id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
11637,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116117,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Root used for any ailment, according to the doctrine of signatures.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116117"
11824,1182,Cymopterus bulbosus A. Nels.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
11925,1205,Cypripedium acaule Ait.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,32,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound of dried roots and whiskey taken for general ailments.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 32"
11979,1216,Dalea candida var. candida,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Plant used as 'life medicine,' especially for fever.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
11981,1216,Dalea candida var. candida,190,Pawnee,17,g19,94,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of root taken as a prophylactic to keep away disease.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
11995,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,29,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
12028,1226,Dalea purpurea var. purpurea,190,Pawnee,17,g19,94,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of root taken as a prophylactic to keep away disease.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
12660,1326,Draba helleriana Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
12670,1330,Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,40,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 40"
12937,1369,Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray,138,Menominee,51,s23,"33, 34",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant considered to be 'the greatest of all medicines' and always useful.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 33, 34"
12940,1369,Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,220,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound containing root used as a universal remedy for all sicknesses.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 220"
13251,1412,Epilobium canum ssp. angustifolium (Keck) Raven,50,Costanoan,16,b84,22,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plant used as a general remedy.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22"
13674,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,259,Thompson,10,tta90,178,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plant taken for 'all diseases.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
13733,1470,Erigeron divergens Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13939,1494,Eriogonum alatum Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,19,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 19"
13945,1494,Eriogonum alatum Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of root used as an important 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
13972,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Plant used as a 'life medicine,' 'the boss of all medicines.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
14061,1514,Eriogonum jamesii Benth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
14075,1516,Eriogonum leptophyllum (Torr. & Gray) Woot. & Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of whole plant used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
14195,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,73,"Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut",187,o57,27,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Raw stems eaten to restore good health to persons in generally poor health.,"Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 27"
14256,1551,Eryngium yuccifolium Michx.,59,Creek,128,swan28,655656,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of root used to produce 'an access of health.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 655656"
14295,1552,Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum Gray ex Coult. & Rose,228,Seminole,88,s54,161,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used medicinally for everything.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161"
14527,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of leaves taken in small doses for 'general debility.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
14528,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,265,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion taken for many ailments and general illness.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265"
14799,1625,Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir.,96,Houma,49,speck41,63,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of roots and bark taken as a 'health beverage.',"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 63"
14945,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Whole plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
15118,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,209,Quileute,77,r36,65,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark used for 'any sort of disease.',"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 65"
15140,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,277,West Coast Indian,200,r34,133,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of root bark or bark taken for most any sort of disease.,"Reagan, Albert, 1934, Various Uses of Plants by West Coast Indians, Washington Historical Quarterly 25:133-37, page 133"
15171,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,36,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 36"
15176,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,76,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic for any general weakness or illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76"
15257,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,233,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Inner bark of trunk considered a remedy for any internal ailments.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 233"
15707,1704,Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Plant used as 'life medicine,' especially for serious internal injury.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
15800,1722,Geranium atropurpureum Heller,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,34,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 34"
15807,1726,Geranium lentum Woot. & Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,34,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of plant taken for internal injury, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 34"
15847,1729,Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,34,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 34"
15862,1731,Geum aleppicum Jacq.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,39,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Powdered roots used in a many herb remedy for various ailments.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 39"
15888,1733,Geum canadense Jacq.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,353,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 353"
15893,1735,Geum macrophyllum Willd.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,59,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of leaves taken for any sickness.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
15905,1735,Geum macrophyllum Willd.,210,Quinault,204,w89,276,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Leaves chewed as a universal remedy, 'good for everything.'","Willoughby, C., 1889, Indians of the Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1886, page 276"
15980,1748,Glandularia bipinnatifida var. ciliata (Benth.) B.L. Turner,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
16002,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,59,Creek,128,swan28,669,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Pod considered a good antidote for the complaints of children.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 669"
16329,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16433,1799,Hamamelis virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,347,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction of roots taken as a panacea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 347"
16548,1818,Helianthella parryi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of root used as 'life medicine,' especially for arrow or bullet wounds.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16672,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of whole plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
16711,1836,Heliomeris longifolia var. annua (M.E. Jones) Yates,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
16713,1837,Heliomeris longifolia var. longifolia,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
17017,1864,Heterotheca villosa var. villosa,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
17038,1865,Heuchera americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,246,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound containing root used as a 'healer.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 246"
17095,1874,Heuchera novomexicana Wheelock,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
17109,1876,Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"29, 30",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29, 30"
17423,1918,Houstonia wrightii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
17572,1943,Hymenopappus filifolius var. cinereus (Rydb.) I.M. Johnston,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of root used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
17825,1984,Inula helenium L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,466,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as medicine for anything.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 466"
17998,2002,Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
18099,2017,Iris versicolor L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,57,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'basic medical cure' and for cholera.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57"
18119,2017,Iris versicolor L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,28,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of dried roots taken for 'every complaint.',"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 28"
18508,2054,Juniperus communis L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of stems and needles taken for any sickness.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
18518,2054,Juniperus communis L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Branches burned on top of the wood stove to keep sickness away.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
19027,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of stems and needles taken for any sickness.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
