id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
163,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,268,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root held in the mouth for gum boils and canker sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268"
226,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
261,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,2,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Needles pounded, mixed with lard and used for bleeding gums.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
362,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cold infusion used as lotion for sores or sore mouth.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
1092,43,Achillea sibirica Ledeb.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of chewed roots applied to gum sores.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1387,55,Acorus calamus L.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,118,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Root dried, cooked in sugar and eaten for the breath.","Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118"
2356,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,134,Malecite,93,mech59,245,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed and used for ulcerated mouths.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245"
2364,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark used for ulcerated mouth.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2612,173,Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,22,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Infusion of bark given to babies for 'thrash,' a mouth soreness.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22"
3426,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,'Root tonic' used as gargle for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3586,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,20,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root chewed or held in the mouth to prevent bad breath.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20"
3761,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,354355,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root used for coated tongue and headache.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354355"
4022,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,29,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of roots used to wash teething child's infected gums to prevent spread of infection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
4510,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,66,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant used as a mouthwash for cankers and sore gums.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66"
4568,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,60,Crow,30,h92,40,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves pulverized and powder used for canker sores of the mouth.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
4670,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for canker sores and weak gums.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
4916,377,Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots chewed for tongue and mouth diseases.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
4995,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed by runners for the mentholating properties.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
5600,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of above the ground part of the plant taken for mouth sores.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5684,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of leaves and branches taken for tonsillitis.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5823,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of leaves and branches taken for tonsillitis.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
5864,413,Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Milk and other plants used for mouth sores.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 38"
6375,449,Asclepias viridiflora Raf.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,75,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of chewed roots applied to nursing baby's sore gums.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 75"
6399,452,Asplenium horridum Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,14,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Buds and burnt potato peel chewed for sore mouths.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14"
6403,453,Asplenium nidus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,22,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Shoots & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting liquid used for children with mouth sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 22"
6411,454,Asplenium pseudofalcatum,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,29,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Leaf ashes, nut juice and fruit milk mixed and used on sores about the mouth.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 29"
6867,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,13,g05,"38, 39",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root chewed and saliva allowed to run down throat for sore mouth and throat.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 38, 39"
7038,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark and root used for ulcerated gums.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
7043,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of pounded root or bark applied to ulcerated gums.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
7402,604,Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stem used as a toothpick.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
7403,604,Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stem used as a toothpick.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
8269,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8270,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,14,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Chewed inner bark used for sore mouth.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
8316,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8385,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8602,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,382,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of bark used as a wash for sore roof of the mouth.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 382"
8639,809,Ceanothus fendleri Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for sore mouth.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
9161,866,Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & Gray) Small,95,Hopi,37,w39,"33, 83-84",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Dried, ground plant used as soothing lip balm.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 83-84"
9231,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed to sweeten the saliva.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
9792,934,Chrysothamnus sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of green parts tied with cedar boughs or twigs and used as a gargle.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
9911,951,Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,63,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of roots used for mouth sickness.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 63"
9912,951,Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"71, 128",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for infants.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 71, 128"
9990,968,Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of root used to wipe out child's mouth for rash and cankers.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
9991,968,Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root held in mouth for rash or cankers in mouth and infusion used for children.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
9992,968,Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Root skins dried, soaked in water and used as a wash for mouth rashes and cankers.","Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
10012,971,Cirsium sp.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Dried outer root held in the mouth for cankers and gum sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
10420,1034,Clitoria mariana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion held in mouth for ten to twenty minutes for thrush.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
10491,1051,Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,18,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used as a mouth wash for canker sores.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 18"
10652,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,322,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of roots used for sore mouths of children and trench mouth.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 322"
10653,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,87,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots chewed for mouth pains.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 87"
10660,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,245,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant used for children with sore mouths.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245"
10663,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,48,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Astringent root used as a wash for oral cankers and babies' teething pains.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48"
