id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
380,15,Acacia greggii Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,225,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds stored, roasted, ground and made into bread.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225"
620,32,Acer rubrum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
652,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
687,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
1113,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
1119,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
1122,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,184,n43,20,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground with corn into fine meal and used to make tortilla bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20"
1135,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seeds made into cakes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
1136,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,119,steg41,223,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and made into bread and dumplings.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"
1607,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds pounded, leached, boiled into a mush, made into a cake and eaten with meat.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1806,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Leaf bases pit cooked, made into cakes, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 30"
2013,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,36,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground seed flour dampened, shaped, dried and eaten as a cookie.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 36"
2035,133,Allium anceps Kellogg,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bulbs cooked on hot rocks, squeezed into cakes and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2696,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2728,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,65,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds originally eaten raw, but later ground with black corn meal, made into balls and eaten.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65"
2757,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
2797,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2816,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, boiled, mixed with corn flour and made into dumplings.","Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
2824,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
2991,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits sun dried, pounded, formed into patties and stored for winter use.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
3015,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries pressed into cakes and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
3039,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3040,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries pressed into cakes and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
3070,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used to make muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3081,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,101,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries dried whole or mashed, formed into cakes and dried.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101"
3112,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
3206,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,45,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Underground fruit used to make bean bread.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 45"
3226,229,Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
3382,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,103,Kamia,180,g31,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulverized seeds used for bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 24"
3690,289,Apios americana Medik.,62,Delaware,97,t72,59,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots dried, ground into flour and made into bread.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59"
4408,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,170,Numlaki,89,c02,375,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruits made into bread and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4432,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,266,Tolowa,70,b81,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mixed with salmon roe and sugar, formed into patties and baked in rocks.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4439,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
4690,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mixed with salmon roe and sugar, formed into patties and baked in rocks.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4704,330,Arctostaphylos ?cinerea T.J. Howell (pro sp.)  [canescens ? viscida],266,Tolowa,70,b81,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mixed with salmon roe and sugar, formed into patties and baked in rocks.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
5037,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,223,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and made into bread and dumplings.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"
5050,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,291,Zuni,6,s15,65,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground seeds mixed with water, made into balls, steamed and used for food.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65"
6386,450,Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
6693,509,Atriplex nuttallii S. Wats.,193,Pima,104,r08,77,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Stems used as stuffing for roast rabbit.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 77"
6703,511,Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds made into bread and used for food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 67"
6831,545,Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
6836,546,Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
6850,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
6939,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,491,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds mixed with deer fat or grease, boiled, cooled and made into small cakes.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 491"
7383,593,Blennosperma nanum (Hook.) Blake,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
7431,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
7579,634,Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
7847,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Roots pit roasted and made into loaves.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24"
7868,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,14,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Oven baked bulbs squeezed into little cakes or pulverized, formed into round loaves and stored.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7909,702,Camassia sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Raw or roasted bulbs pulverized, formed into small cakes or balls and dried for storage.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99"
7910,702,Camassia sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Raw or roasted root pulverized, formed into small cakes or balls and dried for storage.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99"
7914,703,Camelina microcarpa DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
7953,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
8139,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits sun dried, made into large cakes and used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
8142,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Squeezed pulp dried and made into cakes.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8159,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, stored and used to make meal cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
8195,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,193,Pima,104,r08,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, put into water, meal combined with other meal and baked to make bread.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
8229,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,284,Yavapai,48,g36,260,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried, parched, seeds ground to consistency of peanut butter and squeezed into cakes.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260"
8287,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
8288,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8342,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
8343,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8417,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Nuts ground into a meal and used to make bread.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 39"
8427,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
8428,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8777,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit ground, caked and dried for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
9413,894,Chenopodium album L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
9490,899,Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
9497,899,Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make tortillas and bread.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
9500,900,Chenopodium graveolens Willd.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and made into small dumplings wrapped in corn husks.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
9513,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
9525,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground seeds mixed with corn meal and salt, made into a stiff batter, formed into balls and steamed. The Zuni say that upon reaching this world, the seeds were prepared without the meal because there was no corn.  Now the young plants are boiled, either alone or with meat, and are greatly relished.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 66"
9547,908,Chenopodium pumilio R. Br.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
9549,910,Chenopodium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, kneaded into a thick paste, rolled into little balls, boiled and eaten as marbles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
9550,910,Chenopodium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
9556,910,Chenopodium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
9985,965,Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
10074,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
10134,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,239,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corms made into cakes and dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 239"