19038,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,21,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of leaves used as a wash for all ailments.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
19107,2063,Juniperus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,32,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of leaves taken for various disorders.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 32"
19255,2070,Kalmia angustifolia L.,141,Micmac,103,s17,316,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of leaves considered valuable as a 'non-specific remedy.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 316"
19262,2070,Kalmia angustifolia L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound poultice of plant applied 'for all kinds of trouble.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
19269,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Leaf salve used 'for healing.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
19347,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
19570,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Branches used as a medicine for any type of illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
19617,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,193,Pima,11,c49,61,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used to cure everything.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 61"
19652,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"96, 97",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for many different illnesses and considered a 'cure-all.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 96, 97"
19737,2117,Lathyrus vestitus Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,19,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of roots used as a general remedy.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19"
19868,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of stems & leaves, blackberry leaves & spruce inner bark taken for sickness in general.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
20221,2178,Ligusticum filicinum S. Wats.,138,Menominee,51,s23,55,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used for many ailments.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55"
20227,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,140,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of root taken or roots chewed for ailments.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 140"
20333,2196,Linanthus nuttallii ssp. nuttallii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
20361,2198,Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume,100,Iroquois,7,h77,335,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction of roots taken as a panacea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 335"
20440,2206,Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
20587,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine' and considered a 'big medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
20604,2217,Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine' and considered a 'big medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
20656,2221,Lobelia cardinalis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,453,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for every ailment.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453"
20796,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,129,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for all the common ailments and injuries.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129"
20869,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,183,Paiute,12,tha41,97-100,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100"
20895,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,97-100,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100"
20915,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,276,Washo,12,tha41,97-100,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100"
21000,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,276,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound with seeds used in a steambath for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
21057,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,83,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Chewed roots blown onto affected part by the diviner. The healing qualities of the spray were believed to penetrate the body at that place.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83"
21243,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,62,Delaware,97,t72,39,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Carried in small beaded bags and worn around the neck to protect against illness.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39"
21254,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,43,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plants taken as a panacea.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 43"
21284,2279,Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
21320,2291,Lupinus kingii S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Leaves used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
21456,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21468,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21665,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,210,Quinault,25,g73,22,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Poultice of leaves applied for many ailments.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
21673,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,53,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of roots taken for any sickness.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 53"
21827,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of roots taken as a good medicine for all kinds of sickness.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
21994,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,23,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant taken and poultice of plant applied as a cure all.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 23"
22206,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,87,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark and wild cherry bark taken as a cure all tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
22244,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Bark used for any illness and considered a complete medicine, all in itself.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
22256,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark taken for 'any kind of sickness.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22278,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,87,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark and wild cherry bark taken as a cure all tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
22470,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,426,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a cure all.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 426"
22530,2426,Medeola virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,285,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 285"
22588,2440,Menodora scabra Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
22589,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,155,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Used by children for maladies.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155"
22751,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,218,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of leaves taken by adults for 'illnesses of a general nature.',"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 218"
22752,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,218,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of leaves given to children for 'illnesses of a general nature.',"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 218"
23033,2487,Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,21,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 21"
23500,2532,Morus rubra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,251,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root bark used as a medicine for any sickness.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 251"
23555,2553,Myosurus apetalus var. borealis Whittemore,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
23628,2571,Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,39,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction boiled down to syrup and used for many kinds of diseases.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 39"
24137,2597,Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata (Dur.) E.O. Beal,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,46,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Powdered rhizomes added to a many herb remedy for various ailments.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 46"
24266,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of root taken and used as a lotion for muscle strain, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24267,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"37, 38",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37, 38"
24296,2618,Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24300,2619,Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24308,2620,Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Poultice of root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24315,2621,Oenothera flava (A. Nels.) Garrett,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
24316,2621,Oenothera flava (A. Nels.) Garrett,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Poultice of root used for swellings and internal injuries, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
24522,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,85,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of inner bark from young spring growth taken for any kind of sickness.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 85"
24545,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,164,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Infusion of sticks, with the spines and outer bark removed, taken for everything. The infusion was taken in doses of about one half cup before meals, to replace milk and other beverages.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 164"
24908,2682,Orobanche fasciculata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
24943,2692,Osmorhiza berteroi DC.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Roots used for any illness.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
24975,2696,Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,249,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Used as a 'good medicine for everything.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249"