10667,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,56,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Herb used for sore and diseased mouth.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
10669,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"72, 128",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for infants.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 72, 128"
10670,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,265,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant used as a mouth wash for babies.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265"
10673,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of root used as a wash for sore mouth and to soothe mouth of teething baby.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 383"
10677,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stems chewed for mouth sores and mouths irritated by tobacco smoking.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
10679,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,74,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots used for sore gums and especially for pain of teething babies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 74"
10941,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,"218, 219",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark held in mouth for toothache.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 218, 219"
11056,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,100,Iroquois,7,h77,403,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark taken for nose or mouth hemorrhages.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 403"
11358,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
11786,1172,Curcuma longa L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and the resulting liquid used to gargle.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
12279,1247,Delphinium bicolor Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,82,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant given to children with frothy mouthspells.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 82"
12427,1281,Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Roots chewed for sore gums and mouth, including pyorrhea.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
12431,1283,Desmodium perplexum Schub.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Roots chewed for sore gums and mouth, including pyorrhea.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
12565,1310,Diospyros virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Syrup used for thrush.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
12572,1310,Diospyros virginiana L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,25,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of inner bark used as a wash for thrash.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 25"
12645,1323,Dodecatheon pulchellum ssp. pulchellum,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,76,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Infusion of leaves gargled, especially by children, for cankers.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76"
12749,1348,Echinacea angustifolia DC.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,188,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of powdered leaves and roots taken or root chewed for sore mouth or gums.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 188"
12750,1348,Echinacea angustifolia DC.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,188,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root used to stimulate the flow of saliva.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 188"
12768,1348,Echinacea angustifolia DC.,125,Lakota,108,r80,37,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed when thirsty.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 37"
12773,1348,Echinacea angustifolia DC.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Dried root with 'smarting, acrid taste' caused a profuse flow of saliva.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
12842,1350,Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of powdered roots and leaves taken for sore mouth and gums.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38"
12874,1354,Echinocactus sp.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,47,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used for the prevention of salivary gland swelling.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 47"
13539,1431,Equisetum telmateia var. braunii (Milde) Milde,266,Tolowa,70,b81,29,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stem rubbed on child's teeth to keep them from gritting their teeth.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
13618,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,White galls from plants hung around babies' necks to stop dribbling.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
13922,1491,Eriodictyon trichocalyx Heller,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,71,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Fresh leaves chewed as a thirst quencher.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 71"
13944,1494,Eriogonum alatum Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cold infusion of root used as a mouthwash for sore gums.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
13965,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,54,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant used for children with sore mouths.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 54"
14052,1514,Eriogonum jamesii Benth.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed to sweeten the saliva.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
14064,1514,Eriogonum jamesii Benth.,291,Zuni,6,s15,50,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Root carried in mouth for sore tongue, then buried in river bottom.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 50"
14144,1530,Eriogonum sp.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,25,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of flowers and leaves used as a mouthwash for pyorrhea.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 25"
14615,1592,Euphorbia sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,73,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant taken for mouth sores.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 73"
14872,1635,Fragaria sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,352,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of roots used as a wash for chancre sores.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 352"
14895,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaf powder dusted into baby's sore mouth.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15010,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaf powder dusted into baby's sore mouth.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15584,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for tender gums.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
15641,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,299,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves used to dry the mouth.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
15811,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction and fox grapes used to wash children's mouths for 'thrush.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
15814,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Dried, pulverized root put in mouth, especially by children, for sores.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
15825,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,366,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Roots used several ways for sore mouth, trench mouth and chancre sores.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 366"
15836,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,222,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Infusion of root used for pyorrhea, sore gums and toothache.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222"
15839,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,370371,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root used for sore mouths and flux.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 370371"
15843,1728,Geranium oreganum T.J. Howell,216,Salish,144,teit28,293,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaf held between lips for sore lips.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 293"
15931,1738,Geum triflorum Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,66,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of roots used as a mouthwash for cankers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66"
16034,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Burs kept in the mouth by buffalo runners to protect against thirst.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16078,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,291,Zuni,157,cb80,376,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root chewed to keep the mouth sweet and moist.,"Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 376"
16112,1764,Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,72,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Mashed leaves used to wipe out infants' mouths to prevent soreness.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 72"
16113,1764,Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,265,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of mashed leaves used for babies with sore mouths.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265"
16583,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,60,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Coagulated sap chewed, by the elders, to diminish thirst.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60"
