  The winners would stagger down the hillside with several sacks of corms, while others, who had worked just as hard, would return home empty handed, having lost in the gambling.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
14400,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a joke on people by placing it under the covers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
14782,1621,Fomes sp.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as a target for archery.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
14787,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14788,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14791,1621,Fomes sp.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as a target for archery.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
14797,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14798,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15286,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the hoop for hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15401,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,44,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladders squeezed and popped by children for entertainment.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 44"
15546,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15547,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15554,1698,Garrya sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Straight, thick stocks used to make whistles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
16389,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,280,Winnebago,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used as counters or tally checks in gambling.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
16449,1801,Hastingsia alba (Dur.) S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves put over the teeth to make a snapping sound for amusement.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
16796,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make children's toy blowguns.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16828,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a game by throwing the plant into a pot.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16829,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16876,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Swollen leaf sheaths and small, unexpanded leaves used in children's games.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
16908,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, hollow stems used as toy blowguns to shoot berries or small pebbles.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16970,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sharp pointed fruits with long awns used as play arrows by adults and children.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
16971,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds thrown like darts by playing children.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
16973,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,125,Lakota,108,r80,31,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Grass heads used in mischievous games in which boys throw a bunch at people to stick them.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 31"
16998,1861,Heteromeles arbutifolia var. arbutifolia,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown into the fire by children to hear them crack like firecrackers.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
17275,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,141,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Easily braided grass used in play by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 141"
17314,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Shoots used to make 'Indian cards.' A set of little sticks was prepared by scraping ten inch lengths of shoot clean of bark.  All the sticks were straight and one was marked with a black mark.  The dealer took the set of sticks in his hands, shuffled the sticks, sang and held his hands behind his back.  He tried to prevent his opponents from guessing where the black marked stick was.  If the dealer kept the other side from guessing where the ace was for ten times, he won.  This was a gambling game.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
17335,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,263,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make practice bows and arrows for children.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"
17336,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make practice bows for children.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17344,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling game sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17395,1908,Hordeum jubatum L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,106,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children to place in the sleeves of playmates as a joke.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 106"
18344,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Blades used by children to make play baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 100"
18636,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries used in rattles.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18752,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries used in rattles.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18821,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves stuffed into buckskin and used as a ball in a game like lacrosse or hockey.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18860,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the pole of the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
19015,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Tough wood made into a spoked wheel and used in a throwing game. The wheel was rolled along a trough and contestants threw spear-like sticks at it, trying to stop it by having their stick enter the center of the wheel, thus making it fall over.  Lesser points were made by getting the stick part way through the spokes, each of which gave a different value according to its color.  The winner had to get twenty points.  This game was played by men and was often accompanied by betting.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19129,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19428,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,51,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Gourds made into rattles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
19430,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,108,Keresan,90,w45,561,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make rattles.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 561"
19985,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Flattish, hardened stipes used for 'beach hockey.'","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
20080,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems straightened, notched, fixed with wooden tips into arrows and used in games.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
20589,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
20595,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
20607,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to make head pieces for playing and mimicking the affairs of the Holy Woman.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
21616,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,320,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Spadices on sticks thrown by children in distance contests.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 320"
21753,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Children threw dried, little floats from blade base onto fire to make them explode; firecrackers.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
22409,2415,Marah oreganus (Torr. ex S. Wats.) T.J. Howell,289,Yurok,70,b81,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit tossed by children at one another in play.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
22410,2415,Marah oreganus (Torr. ex S. Wats.) T.J. Howell,289,Yurok,70,b81,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit used by children to construct representations of animals by inserting twigs.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
22555,2434,Melilotus indicus (L.) All.,193,Pima,11,c49,131,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used in target shooting games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 131"
22892,2451,Mentzelia involucrata S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown by children at one another because they stick and were hard to remove.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
22963,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Forked branches used by children to make sling shots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
23714,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plants and stems used by children as beach games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23715,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,3,g83,206,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children to make 'kelp cars' to tow around on the beach.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
24246,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks cut and used as whistles by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
24249,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,209,Quileute,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks cut and used as whistles by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
24676,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,61,Dakota,17,g19,104,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant used by small boys in playing games. The 'cactus game' was played on the prairie where the cactus abounded.  One boy was chosen to be 'it' and he would take a stick, place a cactus plant upon it and hold it up it the air.  The other boys would attempt to shoot at it with their bows and arrows and the target holder would run after the boy who hit the target and strike him with the spiny cactus making him 'it'.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
25155,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,108,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children ate as many leaves as they could without making an awful face; a children's game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 108"
26592,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Small stem sections used in the dice game and ring and pin game.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26623,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,66,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make game sticks for the canute game.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 66"
26649,2908,Phyllospadix scouleri Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,21,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Grass used by boys as arrow target practice.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
26654,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, curly leaves used by children to make wigs.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
26688,2915,Physalis lanceolata Michx.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,362,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Large calyx of plant inflated by children in play & popped by striking it on the forehead or hand.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 362"
26770,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used for making children's bows.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26778,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,266,Tolowa,70,b81,43,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds squeezed and popped.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
26858,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