25089,2700,Osmunda cinnamomea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,261,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction taken for malaise.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 261"
25293,2727,Packera fendleri (Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
25357,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"27, 76",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of root used in any severe illness as a cure when others have failed.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 27, 76"
25374,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,395,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction of roots taken or dried roots smoked as a panacea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395"
25375,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,396,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Dried roots smoked for every ailment or fainting spells.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 396"
25389,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,204,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Used as a universal remedy for children and adults.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 204"
25392,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Herb highly valued as a cure-all.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
25828,2801,Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of plant taken for internal injuries, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
25829,2801,Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Poultice of root applied to gun wounds, arrow wounds and swellings, a 'life medicine.'","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
25951,2823,Penstemon virgatus Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Whole plant or root used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
25997,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,83,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Chewed roots sprayed onto affected part by the diviner. A diviner, like Dog Child, would find the root mysteriously during the rituals.  While he sang, often with a drum, he would dig the ground with a special bear claw, coming up with the root every time and anywhere.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83"
26136,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,161,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Leaves used medicinally for everything and could be added to any medicine.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161"
26201,2842,Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq.,105,Karok,71,sg52,390,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for sickly babies.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 390"
26535,2896,Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston,96,Houma,49,speck41,58,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of plant said to be good for sickness in general, a panacea.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 58"
26711,2918,Physalis pubescens L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Dried leaves and root used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
26934,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,74,"Eskimo, Nunivak",94,s73,325,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of needles used as a medicine for all purposes.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325"
26949,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
26990,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis and other sickness.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 51"
27096,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27268,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,100,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of boughs used for any kind of illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"
27308,2940,Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. ex Britt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
27921,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,103,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of boughs used for any kind of illness by old people.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 103"
28035,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,52,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant used as a wash for sick babies.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 52"
28212,2977,Pinus strobus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,265,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Leaves burned in spring and fall, smoke used to fill the house and prevent all sickness.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 265"
28448,3001,Plantago major L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
28555,3014,Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,290,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 290"
28598,3018,Platanus racemosa Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,20,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant used as a general remedy.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 20"
28795,3046,Polygala senega L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Powdered roots added to a many herb remedy and used for various ailments.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 51"
28866,3052,Polygonum amphibium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Powdered roots added to a many herb remedy and used for various ailments.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 51"
28969,3071,Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
29159,3088,Pontederia cordata L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,20,Panacea,'Brew' from plant used for 'illness in general.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
29165,3093,Populus alba L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for general illnesses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
29223,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for general illnesses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
29238,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of buds taken for colds, coughs and other illnesses.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29574,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,83,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark used for general discomfort.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83"
29702,3108,Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,131,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plant taken or poultice applied for any kind of sickness in the stomach or body.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 131"
29783,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,47,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used to 'cure sick people.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47"
29826,3126,Potentilla crinita Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of whole plant taken as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
29847,3129,Potentilla hippiana var. hippiana,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Cold infusion of root taken as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
29854,3132,Potentilla pensylvanica L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
30204,3159,Prunella vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,425,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant taken for any ailment.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 425"
30341,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,87,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark and crabapple bark used as a cure all tonic for numerous ailments.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
30379,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,120,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark taken as a general tonic for healing any sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
30397,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,87,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark and crabapple bark used as a cure all tonic for numerous ailments.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
30829,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Dried fruit used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
31134,3195,Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) W.A. Weber,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
31334,3203,Psilostrophe sparsiflora (Gray) A. Nels.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,49,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 49"
31425,3211,Ptelea trifoliata L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,51,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root considered a sacred medicine and credited with all sorts of cures.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51"
31599,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,57,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of plant, without roots, taken for any sickness.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 57"
31747,3235,Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,55,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of mashed leaves blown on sickly patient.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 55"
31772,3239,Pyrola asarifolia ssp. asarifolia,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of leaves taken for any ailment.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
31797,3242,Pyrola picta Sm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant used as a wash for sick child.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
31887,3253,Quercus alba L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 78",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark used in many medicinal compounds.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 78"
32086,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root bark used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32671,3304,Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,22,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 22"
32742,3322,Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,368,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Flowers used for chest pains and other ailments.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 368"
32762,3323,Ratibida tagetes (James) Barnh.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
33308,3355,Rhus typhina L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,30,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Decoction of stems, leaves or berries used for complaint.","Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 30"
33521,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of leaves and berries taken for sickness in general.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