10302,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,101,Isleta,76,j31,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Large seeds formerly used to make a flour for bread.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
10303,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,101,Isleta,19,c35,22,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds made into a meal and used to make bread.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
10305,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Green parts boiled, fibrous material removed, molded into cakes and fried in grease, a delicacy.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
10313,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,157,Navajo,74,e44,50,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried leaves and meat or tallow used to make dumplings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
10440,1042,Coix lacryma-jobi L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
11204,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
11205,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
11362,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed and dried into thin, hard cakes. Sometimes the cakes were decorated.  The dried cakes were eaten as a snack on winter evenings and were used as crackers to dip into deer marrow soup to soak up the fat.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
11395,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed and formed into cakes, dried and eaten like cookies.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123"
11405,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11412,1128,Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
11413,1128,Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,82,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Used to make bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 82"
11429,1131,Crataegus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits squeezed, made into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
11431,1131,Crataegus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,93,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, made into cakes, dried and used for food.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 93"
11432,1131,Crataegus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,93,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh berries boiled, spread on layers of grass, juice poured on them, dried and made into cakes.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 93"
11449,1133,Crataegus submollis Sarg.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
11450,1133,Crataegus submollis Sarg.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,82,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Used to make bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 82"
11557,1157,Cucumis melo L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
11570,1158,Cucumis sativus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
11578,1159,Cucumis sp.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,266,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Stored flesh washed in water, pounded, made into cakes and sun dried.","Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266"
11644,1162,Cucurbita maxima Duchesne,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
11675,1163,Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
11694,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Blossoms baked as parts of certain kinds of cakes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11712,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried flesh pounded, sifted, soaked in cold water, sweetened, grease added and baked into cakes.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
11713,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
11778,1171,Cupressus sp.,157,Navajo,121,l86,22,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries ground into a meal and mixed with bread dough.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 22"
11779,1171,Cupressus sp.,157,Navajo,121,l86,22,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Leaf ash mixed with breads.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 22"
11847,1190,Cymopterus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots pit roasted, mashed and fried into cakes.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46"
12057,1236,Dasylirion texanum Scheele,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,57,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
12059,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Crowns baked in pits, stripped, pounded to a pulp, spread out to dry and eaten like cake.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12064,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plants pit cooked, formed into cakes, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12081,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,57,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
12336,1269,Descurainia incana ssp. incisa (Engelm.) Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
12355,1271,Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seeds used to make cakes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
12372,1273,Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
12393,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seeds used to make cakes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
12729,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
12896,1363,Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,27,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp baked with sugar and used to make cakes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
12897,1363,Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.,101,Isleta,19,c35,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp macerated and cooked with sugar to make cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26"
12910,1364,Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus,101,Isleta,19,c35,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp macerated and cooked with sugar to make cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26"
13265,1415,Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
13987,1501,Eriogonum corymbosum Benth.,95,Hopi,72,f96,21,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Leaves boiled, mixed with water and cornmeal and baked into a bread.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 21"
14675,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
14676,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
14914,1637,Fragaria vesca ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
14988,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
15606,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
15625,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
15626,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried in cakes, soaked, dipped in oil and eaten.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
15637,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,114,Klallam,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15643,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15644,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,299,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, formed into cakes and sun or air dried for winter use.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
15667,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruits pressed into cakes and used as a winter food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
15677,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15681,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15682,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, poured into frames, sun or fire dried into cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
15686,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,221,Samish,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15688,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15692,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,243,Skokomish,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15693,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,245,Snohomish,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15696,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
15697,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,213,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries picked with the stems attached, washed, destemmed, dried and made into cakes for later use.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 213"
15698,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruits pressed into cakes and used as a winter food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
15723,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mixed with flour or cornmeal, soda and water and made into bread.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 39"
15732,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
15733,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in bread.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
16141,1768,Gossypium sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seed flour mixed with saguaro seed flour, baked on sand and eaten as browned cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46"
16142,1768,Gossypium sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,37,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds made into flour and baked on hot sands as browned cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
16557,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, sifted, made into dough and baked on hot stones.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
16592,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds dried, powdered and grease added to make cakes.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 30"
16597,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,223,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and made into bread and dumplings.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"
16598,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds mixed with corn, ground into a meal and made into cakes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
16674,1833,Helianthus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,184,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal, put into hot water and eaten as a pasty bread.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184"
16679,1833,Helianthus sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,65,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, made into small cakes and baked for a short time.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 65"
17409,1913,Hordeum vulgare L.,287,Yuki,89,c02,313,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 313"