26867,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27076,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots used to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27198,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27259,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27397,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make story sticks. Story sticks were prepared by older men and presented to children in return for favors.  The sticks were notched to count the number of stories that the man would tell the child.  They were often varnished with a solution of boiled hoof and steer phallus and sometimes red ochre was added.  Then the stick was polished with a piece of rawhide.  Story sticks were sometimes used to hang tipi doors.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27670,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make tops for spinning and sticks used in the moccasin game.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27711,2960,Pinus elliottii Engelm.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ball poles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
27779,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,93,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pitch used in whistles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 93"
28095,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
28169,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Wood used to make the ball for the game, shinny.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
29061,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29062,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29096,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,41,Clallam,99,f80,194,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used in a children's game.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194"
29106,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fronds used in a game played by adults of both sexes to see who had the longest wind. Beginning at the bottom of the frond, the player touched each leaflet, first on one side of the stem and then the other and said 'tiip'  each time he touched a leaflet.  Whoever went the farthest up the frond won.  There was no gambling on this game.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
29108,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,114,Klallam,25,g73,13,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29121,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,3,g83,221,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fronds used in the game, pile pile. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay earlier this century and went as follows:  one would take a deep breath and pluck the pinnae one by one saying 'pile' for each, all in one breath.  The winner was the one who reached the top (apex) of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath.  In Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where adults also play pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big potlatches.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29122,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,25,g73,13,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29127,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fronds used in games.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
29128,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,221,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fronds used in the game, pile pile. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay earlier this century and went as follows:  one would take a deep breath and pluck the pinnae one by one saying 'pile' for each, all in one breath.  The winner was the one who reached the top (apex) of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath.  In Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where adults also play pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big potlatches.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29133,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,183,Paiute,98,m53,36,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Kids played with it as a feather.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 36"
29244,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to make toys.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29405,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29406,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29407,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29420,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29421,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29422,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29427,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29428,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29429,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29433,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29434,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29435,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29553,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots carved into kachina dolls for children and tourists.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29554,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots carved into kachina dolls for children.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29563,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make clubs for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29564,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29581,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark or moistened leaves used to make whistles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
29601,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Short section of fresh branch used to make a toy whistle.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29658,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used by boys to make whistles.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"
29804,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,54,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Tough, rubbery holdfasts carved into 'beach hockey' balls.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
30159,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks used in gambling games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30160,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood made into balls and used in racing games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30254,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,364,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used to make playing pieces of a game similar to dice.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 364"
31597,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves acted as a vesicant and given to unsuspecting people as toilet paper as a prank.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
31660,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Softened bark used to stuff baseballs.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
31845,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31940,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31950,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31977,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32002,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32012,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32153,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32190,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32199,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32252,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32283,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32296,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32298,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32300,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32302,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths from this or another plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32335,3281,Quercus phellos L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ballsticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
32421,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make toy bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32470,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stick curved in hot ashes to make a 'j' shaped stick or bat for shinny and other games.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32471,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks kicked out of the ground while playing 'football.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32606,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32624,3297,Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladdery envelope blown up by children and busted on the forehead.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
32625,3297,Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladdery envelope blown up by children and busted on the forehead.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
32667,3303,Ranunculus californicus Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Flower put under the chin by a child, if yellow was reflected, the child would like butter.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 30"
33640,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,84,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Unripe, acidulous berries used in children's games. The children were divided into two teams and each child was given a portion of the unripe berries which were to be eaten without making a grimace.  The team less successful in completing the task had to forfeit to the winners and execute some performances for their amusement such as hopping backwards on one foot.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
33649,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used by children to play a game. The children sat in a circle and began counting to ten, each child counting one number around the circle.  The tenth child would take five berries and eat them at once, trying his best not to show a bitter face.  If he was successful, the child next to him would do the same and this would continue until one grimaced at the sour taste.  He was then struck on the thigh with a knuckle punch, thus giving the name 'punctured berry' to the plant.  The child who never grimaced won all the others' berry supplies.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
33873,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Halved, fresh hip hollowed out to make a bowl for a toy pipe.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 55"
34011,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hips used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
34030,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hips used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
35001,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,124,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make children's practice bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
35547,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ballsticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
35579,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,207,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Tubers used in gambling games.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 207"
35670,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35700,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split stems used to make clappers and whistles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35752,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ballsticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