17028,1865,Heuchera americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion used for 'thrash' and sore mouth and root chewed to take coat off tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
17045,1867,Heuchera bracteata (Torr.) Ser.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed for sore gums.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
17067,1868,Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,282,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Small, peeled, cleaned root piece chewed for mouth sores and gum boils.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 282"
17088,1873,Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,282,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Small, peeled, cleaned root piece chewed for mouth sores and gum boils.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 282"
17102,1876,Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,76,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of chewed roots applied to cold sores and children's mouth cankers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76"
17132,1879,Heuchera sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound decoction of root used as mouthwash for teething children.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
17178,1892,Hieracium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,492,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Gummy juice chewed to cleanse the mouth.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492"
17321,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,129,Lummi,25,g73,33,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of leaves applied to sore lips.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17541,1936,Hydrophyllum virginianum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,420,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction or chewed roots used as wash for cracked lips and mouth sores.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 420"
18017,2008,Iris douglasiana Herbert,285,Yokia,89,c02,330,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves used to wrap babies during berry gathering trips to retard perspiration and prevent thirst.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 330"
18197,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,295,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound infusion of buds used as mouth wash for mouth ulcers.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 295"
18351,2042,Juncus effusus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction used 'to dislodge spoiled saliva.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
18390,2050,Juncus tenuis Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction used 'to dislodge spoiled saliva.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
18837,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Poultice of pounded, moistened leaves applied to jaw for swollen and sore gums.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18917,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of pounded leaves held to the jaw for swollen and sore gums.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
19161,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries chewed for canker sores in the mouth.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19364,2082,Lachnanthes caroliana (Lam.) Dandy,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Used for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
19616,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,193,Pima,11,c49,61,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of gum used as a gargle.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 61"
20952,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,69,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of pounded roots applied to the inside of babies mouths for mouth sores or 'thrush.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
21205,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,210,Quinault,204,w89,276,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for sore mouth.,"Willoughby, C., 1889, Indians of the Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1886, page 276"
21883,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,95,Hopi,37,w39,"33, 76",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used for gums.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 76"
22021,2377,Mahonia sp.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,30,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used as a wash for mouth sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
22189,2389,Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark taken for gallstones and infusion used as a wash for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
22264,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,109,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed by hunters to suppress thirst.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 109"
22631,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,45,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Ground flowers and yarrow placed in a cloth, moistened and rubbed on infected gums to remove pus.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 45"
22957,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Nectar sucked from flowers to sweeten the mouth.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
23050,2488,Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray,157,Navajo,141,h56,161,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used for various mouth disorders.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 161"
23072,2490,Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,78,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Dried, ground root applied to baby's sore mouth.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78"
23663,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,58,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Flowers and roots used for excess saliva.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 58"
24154,2599,Nymphaea odorata Ait.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Dried, pulverized root put in the mouth for sores.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
25137,2706,Oxalis corniculata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for 'disordered saliva' and sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25171,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,366,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant used as wash to refresh the mouth.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 366"
25174,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,35,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed on long walks to relieve thirst. The Kiowa name means 'salt weed.'  This name may indicate that there was an early realization that the loss of salt through perspiration may be counteracted by chewing the leaves of this plant.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 35"
25194,2712,Oxalis violacea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for 'disordered saliva' and sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25212,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25344,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion used for 'thrush.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
26130,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,198,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Infusion of leaf taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation & blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 198"
26131,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,220,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves taken by babies for opossum sickness: appetite loss and drooling.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 220"
26168,2839,Persea planifolia,131,Mahuna,5,r54,25,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Powdered seeds used for pyorrhea.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 25"
26446,2882,Phlox gracilis ssp. gracilis,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cold infusion used as mouthwash for mouth sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
27007,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Decoction of tree tip, Hudson Bay tea and blackberry stems used for mouth sores.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27008,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Decoction of young tips, Hudson Bay tea and blackberry stems taken for mouth sores.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27059,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cone chewed for a sore mouth.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27175,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Pitch chewed as a breath freshener.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
28303,2980,Piper methysticum G. Forst.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,17,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant ashes and other ashes rubbed on children for thick white coatings on the tongue.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 17"
28333,2989,Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,24,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Burned plant ashes used for mouth sores.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24"
28334,2989,Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia,39,Choctaw,115,t40,60,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant ashes used as powder for mouth sores.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60"
28611,3021,Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. polypodioides,96,Houma,49,speck41,55,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cold decoction of fronds used as a wash for babies' sore mouth or thrush.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55"