17425,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,83,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Hops used to make bread.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 83"
17566,1942,Hymenopappus filifolius Hook.,95,Hopi,19,c35,29,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Leaves boiled, rubbed with cornmeal and baked into bread.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 29"
18205,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
18206,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18286,2034,Juglans nigra L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
18287,2034,Juglans nigra L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts crushed, mixed with cornmeal and beans or berries and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18418,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries seeded, pounded into a meal, moistened, molded into cakes and dried.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18580,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground berries made into a meal, stored in baskets and later made into a cake by dampening.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
18928,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground berries made into a meal, stored in baskets and later made into a cake by dampening.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
19300,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
19304,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,101,Isleta,19,c35,22,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds made into a meal and used to make bread.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
19922,2136,Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
20054,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,243,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Roots used as an ingredient in fruit cake.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 243"
20267,2184,Lilium columbianum hort. ex Baker,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Bulbs dried into cakes and stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 46"
20496,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20499,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns used to make bread, biscuits, pancakes and cake.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20503,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorn paste made into patties and baked in hot coals. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20512,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,172,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172"
20516,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make black bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20517,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
20532,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20538,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make pancakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
20542,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make dough.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20752,2233,Lomatium canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,183,Paiute,98,m53,94,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Peeled, mashed roots formed into cakes and allowed to dry, 'Indian bread.'","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 94"
20755,2234,Lomatium cous (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots pulverized, moistened, partially baked and made into different sized cakes.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 26"
21789,2365,Madia sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
22196,2390,Malus coronaria var. coronaria,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
22308,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
22939,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,145,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Rootstocks dried, ground, leached, dried, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 145"
23145,2494,Mitchella repens L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
23468,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23487,2532,Morus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries and poke berries crushed, strained, mixed with sugar and corn meal and made into dumplings.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 48"
23496,2532,Morus rubra L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
23526,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
23533,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seed meal used to make bread.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
23534,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seed meal used to make bread.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
23544,2544,Muhlenbergia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
24019,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,19,c35,22,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds made into a meal and used to make bread.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
24099,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,115,Klamath,66,c97,96,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seeds used for bread.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 96"
24233,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,259,Thompson,10,tta90,262,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Smashed fruit made into bread.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 262"
24353,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground lightly, roasted and the meal made into thin loaves and baked.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
24373,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,284,Yavapai,201,g32,211,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried, mashed, parched seeds ground into a meal and used to make greasy cakes.","Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252, page 211"
24375,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground lightly, roasted and the meal made into thin loaves and baked.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
24719,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,233,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried fruit pounded into cakes for storage or pieces of cake eaten without further preparation.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233"
24725,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,157,Navajo,121,l86,14,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pad pulp formed into cakes, dried, stored for later use and fried or roasted.","Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14"
24862,2670,Opuntia sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground fruit made into cakes.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
25449,2737,Panicum bulbosum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25451,2738,Panicum capillare L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,159,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seed meal used to make bread.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159"
25459,2739,Panicum hirticaule J. Presl,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,175,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make bread.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 175"
25468,2741,Panicum sonorum Beal,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,170,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with water and dried to make cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 170"
25734,2783,Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,61,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots dried, mashed and used to make cakes or breads.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 61"
25981,2830,Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Stored, dried roots pounded and made into bread.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
26013,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,76,Flathead,30,h92,65,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots smashed, formed into small, round cakes, sun dried and stored for winter use.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 65"
26298,2870,Phaseolus coccineus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds cooked, mixed with corn bread paste and again cooked in the making of the bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26309,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans used to make bean bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26315,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds cooked, mixed with corn bread paste and again cooked in the making of the bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26334,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans used to make bean bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26341,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds cooked, mixed with corn bread paste and again cooked in the making of the bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26718,2919,Physalis sp.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
27453,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,70,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Juicy inner bark dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 70"
27580,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Nuts formed into cakes.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35"
27611,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,121,l86,21,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground nuts formed into cakes.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 21"
27780,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts dried, powdered, made into small cakes and eaten with a very thin mush made of grass seeds.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
27865,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,51,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts roasted, winnowed, dried, ground into a meal, made into a stiff flour dough and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51"
28031,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts dried, powdered, made into small cakes and eaten with a very thin mush made of grass seeds.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
28069,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Inner bark scraped off and baked in the form of cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28146,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts dried, powdered, made into small cakes and eaten with a very thin mush made of grass seeds.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
28662,3029,Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, kneaded into a thick paste, rolled into little balls, boiled and eaten as marbles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
28663,3029,Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
28700,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