33527,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Roots used for any kind of sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33571,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Berries used for health and strength.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
35278,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,312,2,Drug,20,Panacea,'Good for all illnesses.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 312"
35306,3485,Rumex crispus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35387,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,20,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as a life medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 20"
35465,3493,Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,34,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plant used for many complaints.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 34"
35478,3493,Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35643,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea and other ailments.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35785,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,81,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark used as a universal remedy.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 81"
35940,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,331,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of bark taken to cause sweating for any disease.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
36419,3559,Salvia dorrii ssp. dorrii var. incana (Benth.) Strachan,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,110,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction or infusion of leaves used for any illness of a general nature.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110"
36479,3562,Salvia officinalis L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Fresh leaves chewed to benefit the entire body.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
36515,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36953,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"32, 80",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Piece of root eaten daily 'for general debility.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 80"
36999,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,337,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction of roots taken as a panacea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 337"
37044,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of pounded plants used as a wash for general illnesses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
37066,3574,Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. ex Hook.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,172,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of root taken as a cure all.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 172"
37114,3582,Sanvitalia abertii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
37319,3591,Saururus cernuus L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for general illnesses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
37344,3595,Saxifraga pensylvanica L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,344,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 344"
37896,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of berries taken for sickness.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
37982,3676,Silene drummondii var. drummondii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
38467,3744,Solidago sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,74,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant used by the diviner with his supernatural powers for illnesses.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 74"
38650,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,36,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36"
38662,3774,Sphaeralcea digitata (Greene) Rydb.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,36,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36"
38916,3828,Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
38920,3830,Stephanomeria sp.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,317,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Plant used for various ailments, especially fever.","Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317"
38925,3831,Stephanomeria spinosa (Nutt.) S. Tomb,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,22,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for almost every ailment.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 22"
38966,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of stems and berries taken 'for sickness in general.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
39311,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,473,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Poultice of plants applied for any ailment.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 473"
39448,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,16,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of crushed leaves used as a wash to improve general health.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39561,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of bark taken for any illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39607,3907,Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl.,241,Skagit,25,g73,31,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of pounded plants taken for any kind of sickness.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 31"
39685,3918,Tetraneuris argentea (Gray) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
39718,3924,Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum Torr.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,348,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Root used as a universal charm and panacea.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 348"
39839,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,155,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Leaves made into pillows and used as a panacea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155"
39862,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,62,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Powdered branches and many herbs used for various ailments.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 62"
39919,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound poultice of bark applied 'for all kinds of trouble.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
40350,3959,Tilia americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,384,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound infusion of twigs and roots taken as a panacea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 384"
40522,3983,Tragia nepetifolia Cav.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
40551,3994,Trichostema lanatum Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,48,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for many ailments.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 48"
40583,3998,Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of plant used for 'general sickness.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
40691,4019,Trillium erectum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,174,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bulbs ground and given to sick children with unidentified illnesses.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 174"
40692,4019,Trillium erectum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,155,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Used by children for maladies.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155"
40724,4023,Trillium sessile L.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,329,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plants taken for any kind of sickness.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 329"
40727,4023,Trillium sessile L.,287,Yuki,89,c02,329,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Decoction of plants taken for any kind of sickness.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 329"
41626,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as steambath or burning bough to fumigate house for any sickness.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
41637,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,349,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Burning leaf vapor used for many diseases.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 349"
41785,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,114,Klallam,25,g73,28,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of nettles taken for many ailments.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
42376,4087,Vaccinium sp.,3,Alabama,128,swan28,664,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for many unspecified ailments.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 664"
42498,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of roots used as an all purpose medicine.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42499,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Powdered roots and many other herbs used for various ailments.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42590,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,183,Paiute,153,k32,195,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used for a variety of maladies.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 195"
42659,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,8,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of roots rubbed on 'leg scratches' for kindred ailments.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 8"
42714,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Braided leaves with the root suspended worn around the neck by sick people.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42992,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,435,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of roots taken for all ailments and fevers.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 435"
43195,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Plant used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
43318,4166,Viola sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,386,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction of roots taken as a panacea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 386"
43671,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,30,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Compound decoction used for complaint.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 30"
44439,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Pollen eaten for almost any kind of medicine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"