35774,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35805,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split stems used to make clappers and whistles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35908,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35925,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split withes used to make the three dice and throwing sticks for the setdilth game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35926,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the poles and hoops for the pole game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35975,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make hobby horses for children.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36051,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,86,Haisla,14,c93,288,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Whips used to lash opponents in the 'hoop and pole game.' In the Haisla 'hoop and pole game,' players attempted to spear a rolling hoop.  If a player succeeded in spearing the hoop, he was lashed by his opponent with a willow whip.  If, however, the spearman retrieved his spear, the hoop and the whip, his team would get the next throw of the hoop.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36084,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,86,Haisla,14,c93,288,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Whips used to lash opponents in the 'hoop and pole game.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36114,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make baskets and whistles.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
36136,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch with loosened bark used as a buzzing whistle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36224,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling wheels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36550,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pithless wood used to make 'squirt guns' and whistles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36579,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles and clappers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
36617,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow wood used for pop guns.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36618,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split branches used for making bows for small children.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36643,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Twigs used in making whistles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36669,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36684,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries crushed by children when playing 'soda pop.',"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
36722,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems, after punching out the pith, used by children to make pop guns.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
36730,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,268,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch joints used as water squirt guns for playing or pop guns for shooting pith corks.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268"
36743,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36748,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36759,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36769,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make toy blowguns.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
36802,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems hollowed and used as blowguns by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
36832,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems hollowed out and used as blowguns by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
36895,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make children's whistles and 'pea shooters.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
37119,3584,Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L. Benson,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make arrows for aratsi game.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
37152,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant part kicked to see who kicked it the farthest, in racing games.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
37163,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37179,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37367,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Long stems made into a ball and used as an instrument in children's games. The long stems were made into a ball by bending over the base of several together and the remaining length braided together to form a swinging handle.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
37482,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37542,3614,Scirpus sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,211,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant braided by children to make a whip.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 211"
37740,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pieces of bark used by young girls to play dolls.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
37758,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make dolls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
38138,3703,Sium suave Walt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children for whistles.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33"
38233,3713,Smilax rotundifolia L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used in an old hide and seek game.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
38403,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,84,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Clustered flower heads used by children as play whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84"
38594,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38595,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38961,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children play with the berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
39068,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries rubbed on the face during a game called 'lehal.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
39081,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks marked and used in a dice game.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39135,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,125,Lakota,108,r80,43,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems made into arrows used to shoot at dogs in play.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43"
39346,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems made into whistles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
39431,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant used to make ball poles, spoon ballsticks and dolls.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39479,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game disks.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39537,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game disks.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39549,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling disks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39691,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39696,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,177,Omaha,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39698,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39700,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,205,Ponca,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
41060,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boughs used to make play houses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41130,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalk used to make toy arrows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
41422,4050,Typha sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,18,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the hoop for a game.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 18"
41437,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41469,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41475,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41483,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41486,4051,Ulmus americana L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41514,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41566,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41574,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41582,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41596,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41631,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown into the fire by children to hear them crack like firecrackers.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
41769,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41803,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41819,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41826,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41866,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
43124,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43132,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43133,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43135,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43138,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stalks, without the pith, used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43303,4164,Viola sempervirens Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used by children during play.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43321,4166,Viola sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,103,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Violets used by children in playing games. The children separated into two teams, one team taking the name of their tribe and the other of another tribe such as the Dakota.  Each team collected violets and the two parties sat down facing each other and snapped violets at each other until there were none remaining.  The victorious team taunted the other as being poor fighters.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103"
43370,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Vines used to make the hoop of the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
43558,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used to make children's play hoops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43755,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as tally sticks to keep track of scores in the hidden ball game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43819,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Ring of leaves wrapped in buckskin used in the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
44039,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44071,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as counters in various games.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44142,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44259,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fiber used to make a ring for a game similar to 'ring toss.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44260,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Leaves made into a ball and used to play 'shooting the yucca.' 'Shooting the yucca' was a Navajo game played with a ball made of bark and wound with yucca leaves which had been previously placed in hot ashes to make them flexible.  A stick of scrub oak was attached to this by a yucca cord, to give momentum to the light ball.  The ball was thrown into the air and the archers discharged their arrows at it as soon as it was drawn downward by the weight of the stick.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44367,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Shucks used to make dolls.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44527,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Cobs used to make feathered darts and to stuff kick balls.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44540,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Ribboned husks made into small, square pads and used by young people in games. Small plumes were attached to the small, square pads upright, in the center, forming the shuttlecocks for use in the game of battledore and shuttlecock.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"