28816,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots dried, beaten into flour and used to make bread.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
28817,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,47,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Roots used to make bread.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 47"
29568,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Inner bark scraped off and baked in the form of cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29703,3108,Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,304,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plant pressed into boxes to form compressed cakes, dried and stored for future use.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 304"
29705,3108,Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,47,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Whole plant formed into flat sheets, pressed in boxes, dried and made into cakes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 47"
29718,3111,Porphyra perforata J. Agardh,200,Pomo,96,b52,94,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Weeds stacked like cakes and dried until needed.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 94"
29724,3112,Porphyra sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,262,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plants allowed to rot, shaped into cakes, sun dried and eaten with dried salmon at feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 262"
29935,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,45,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into flour and used in pancakes.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
29938,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bean flour made into pancakes and bread. Beans were gathered, boiled, pounded on a hide or ground on a metate, placed in a pan and worked with the hands until a thick consistency was attained.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
29952,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans ground into a flour and used to make bread.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
29966,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried seeds pounded into flour, moistened, allowed to harden into cakes and stored.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29986,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,131,Mahuna,5,r54,57,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Bean pods ground into flour and used to make cakes and tarts.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 57"
29990,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,147,Mohave,196,s65,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried bean pods ground into a meal and used to make cakes.,"Stewart, Kenneth M., 1965, Mohave Indian Gathering of Wild Plants, Kiva 31(1):46-53, page 46"
30004,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,288,Yuma,125,cb51,181,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Meal molded into cakes for storage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 181"
30016,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pod meal and water used to make cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30035,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans ground into a meal and used to make cakes.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32"
30039,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pods crushed into a meal, molded into a dry cake and stored and eaten at a later time.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
30040,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds pounded and molded into a cake without cooking.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
30051,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pods dried, washed, ground into flour and made into bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30060,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pod meal and water used to make cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30142,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Beans boiled, cooled, pressed out into dumplings and eaten.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30143,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,19,c35,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 44"
30162,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,4,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pods made into flour and used to make an uncooked cake or loaf.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 4"
30241,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
30256,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
30438,3170,Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Large seed cracked, the kernel extracted, pounded into a meal and made into patties and roasted.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32"
30453,3171,Prunus nigra Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
30494,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
30530,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
30594,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
30624,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
30674,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries ground, formed into cakes and dried.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
30695,3179,Prunus subcordata Benth.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds removed, pulp pounded and stored for winter in small cakes.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
30750,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits pounded, formed into flat cakes, sun dried and used as a winter food.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
30792,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
30819,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,42,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries pulverized, shaped into round cakes, sun dried and stored for winter use.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
30845,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, seeds and all, and sun dried into thin cakes.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
30943,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, made into round cakes and eaten dry.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
30975,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,10,Apache,61,rhf16,47,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries ground and meal made into sweet, blackish cakes.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
31001,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit ground and made into small cakes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
31011,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,101,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, mixed with dried salmon into a pemmican, formed into cakes, dried and stored.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101"
31018,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,61,Dakota,17,g19,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, formed into small cakes, sun dried and stored for winter use.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31023,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,177,Omaha,17,g19,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, formed into small cakes, sun dried and stored for winter use.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31028,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,190,Pawnee,17,g19,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, formed into small cakes, sun dried and stored for winter use.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31034,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,205,Ponca,17,g19,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, formed into small cakes, sun dried and stored for winter use.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31493,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,69,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Rhizomes pounded into flour and baked to make bread.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69"
31823,3247,Pyrus communis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,129,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
31835,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31930,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31946,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31956,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
31958,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31970,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31978,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Thick acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
31981,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
31987,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorn flour used to make bread.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
31992,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32008,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32094,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns ground into flour, soaked in water and baked to make a bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32131,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,343,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32136,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32143,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32149,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32180,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32195,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32205,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32208,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,327,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 327"
32212,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32222,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32223,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make white bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32232,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32239,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,89,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nut meats pounded into fine meal, winnowed and made into bread.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 89"
32248,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32253,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,343,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Large acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32257,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32261,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32262,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make white and black bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32271,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,89,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nut meats pounded into fine meal, winnowed and made into bread.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 89"