28612,3021,Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. polypodioides,96,Houma,49,speck41,55,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of fronds used for bleeding gums.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55"
28794,3046,Polygala senega L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,51,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root used for sore mouths.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 51"
28865,3052,Polygonum amphibium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,51,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of fresh roots applied directly to blisters in the mouth.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 51"
28872,3053,Polygonum amphibium var. emersum Michx.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,236,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root used for mouth sores.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 236"
28979,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Rhizomes chewed to flavor the mouth.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
28988,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Long, slender rhizomes eaten raw to sweeten the mouth.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
29009,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,91,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Rhizomes used as medicine for sore gums.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 91"
29013,3077,Polypodium hesperium Maxon,259,Thompson,10,tta90,91,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Rhizomes used as medicine for sore gums.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 91"
29609,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,286,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves used for mouth abscesses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 286"
29688,3091,Populus ?jackii Sarg.  [balsamifera ? deltoides],100,Iroquois,7,h77,292,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound infusion used as a wash for mouth ulcers.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 292"
29777,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Raw leaves rubbed in mouth for difficulty in opening the mouth.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
29860,3134,Potentilla simplex Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of root used as a mouthwash for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
30135,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of gum held in the mouth for painful gums or sore lips.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30230,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Smashed fruits used for mouth disease.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
30269,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,242,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root bark used as an astringent medicine for mouth cankers.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 242"
30325,3164,Prunus cerasus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30361,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30362,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30363,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of rubbed root applied to sores in child's mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30364,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots held in the mouth by children with canker sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30481,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30578,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30737,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30891,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of mashed leaves applied to oral abscesses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
31098,3194,Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"51, 52",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52"
31210,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Peeled plant tops chewed, especially by young people at puberty, as a mouth freshener.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31313,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bud tips chewed for mouth sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31792,3241,Pyrola elliptica Nutt.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,264,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves used as a gargle for sores or cankers in the mouth.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 264"
31793,3241,Pyrola elliptica Nutt.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for canker sores.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
31867,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32044,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32107,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Velvet pubescence rubbed on babies' tongues to remove milk coating.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32168,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32354,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32499,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32536,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32628,3299,Ranunculus abortivus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
32649,3300,Ranunculus acris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
32706,3315,Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
32823,3335,Rhodiola integrifolia ssp. integrifolia,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots chewed and the juice spat out for sores in the mouth.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
32892,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries used to make mouthwash.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
32896,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"26, 78",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries used to make mouthwash.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 78"
32919,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Blossoms chewed for sore mouth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
32920,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound decoction of blossoms used as mouthwash for teething children.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
32973,3347,Rhus glabra L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,41,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root chewed for sore mouth or tongue.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
32998,3347,Rhus glabra L.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,219,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed and held in the mouth for sore gums.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 219"
33005,3347,Rhus glabra L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Fresh root chewed for sore mouth or tongue.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
33006,3347,Rhus glabra L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,41,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root chewed for sore mouth or tongue.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
33059,3351,Rhus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,371,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of cones used as a wash for chancres and sore throats.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 371"
33142,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore gums.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
33149,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries used for a mouth wash.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33297,3355,Rhus typhina L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2244,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of gall infected leaves taken for mouth sores.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2244"
33618,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,286,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of roots and salt water applied to mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33737,3396,Ribes sp.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,382,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root 'rubbed on sores or around the mouths of children.',"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 382"
33738,3396,Ribes sp.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,382,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots scraped on sandstone and rubbed on sores or around the mouths of children.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 382"
34171,3432,Rosa sp.,60,Crow,30,h92,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of crushed roots taken for mouth bleeding.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 62"
34287,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Washed root chewed for coated tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34350,3442,Rubus argutus Link,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Washed root chewed for coated tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
34414,3448,Rubus flagellaris Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Washed root chewed for coated tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
35050,3471,Rubus trivialis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Washed root chewed for coated tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
35305,3485,Rumex crispus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cold infusion of leaf used on mouth sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35407,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root held in the mouth for sore gums.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35660,3519,Salix arbusculoides Anderss.,73,"Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut",187,o57,30,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for sore mouth.,"Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 30"