32432,3289,Quercus sp.,49,Concow,89,c02,333,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns made into bread and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
32447,3289,Quercus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh nut meats crushed and mixed with bread.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
32455,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32487,3289,Quercus sp.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,333,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts dried, cracked, pulverized, water added and the dough made into bread.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
32523,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
32591,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32602,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32610,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32664,3303,Ranunculus californicus Benth.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
33187,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used to make cakes.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
33322,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
33347,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,106,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried berries mixed with other berries and made into cakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
33392,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33494,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33518,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33569,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33605,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit made into cakes for use during winter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33625,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33660,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries, alone or mixed with other berries, used to make cakes.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33677,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit ground and compressed into cakes for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33713,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33751,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
33757,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
33776,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit ground, dried and pressed into cakes for storage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34358,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34366,3444,Rubus canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34424,3449,Rubus frondosus Bigelow,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
34509,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,269,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit steamed, dried and made into a cake.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269"
34522,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
34534,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34589,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34640,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried in rectangular frames and cakes used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34705,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34706,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,95,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in bread.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 95"
34769,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34791,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,86,Haisla,14,c93,276,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used to make dried berry cakes for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 276"
34850,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
34899,3468,Rubus pubescens var. pubescens,100,Iroquois,112,w16,127,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
34950,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, dried in cakes and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
35080,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mashed, dried in cakes, placed in hot water and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
35327,3485,Rumex crispus L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds soaked in water, ground into a doughy flour and baked in the sand.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
35413,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds formerly roasted, ground, added to water to form flat cakes, baked and eaten.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35538,3502,Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers.,96,Houma,49,speck41,55,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fresh root slices baked and eaten as bread.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55"
35612,3512,Salicornia maritima Wolff & Jefferies,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make a 'sweet bread.',"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
36496,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Mashed berries mixed with manzanita flour and stored in dried cakes.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
36713,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
36796,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,329,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit cooked, dried into cakes, stored, reconstituted and eaten.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 329"
36801,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries pit steamed, dried over fire into cakes and eaten at noon.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
37531,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pollen used to make cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37921,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Soapberries dried on mats and formed into cakes. The berries were gathered in the summer, but were not hand picked because they were too soft.  A clean mat was placed underneath the bush, then a branch laden with fruit was held and hit with a stick until the fruit fell off.  The ripe berries were then placed in a basket, heated with hot rocks and spread out on mats or on a layer of 'timbergrass'  set on a scaffolding and allowed to dry.  A small fire was lit beneath so that the smoke would drive away the flies.  The dried soapberry cakes were then broken off, placed in a birch bark basket with water and 'swished' with a whisk of maple bark tied to a stick.  The mixture was originally sweetened with the 'white' variety of saskatoon berries that were dried and soaked in water to reconstitute them.  More recently, sugar was added to the whip to sweeten it.  The sweetened froth was served in small containers, first to the men and then to the women, as a sort of dessert or confection.  It was said that the soapberries must never come into contact with grease or oil or the berries would not whip.  One informant said that special containers were used for the preparation of soapberries, not for cooking or any other purpose, so that the berries could be kept free of grease.  It was said that pregnant women should never eat the soapberry whip.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
38054,3688,Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,188,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Kernels molded into oily cake, boiled and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 188"
38167,3707,Smilax bona-nox L.,39,Choctaw,49,speck41,58,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Tuberous roots dried, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 58"
38171,3707,Smilax bona-nox L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,58,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Tuberous roots dried, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 58"
38209,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,8,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pounded roots made into cakes and fried in grease.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 8"
38210,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,39,Choctaw,49,speck41,58,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Tuberous roots dried, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 58"
38212,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,58,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Tuberous roots dried, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 58"
38283,3721,Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plant dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
38772,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
38775,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,223,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"
38778,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
38780,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,364,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Plant used to make bread.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 364"
38786,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground to make dumplings, rolls, griddle cakes and tortillas.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
38866,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,188,Papago,27,cu35,22,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, stored and used to make meal cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 22"
40814,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
40817,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,208,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Grains used to make bread.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 208"
40823,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Used for making native breads.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 38"
40825,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
40826,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,193,Pima,11,c49,73,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground into meal, water and salt added and dough used to make tortillas and cakes.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 73"
40831,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Wheat made into flour and used to make doughnuts.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 71"
40931,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,146,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Inner bark roasted in a pit oven, sometimes mixed with dried berries and pressed into cakes.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 146"
40975,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Cambium formed into cakes, cooked, dried, powdered, mixed with water, grease and fruit and eaten.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41034,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Cambium made into a coarse bread.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41123,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pollen baked into brownish biscuits and used for food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41143,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried rhizomes ground into flour, made into mush and the mush used to make cakes.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41144,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pollen mixed with water, kneaded, formed into cakes and baked.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41145,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds gathered into a dough, kneaded, made into flat cakes and roasted under hot coals.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
41146,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds roasted, winnowed, ground into fine flour, boiled, made into round cakes and sun dried.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
41327,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried rhizomes ground into flour, made into mush and the mush used to make cakes.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41328,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pollen mixed with water, kneaded, formed into cakes and baked.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41329,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds gathered into a dough, kneaded, made into flat cakes and roasted under hot coals.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
41330,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds roasted, winnowed, ground into fine flour, boiled, made into round cakes and sun dried.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
41409,4049,Typha latifolia L.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,207,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pollen shaped into flat cakes and baked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 207"
41420,4050,Typha sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots peeled, dried, ground into a flour and used to make bread.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 18"
41615,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Kernels roasted or ground into flour for cakes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41639,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,349,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Nuts roasted, shelled, pounded into a small mass and molded into 'bread.'","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 349"
41964,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
41977,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41978,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42002,4072,Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,244,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244"
42003,4072,Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42007,4073,Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,244,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244"
42008,4073,Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42017,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42035,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42042,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42056,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,244,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244"
42060,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,63,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used to make pancakes and muffins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 63"
42139,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42140,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42151,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42167,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,334,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 334"
42168,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42176,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,305,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit dried into cakes and stored for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 305"
42177,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,304,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit formed into cakes, dried and stored for future use.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 304"
42208,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,220,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries scattered thinly on a mat and dried over a fire or mashed up and dried into a thin cake.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 220"
42225,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,306,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit dried into cakes and stored for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 306"
42274,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42306,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42354,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,221,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used in pancakes and muffins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 221"
42383,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in breads.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42390,4087,Vaccinium sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,310,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried into cakes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 310"
42398,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42422,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
43101,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43159,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43348,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43412,4174,Vitis cinerea var. baileyana (Munson) Comeaux,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43434,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43444,4178,Vitis rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43495,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43650,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
43678,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground with corn meal, made into cakes or balls, steamed and used for food.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 71"
43679,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal, made into pats and steamed.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43774,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43783,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43792,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43793,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43859,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43867,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes and roasted again.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43868,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pulp made into cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43869,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ripe fruits dried, ground, kneaded into small cakes and slightly roasted.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43902,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit molded into foot long rolls.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43926,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried fruit made into cakes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43942,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp mixed with chokecherries and made into cake.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43943,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp patted into cakes and dried thoroughly.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
44113,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Boiled, dried fruit made into cakes.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44267,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44270,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44271,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44273,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roasted stalks dried, ground and mixed with water to make cakes.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44377,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dry, unparched corn made into flour and used to make bread.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44385,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, added to boiling water, kneaded, rolled in corn husks, boiled and eaten as tamales.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44386,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, kneaded into a thick paste, rolled into little balls, boiled and eaten as marbles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44387,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44388,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, mixed with salt water into thin gruel & cooked in thin layer into piki.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44389,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44390,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,103,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make wafer bread.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 103"
44396,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into meal and used to make wafer bread.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44412,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into a meal or flour and used to make boiled bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44413,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with hot water, molded, dropped into boiling water and eaten as dumplings.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44427,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corn meal used to make various breads.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44462,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corn and juniper ash used to make bread and dumplings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44463,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Sweet corn meal and herb roots made into cakes and baked in a pit.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44500,4244,Zea mays L.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground, baked in large cakes and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44519,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Corn ground on a metate, formed into cakes, rolled and baked.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44529,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44641,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds used to make gem cakes, duck stuffing and fowl stuffing.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"