35739,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,232,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Plant used for lion sickness: panting, staring and tongue hanging out.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 232"
35848,3529,Salix fuscescens Anderss.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,"17, 60",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for mouth sores.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 17, 60"
35888,3533,Salix humilis var. tristis (Ait.) Griggs,30,Catawba,115,t40,13,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of roots used as a wash for children with sore mouths.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
36028,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark and leaves chewed for mouth sores.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
36035,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,10,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves made the mouth smell good.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 10"
36041,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,74,"Eskimo, Nunivak",94,s73,325,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed for sore mouth.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325"
36042,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,17,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed for mouth sores.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 17"
36080,3548,Salix sericea Marsh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,294,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Used for mouth and throat abscesses.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 294"
36167,3551,Salix sp.,60,Crow,30,h92,67,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for tooth hygiene.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36178,3551,Salix sp.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,"5, 6",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of inner bark used as a wash for mouth sores.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 5, 6"
36287,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Fresh leaves chewed for mouth sores.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36339,3552,Salix tweedyi (Bebb ex Rose) Ball,74,"Eskimo, Nunivak",94,s73,325,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed for sore mouth.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325"
37106,3582,Sanvitalia abertii Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed for mouth sores.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
37113,3582,Sanvitalia abertii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Warm infusion used as mouthwash and leaves chewed for canker sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
37221,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,44,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots chewed to remove odor caused by eating ramps.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 44"
37298,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,225,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark taken as an emetic by children & adults for dog sickness: appetite loss & drooling.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 225"
37299,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,220,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark taken by babies for opossum sickness: appetite loss and drooling.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 220"
37356,3601,Schkuhria multiflora Hook. & Arn.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant chewed ten minutes for mouth sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
37359,3602,Schoenocrambe linearifolia (Gray) Rollins,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Cold infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for sore gums.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
37478,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound used as medicine for 'spoiled saliva.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
37639,3636,Sedum spathulifolium Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,205,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used for sore gums.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 205"
37652,3639,Sempervivum sp.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,47,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used for the prevention of salivary gland swelling.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 47"
38245,3716,Solanum carolinense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Roots strung around baby's neck for teething.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
38449,3740,Solidago odora Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Root chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
38666,3776,Sphaeralcea fendleri Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant taken for sore mouth.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
38895,3824,Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,10,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaf ash used for excessive saliva from babies' mouths.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 10"
38900,3825,Stenotus lanuginosus var. lanuginosus,157,Navajo,74,e44,97,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Plant used for sore gums.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97"
39092,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,241,Skagit,25,g73,47,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of plant given to babies with coated tongues.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
39261,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed by children for sore mouths.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39262,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed for sore mouth caused by kissing a girl with menses.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39263,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed for sore mouth caused by smoking someone else's pipe.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39268,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid taken for bad breath & mouth sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
40247,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,243,Skokomish,25,g73,19,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of buds used as a gargle.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40302,3957,Tiarella cordifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,34,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion held in mouth to 'remove white coat from tongue.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34"
40307,3957,Tiarella cordifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,344,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of smashed roots given to babies with sore mouths.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 344"
40469,3973,Toxicodendron pubescens P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,373,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of plant applied to infectious sores on lips.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 373"
40834,4040,Trollius laxus Salisb.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of leaves and stem used for 'thrash.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
41526,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Fresh, inner bark used as a masticatory.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
41703,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stems put under splints to hasten the healing process.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
42649,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,105,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves chewed by children for drooling.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 105"
42930,4118,Verbesina virginica L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,198,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Infusion of leaf taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation & blocked urination.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 198"
43012,4128,Viburnum acerifolium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used as a wash for sore tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43122,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used as a wash for sore tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43173,4136,Viburnum prunifolium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Infusion of bark used as a wash for sore tongue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43341,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound decoction used to wash child's mouth for thrush.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43427,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound decoction used to wash child's mouth for thrush.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43471,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Compound decoction used to wash child's mouth for thrush.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43648,4210,Xanthium strumarium L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,130,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Burs rubbed on sore gums to take the pain, poison and blood out.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 130"
43692,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stem chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43737,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,307,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of roots used as a mouthwash for sore mouth and gums.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 307"